Fourth Day Of Germination Research Articles

Physicochemical and bioactive traits of black chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as affected by germination-induced modifications

ABSTRACT Foods with higher bioactive activities are being sought as a potential tool to prevent lifestyle-related disorders. In this context, germinated foods are preferred over conventional foods as they are rich in health promoting moieties. The current research was planned to assess the germination-induced modifications in physicochemical and bioactive profile of black chickpea (Cicer arietinum). For this purpose, black chickpeas (desi) were soaked for 12 h and germinated. The germinated black chickpeas were recovered after 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h of germination, separately, and their physicochemical and antioxidant profiles were studied. The phytochemical profiling of the germinated black chickpea revealed that germination time significantly influenced the chemical composition of black chickpea. It was observed that the phytochemical contents of the germinated chickpeas increased with an increase in germination time. However, the flavonoids such as rutin, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin were decreased, but isorhamnetin was increased as the germination time was extended. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity quantified by DPPH and ABTS activity of germinated chickpeas also increased with an increase in germination time. The highest content of DPPH antioxidant activity was observed at the 72 h of germination, while the highest concentration of ABTS was observed at the fourth day of germination. Conclusively, extended germination for 120 h can negatively influence the phytochemical and antioxidant profile of black chickpea, whereas optimum germination for 72 h was found satisfactory.

A novel type of sprout food development: Effects of germination on phytic acid, glucosinolates, and lipid profiles in rapeseed

Germination, a new processing technology, is widely used to improve the nutritional value of plant seeds. Cereals and legumes sprouts are widely popular around the world. In this study, a novel form of sprouts-based rapeseed was produced. Germination promoted the degradation of phytic acid and glucosinolates (GLs) in rapeseed. On the fourth day of germination, the degradation rate of phytic acid in rapeseed was nearly 80%, and the degradation rate of GLs reached more than 90%. The changes in lipid species and content by sprouting were assessed. The crude fat content was significantly reduced during rapeseed germination. Using non-targeted lipidomics, three hundred eighty-nine lipid molecules in 4 categories and 17 subclasses were identified in rapeseed/rapeseed sprouts. Glycerides were most abundant, followed by fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids. Germination affected not only the lipid content but also its composition. Some functional lipids (such as FAHFAs) were generated and enriched during germination. The content of monounsaturated fatty acids first raised and then decreased during germination. The finding will serve as a theoretical reference for developing novel sprouts based on rapeseed, furnish primary data concerning the nutritional content of rapeseed sprouts, and provide fresh ideas for rapeseed resource exploitation.

Germination Pattern of Four Soybean Varieties on Media Containing Al, Fe, and Mn

Acid soils in Lampung contain a lot of Al, Fe, and Mn, which inhibit soybean growth and production. The study of seed germination is important since plant growth begins with seeds. The study aimed to determine (1) the viability of various local soybean seeds: Anjasmoro, Grobogan, Dena-1, and Devon-1 on Al, Fe, and Mn heavy metal media and (2) the highest effect of dissolved metals among Al, Fe, and Mn on the viability of soybean seeds. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Lampung from November 2019 to March 2020. The research applied a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and the data were averaged and presented as bar charts and standard deviation. The experiments were evaluated based on germination variables including germination capacity, average seed germination time, primary root length of normal germination, and dry weight of normal seedlings.The results showed that Grobogan and Anjasmoro varieties had high resistance to dissolved metals Al, Fe, and Mn, followed by Dena-1 varieties while Devon-1 was the most susceptible. The fourth day of germination showed that Fe caused the highest damage to the seeds, followed by Mn and finally Al. Interestingly, on the fifth day of germination, dissolved metal Mn had the highest toxicity effect, followed by Fe and Al.

