Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra Research Articles

Enhanced adsorption of ciprofloxacin from an aqueous solution using a novel CaMgAl-layered double hydroxide/red mud composite

This work reports on CaMgAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH) based red mud (RM) composite prepared via a co-precipitation method, characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and subsequently used for elimination of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from an aqueous solution in batch mode experiments. Langmuir isotherm model provided a better fit of CIP adsorption onto CaMgAl/RM composites than a Freundlich isotherm model; indicating a monolayer adsorption phenomena. Pseudo-second-order kinetic models describe the kinetics of adsorption while the adsorption mechanisms were controlled by external mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the CIP adsorption onto CaMgAl-LDH/RM was exothermic and spontaneous in nature. The prepared adsorbent exhibited superior affinity towards CIP adsorption which yielded a maximum CIP adsorption capacity of up to 138 mg/g. The higher removal efficiency (89.45 %) was reached under the best conditions (pH 7, agitation speed 150 rpm, adsorbent dosage 0.5 g/100 ml, concentration of contaminant 70 ppm, and 90 min contact time). Moreover, the synthesized adsorbent can be recovered after six consecutive regeneration cycles with a minimal reduction in the adsorption ability of 31 %. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the CaMgAl-LDH/RM composite could be a promising adsorbent for removing antibiotics from wastewater.

Influences of silicate modulus and alkali content on macroscopic properties and microstructure of alkali-activated blast furnace slag-copper slag

The stacking of copper slag (CS) has led to the resource wastage and environmental issues. Utilizing CS as a green precursor in the production of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) offers a promising avenue for sustainable resource usage. To obtain a deeper understanding and enhance its practical application, the effects of silicate modulus and alkali content of water glass (WG) on the performances of alkali-activated blast furnace slag-copper slag (AAS-CS) are systematically investigated though the fluidity, setting time, hydration heat, compressive strength and drying shrinkage rate. Additionally, the microstructure is characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. When the alkali content is a constant of 6.0 wt%, the compressive strength and drying shrinkage rate initially increases with increasing silicate modulus, but eventually decrease beyond a certain threshold. At a given silicate modulus of 1.5, the compressive strength and drying shrinkage rate firstly increases and then decrease as increasing the alkali content from 4.0 wt% to 8.0 wt%. The microstructure analyses reveal that the suitable silicate modulus and alkali content promote the dissolution of precursors to form C-A-S-H gels. The M1.5N6.0 sample has a relatively tight microstructure, which benefits to the development of compressive strength, but increases the capillary stress. Therefore, the M1.5N6.0 sample has the highest 28-day compressive strength of 71.7 MPa and the largest 182-day drying shrinkage rate of 0.1532 %.

Continuous Remediation of Congo Red Dye Using Polyurethane-Polyaniline Nano-Composite Foam: Experiment and Optimization Study

This study employed an innovative approach, utilizing prepared dried polyurethane-polyaniline nano-composite, through in-situ polymerization, for continuous remediation of Congo red dye. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) model was utilized to optimize the processing parameters, including initial dye concentration, flow rate, and pH. The two-factor interaction (2FI) model emerged as the most significant, highlighting the influence of individual and interaction effects of the factors. Optimization of the dye remediation process yielded the optimal conditions of a flow rate of 10 mL/min, acidic pH of 5.00, and dye concentration of 20 mg/L, resulting in an impressive, predicted removal efficiency of 99.09% agreeing with the experimental value. Moreover, the maximum adsorption capacity was determined to be 329.68 mg/g. Characterization of the adsorbent material involved techniques such as Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD), and Zeta potential analysis. This material offers a sustainable alternative in industries to treat Congo red dye before being disposed of into the environment.

Preparation and characterization of conjugated PVA/PANi blend films doped with functionalized graphene for thermoelectric applications

Flexible nanocomposite thick films consisting of PVA0.7PANi0.3 polymer blend doped with different concentrations of nanoplatelets functionalized Graphene (NPFGx) (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt.%) were fabricated using the solution cast technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) were used to study the structure of the samples. The results showed that the ordered structure, its orientation, the PANis' well dispersion, and the electrostatic forces play a significant role in enhancing the interfaces between the polymer blend and the NPFG. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Thermoelectrical analyses (TE) showed that the PVA-PANi conducts a promised conjugated blend for thermoelectric applications. The introduction of the NPFG contents into the blend increased the TE measurements as the DC electrical conductivity ≈ 0.0114 (S cm−1), power factor ≈ 3.93 × 10–3 (W m−1 K−2), and Z.T. ≈ 8.4 × 10–7, for the 25 wt.% NPFG nanocomposite film. The effect of the polymers’ phonon contribution in the thermal conductivity controlling and enhancing the thermal stability of the prepared nanocomposite films.