Effect of Experimental Variables on the Malting Performance of Nigerian Maize Oba Super 2 Variety

Background: The Nigerian cultivar, Oba Super 2 (OS2) maize is inexpensive but under- utilized owing to poor development of malting technology for brewing.
 Aim: To study the effects of experimental variables on the malting performance of Nigerian maize Oba Super 2 variety.
 Study Design: Exploratory.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria, between March, 2018 to September, 2019.
 Methodology: Certified Oba Super 2 maize variety was obtained from Premier Seed Limited, Zaria. The grain sample was malted at varying steeping (S) period (S30, S36 and S42 hours), different germination (G) period (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days) and varying kilning (K) temperatures (45, 50 and 55°C) to determine the malting performance. The properties of the un-malted and malted maize were determined using standard methods. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P < 0.05.
 Results: The malting loss (ML) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at different steeping period, on the fifth day of germination (G5). The cold water extract (CWE) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the fourth day of germination (G4) kilned at K50. The values for hot water extract (HWE) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the G4 at K45, K55 and K50, respectively, while free alpha amino nitrogen (FAN) values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the G4, all kilned at K50. The values for diastatic power (DP) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the G5, kilned at K50, while the cold water soluble protein (CWS-P) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the G3 kilned at K50.
 Conclusion: The results indicated that longer steeping and germination periods as well as moderate kilning temperature contributed maximally in improving the malting properties and high extract yields.

Changes in the nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) during germination process.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of germination on the content of protein, lipids, fiber, ashes, tryptophan, vitamin C, total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds, as well as on the protein digestibility and antioxidant activity of chia seeds germinated for 1, 2, 3, and 4days. The results showed that germination for 2days augmented the protein content of chia seeds by 13% while fiber, tryptophan, total phenolic and flavonoid contents increased by 46%, 93%, 300%, and 197%, respectively, after 4days of germination. Vitamin C was not detected in dry seeds but increased up to 2.33mg/100g at fourth day of germination. The antioxidant capacity increased approximately 100% but protein digestibility decreased by 14% at day 4 of germination. Germination can be a good method to increase the nutritional and nutraceutical potential of chia seed for its use in the design of functional foods.

Purification and properties of lipoxygenase from opium poppy seedlings(Papaver somniferum L.)

Lipoxygenase (linoleate:oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.13.11.12; LOX) is a key enzyme in the signaling pathway leading to the production of biologically active compounds involved in plant growth development and stress responses. In this study the novel LOX enzyme from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seedlings was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and characterized. LOX activity during the germination of opium poppy seeds was analyzed, and the highest LOX activity was determined on the fourth day of germination. Opium poppy LOX was purified from 4-day-old poppy seedlings after ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by hydrophobic chromatography (Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B), ion exchange chromatography (Q-Sepharose), and affinity chromatography (linoleyl-aminopropyl agarose) for the first time. The relative molecular weight of purified LOX was estimated to be 78 kDa by immunoblotting. The highest enzyme activity occurred at pH 6.5 and 0.75 mM calcium ion concentration. LOX showed preferential activity towards linoleic acid followed by linolenic acid as a substrate. To investigate the positional specificity of the LOX reaction, purified LOX was incubated with linoleic acid, and the products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Opium poppy LOX converted linoleic acid to 13-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoic acid (63.5%) and, to a lesser extent, 9-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid (36.5%).

The effect of non-thermal plasma treatment on wheat germination and early growth

Abstract The influence of non-thermal plasma treatment on wheat seeds ( Triticum aestivum ) has been investigated using a surface discharge reactor at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Growth parameters, like roots and sprouts length and dry weight were measured on the fourth day of germination and a Gaussian distribution was used for curve-fitting of the obtained results. It was found that plasma had little effect on the germination rate, but influenced growth parameters. In the case of plasma treated seeds, the distribution of roots was shifted towards higher lengths as compared with the untreated samples. The distribution of the sprouts length was about two times narrower for the treated samples as compared with the control seeds. The sprouts and roots of the plasma treated seeds were heavier than those of the control samples. The root-to-shoot (R/S) ratio differed substantially, being 0.88 ± 0.016 for the untreated seeds and reaching 1.2 ± 0.005 for the treated samples. Industrial relevance The results obtained in this research demonstrate that non-thermal plasma treatment has a positive effect on wheat early growth. Due to its advantages (uniform treatment, no destruction of seeds, no requirement for chemicals), plasma might become an effective alternative to traditional pre-sowing seed treatment used in agriculture.

Purification and Characterization of α and β- Amylases Isolated from Millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) Malt

The work aimed to study the diastatic power (PD) of millet malt, to purify the α and β – amylases and to characterize these enzymes. In this study the amylolytic activity initiated during the germination of millet was determined. Fourth day of germination of millet grains showed the highest of the amount of diastatic power (DP) (54.00 IOB), no significant variation (P≤ 0.05) between the extraction procedures followed either by distilled water or water with 2% peptone. DEAE-cellulose chromatography was used for the partial purification of α-and β- amylases. The results obtained from the last purification steps is 6.5o fold of α-amylase in fifth day of germination, whereas β-amylase is 37.50 fold in fourth day of germination. These amylases isolated from millet malt have interesting characteristics such as, storage stability of purified α and β- amylases at different temperature (-20 and 4oC) for 56 days. No significant loss (P≤0.05) in the enzymes activity during the storage period for 56 days in - 20oC, whereas the loss of enzyme activity at 4oC during the period of 56 days were 28% for α and 35% for β-amylases. The maximum activity of α-amylase was obtained at temperature 70oC and 50oC for βamylase, it was clear that the α –amylase is more stable than β-amylase. The optimum pH for both α and β- amylases were 5.0 and 5.5 respectively. Therefore, these characterizations meet the prerequisites need for food industry. This work contributed with the advances in biotechnology generating of conditions for application of a new and of low price amylases source.

Changes of Folate and Other Potential Health-Promoting Phytochemicals in Legume Seeds As Affected by Germination

Folate deficiency associated with low dietary intake is a well-documented public health problem, resulting in serious health and socioeconomic burdens. Therefore, optimization of the germination process of different cultivars of legume seeds in relation to the content and composition of folate, vitamin C, and total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity was carried out to maximize the health-promoting properties. The content and composition of folate, vitamin C, and total phenolic and total antioxidant capacities varied between species, among cultivars, and with germination time. During germination, total folate content was maximum at 815.2 μg/100 g fresh weight in soybean sprout and at 675.4 μg/100 g fresh weight in mungbean sprout on the fourth day, which were equivalent to, respectively, 3.5- and 3.9-fold increases in the seed's content, and total folate content strongly decreased thereafter. 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate was the most abundant folate species in legume sprouts and reached a maximum on the fourth day. Vitamin C was not detected in raw seeds, and its content increased sharply in soybean and mungbean sprouts and reached a maximum at the fourth day of germination (29 and 27.7 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively). Germination of soybean and mungbean for 4 days provided the largest amount of total folate as well as the more stable species 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate and also brought about large amounts of vitamin C and total phenolics and substantial antioxidant capacities.

Alterations in sugar metabolism coincide with a transition of wheat seedlings to dehydration intolerance

Wheat seedlings are tolerant to dehydration up to the fourth day of germination. In the following days, appearance of the first leaf from the coleoptile coincides with development of seedling susceptibility to water deficiency. Glucose, at concentration as low as 5 mM, considerably increased survival of the 6-day-old seedlings, whereas mannose at the same concentration significantly decreased survival of either 4- or 6-day-old seedlings. The total relative capacity for sucrose metabolism, estimated as sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS)/sucrose synthase (SS) + acid invertase (AI) ratio was almost twofold higher in 6-day-old seedlings than in 4-day-old seedlings and almost threefold higher in dehydrated and rehydrated older seedlings than in the younger ones. Although hydrolysis of sucrose was also more intensive in older seedlings, the character of the hydrolytic process was different. In the 4-day-old seedlings the activity of SS prevailed, while in the 6-day-old seedlings AI was a dominant hydrolytic enzyme with SS playing a marginal role. These differences were not associated with the activities of hexokinase (HXK) and fructokinase (FK), since changes in the time course of these enzymatic activities and the levels of hexose phosphates were the same, irrespective of the seedling age. Seedling dehydration up to 50% water saturation deficit (WSD) resulted in a transiently increased activity of HXK and FK, but further development of water deficit inhibited the activity of both investigating enzymes almost completely and depleted the contents of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate to practically negligible level. The observed dehydration-induced inhibition of HXK and FK activity was easily reversible. It is proposed that the lower intensity of invertase–hexokinase pathway of sucrose catabolism and the AI/SS balance associated with higher dehydration tolerance of wheat seedlings seems to be crucial for the regulation of dehydration tolerance level.

Developmental Expression of Amylases During Barley Malting

Amylase activity and qualitative changes in amylase isoenzymes as a function of barley seedling age were investigated in 10 Brazilian barley cultivars. All cultivars showed few isoenzymes in early germination. An increase in general activity ensued in the following days when new isoenzymes were detected and those already observed since early germination had their activity increased. All cultivars disclosed increase in amylase activity until the third or fourth day of germination. Some cultivars maintained this high activity until the last day analysed. Other cultivars presented a decrease in activity in the fifth or sixth day. No electrophoretic pattern or allelomorph responsible for a higher amylase activity were detected. Beta -amylase activity was always superior to alpha -amylase activity. High beta -amylase activity was already observed on the second day of germination while alpha -amylase activity began to increase only from the third day on. The results obtained suggest that, at least for the cultivars analysed, there is a high general amylase activity around the fourth day of germination, indicating that germination could stop at this moment, ensuring that hydrolitic enzyme activity required in the brewing process is met. Beta -amylase was lightly correlated with diastatic power (r=0·565) but no correlation was observed between alpha -amylase and diastatic power (r=-0·128), or neither betweenalpha - and beta -amylase with malting quality (r=0·153 andr =−0·348, respectively). These results indicate that beta -amylase activity in barley grains, more than alpha -amylase, can be a good predictor of diastatic power.

Degradation of gluten by proteases from dry and germinating wheat (Triticum durum) seeds: An in vitro approach to storage protein mobilization.

Vital gluten was used as an ideal substrate to investigate the role of some proteases in storage protein degradation. Aspartic proteinase and carboxypeptidase were identified as endogenous enzymes adsorbed on gluten and their optimum pH values determined. SDS-PAGE of soluble products released by gluten digestion revealed that the activity of these proteases plays a minor role in protein mobilization, whereas cysteine proteinase, purified from wheat seeds at the fourth day of germination, is extremely effective, producing a remarkable protein degradation in short times. Synergistic effects of aspartic and cysteine proteinase were not observed. Spin labeling of the sulfhydryl groups of gluten proteins enabled a comparative EPR investigation of the consequences of proteolytic degradation on gluten elasticity. It was found that storage protein mobilization brings a loss of elasticity to the polymeric network of gluten, which is particularly marked when the hydrolysis is performed by cysteine proteinase.

Effect of pre-treatment with ethanolamine on the response of Helianthus annuus L. to salt stress

The accumulation of compatible solutes is one of the strategies that plants have developed to tolerate salt stress. Proline and betaine are the main metabolites that accumulate in various species of higher plants in response to salt stress. In Helianthus annuus L., pre-treatment of seeds with ethanolamine led to enhanced seedling tolerance to conditions of saline stress during germination, as evidenced by the greater growth of pretreated seedlings (EAS group) versus untreated seedlings (S group), evaluated through such parameters as length, water and chlorophyll content. During the germination period, a considerable increase was observed in proline levels (up to 300%) in seedlings subjected to saline stress, whereas in the EAS group, the proline increment was much smaller (20%). Starting from the fourth day of germination, betaine levels in seedlings pretreated with ethanolamine and then with water (EAW group) and in EAS showed a significant increase versus C (control) and S seedlings, possibly because such a precursor promotes betaine biosynthesis. This could be responsible for the enhanced growth observed in EAS versus S seedlings, as well as for preventing the decrease in chlorophyll content in the EAS group. The accumulation of betaine seems to correlate with the greater tolerance of these seedlings against stress induced by sodium chloride.

Electron Microscopy Related to the Reserve Mobilization in Germinating Rice Seed: —Decomposition process of protein bodies—

SummaryUltrastructural changes of two different types of protein bodies Pb-I (spherical with concentric ring structure) and Pb-II (irregularly-shape without concentric ring structure), contained in rice endosperm during germination were studied with a transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. Pb-I and Pb-II in rice seed endosperm began to decompose at the first day of germination. Protein bodies in the endosperm adjacent to the scutellum decomposed earlier than those at any other part of the endosperm. Rough and ditch-like holes were observed on the surface of the protein bodies at the second day of germination. According to transmission electron microscopic observation, Pb-I decomposed from the outside of each body, but Pb-II decomposed from the irregular parts of each body. Most of Pb-II had decomposed by the fourth day of germination, but the holes on the surface of protein bodies were not observed at this stage. After the fourth day, we observed few protein bodies remaining. According to transmission electron microscopic observation, vacuolated protein bodies were observed at the sixth day, and thereafter, each of the vacuolated protein bodies fused to develop large vacuoles.

A Study on the Possibility of Using the Tetrazolium and Germination Tests for the Detection of Irradiated Wheat

In this study the possibilities of using the tetrazolium and germination tests for the detection of irradiation of wheat were investigated. One durum and two bread wheat samples were irradiated at 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 kGy levels using 60Co source. It is concluded that the tetrazolium test is insensitive to detect irradiation in the wheat samples at these levels of irradiation. However, it seems that the germination test can be used as a qualitative test to detect the irradiated wheat samples. Abnormal germination was observed at all levels of irradiation. It is an economical method which reveals the results in the fourth day of germination.

Influence of Gibberellic acid (GA 3) on diastase and cellulase development of Nigerian millet ( Pennisetum maiwa) and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor)

Gibberellic acid, GA 3 (0–0·30 mg/litre) was sprinkled at steep-out on millet (Pennisetum maiwa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) during germination and growth at 28°C. Optimum enzyme levels were obtained when 0·20 mg/litre of the additive was applied on both cereals. For millet, the highest diastase and cellulase activities were observed on the fifth day of germination (0·20 mg/litre of the GA 3 applied at steep-out), while sorghum showed highest activities of these enzymes on the fourth day of germination for the same concentration of GA 3 .

Changes during epicotyl growth of an autolysis-related β-galactosidase from the cell wall of Cicer arietinum

During the growth of Cicer arietinum epicotyls an increase in specific cell wall β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase activities were observed. In contrast, the amount of cell wall proteins extracted with 3 M LiCl decreased between the third and the fourth day of germination, remaining constant up to the seventh day. Partial purification of the cell wall protein extracts from different days by SP-Sephadex chromatography showed that one fraction increased both in the amount of protein and β-galactosidase activity throughout the growth of epicotyls. This protein fraction, which is the third β-galactosidase (βIII) eluted from a SP-Sephadex chromatography, has been previously characterized by us as the main enzyme involved in the autolytic process.

Molecular and immunological characterization of plastid and cytosolic pyruvate kinase isozymes from castor-oil-plant endosperm and leaf.

1. Monospecific antiserum was raised in rabbits to homogeneous cytosolic pyruvate kinase isolated from 5-day-old germinating endosperm of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis. An earlier study demonstrated that the purified enzyme is putatively heterotetrameric, composed of two subunits which migrate as 57-kDa and 56-kDa proteins upon sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [Plaxton, W. C. (1988) Plant Physiol. (Bethesda) 86, 1065-1069]. Both proteins were detected on Western blots of extracts prepared under denaturing conditions from 4-8-day-old, but not 0-3-day-old, germinating-endosperm tissue. This suggests that both subunits exist in vivo, and that the large increase in pyruvate kinase activity which occurs around the fourth day of germination is due to an increase in pyruvate kinase concentration. 2. The cytosolic and plastidic pyruvate kinase isozymes (termed PKc and PKp, respectively) from castor-oil-plant developing endosperm and expanding leaf tissue were separated by anion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose. The antigenic reaction of the partially purified enzyme preparations to rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against homogeneous germinating-castor-bean PKc was tested by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Although developing-endosperm and leaf PKc appeared to be antigenically very similar to germinating-endosperm PKc, they differed from the heterotetrameric germinating-endosperm enzyme by being composed of a single type of subunit with a molecular mass of about 56 kDa. No cross-reactivity of the PKc antibodies was observed with either developing-endosperm or leaf PKp, nor with rabbit muscle or Bacillus stearothermophilus pyruvate kinase. Conversely, none of the castor-oil-plant pyruvate kinase preparations showed significant cross-reactivity with antibodies raised against purified yeast or rabbit muscle pyruvate kinases. 3. To investigate the structural relationship between the two germinating-endosperm-PKc subunits, each polypeptide was characterized by amino acid composition analysis and peptide mapping by CNBr fragmentation. The amino acid compositions and CNBr cleavage patterns of the two subunits were similar, but not identical, suggesting that these polypeptides are related, but distinct, proteins. Mild tryptic attack of native enzyme led to an approximate 6-kDa reduction in the apparent molecular mass of both subunits, further indicating sequence similarity between the two polypeptides. 4. Native molecular masses of the various castor-oil-plant pyruvate kinases were estimated by Superose-6 gel-filtration chromatography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Some compositional changes in malted sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) grain and its value in broiler chicken diet

AbstractGrains of two sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L) varieties were germinated at room temperature for 2, 4 and 6 days. Germination resulted in an increase in protein content due to dry matter loss; this rose with increasing time of germination. The absolute amount of tannin was unchanged until the fourth day of germination but decreased markedly by the sixth day. Fractionation of the grain protein of one variety showed that there was a large increase in the albumin‐globulin fraction (rich in lysine) and a decrease in the kafirin and cross‐linked kafirin fraction (low in lysine) as a result of germination. Although these changes resulted in a more than 30% increase in lysine content on the fourth and sixth days of germination, a substantial loss in dry matter occurred when germination was continued up to 6 days.When 14‐day‐old Hubbard chicks were fed a diet containing about 59% malted sorghum supplemented with lysine, they showed better (P < 0.05) weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion than those on malted sorghum without lysine supplementation. However, malting reduced the amount of lysine needed to supplement the diet from 0.25% for unmalted sorghum to 0.18% for malted sorghum.

The Reactions of Lupin Roots on the Presence of Lead in the Medium

Summary The seeds of yellow lupin ( Lupinus luteus L. ev. Ventus ) have been germinated in the presence or absence of Pb(N0 3 ) 2 . On the fourth day of germination the roots length were measured and roots were fixed for microscopic studies. The applied lead concentration (1500 mg 1 -1 considerably inhibited growth. However, concomitantly it causes the thickening of the roots. Microscopic pictures showed reduction of mitotic activity in the meristem cells of roots treated with Pb(N0 3 ) 2 . The mitotic index for these cells was over nine times smaller than the index for control material. Electron microscope analysis of the cells from root meristem regions let us observe relatively small deposits of lead in vacuoles, cell walls, plasmalemmas and paramural bodies. Our results seem to indicate that the central region of the meristem is in a way “protected” against the contact with this metal. The mechanism of lead detoxication in meristematic cells may be similar if not identical to the one in other types of cells.