Effect of nanodiamonds surface deposition on hydrophilicity, bulk degradation and in-vitro cell adhesion of 3D-printed polycaprolactone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

This study was designed to deposit nanodiamonds (NDs) on 3D-printed poly-ϵ-caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds and evaluate their effect on the surface topography, hydrophilicity, degradation, andin-vitrocell adhesion compared to untreated PCL scaffolds. The PCL scaffold specimens were 3D-printed by fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique with specific porosity parameters. The 3D-printed specimens' surfaces were modified by NDs deposition followed by oxygen plasma post-treatment using a plasma focus device and a non-thermal atmospheric plasma jet, respectively. Specimens were evaluated through morphological characterization by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), microstructure characterization by Raman spectroscopy, chemical characterization by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, hydrophilicity degree by contact angle and water uptake measurements, andin-vitrodegradation measurements (n= 6). In addition,in-vitrobone marrow mesenchymal stem cells adhesion was evaluated quantitatively by confocal microscopy and qualitatively by FESEM at different time intervals after cell seeding (n= 6). The statistical significance level was set atp⩽ 0.05. The FESEM micrographs, the Raman, and FTIR spectra confirmed the successful surface deposition of NDs on scaffold specimens. The NDs treated specimens showed nano-scale features distributed homogeneously across the surface compared to the untreated ones. Also, the NDs treated specimens revealed a statistically significant smaller contact angle (17.45 ± 1.34 degrees), higher water uptake percentage after 24 h immersion in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (21.56% ± 1.73), and higher degradation rate after six months of immersion in PBS (43.92 ± 0.77%). Moreover, enhanced cell adhesion at all different time intervals was observed in NDs treated specimens with higher nuclei area fraction percentage (69.87 ± 3.97%) compared to the untreated specimens (11.46 ± 1.34%). Surface deposition of NDs with oxygen-containing functional groups on 3D-printed PCL scaffolds increased their hydrophilicity and degradation rate with significant enhancement of thein-vitrocell adhesion compared to untreated PCL scaffolds.

In vivo toxicity evaluation and antibacterial assessment of vanadium doped Bi2Se3 synthesized by cost effective method

Bismuth selenide-based nanomaterials are introduced as theranostic agents, primarily enhancing their antimicrobial, anti-cancerous, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. Pure Bi2Se3 and V doped Bi2Se3 with V = 0.07 g, 0.12 g, and 0.15 g were synthesized by using Sol-gel Technique. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns demonstrated that the manufactured samples were crystalline in nature having rhombohedral structure. The average crystallite sizes of VxBi2-xS3 were calculated by Scherrer formula in the range (24.9–11.0 nm). The average crystallite size reduced as doping concentrations increased (0–0.15 g). The FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectra confirms that the peaks corresponds to 900–600 cm−1 indicates Bi–Se bond stretching, whereas vibrations exhibit peaks between 704 cm−1 - 830 cm−1 in doped samples correspond to V–O bond. UV–Visible analysis shows that the band gap of doped Bi2Se3 increased from (2.57 eV–2.90 eV) having standard error 0.02, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.02 respectively as the concentrations of doping increased (0.0–0.15 g), respectively. SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) study of pure Bi2Se3 showed nanosized particles, and for doped, a clear change in morphology occurred with the particles tending to agglomerate. EDAX also confirms the purity of synthesized samples. XPS analysis confirms the presence of Bi, Se and Vanadium along with chemisorbed oxygen. Antibacterial potential of synthesized samples was analyzed against Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli and cocci bacteria, which showed that the vanadium doped bismuth selenide has greater zone of inhibition than undoped bismuth selenide. Pseudomonas shows more ZOI (Zone of Inhibition) than E.coli and cocci. The maximum inhibition zone was 25 mm against Pseudomonas for V0.15Bi1.85Se3. The In-Vivo toxicity experiment was also applied on mice's (Swiss Albino) with a higher dosage of 20 mg per kg of the prepared doped sample. The blood samples were collected and examined after 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day of treatment. The entire treatment does not cause any severe damage to mice. An evaluation of a p-value based on hematological and biochemical data was non-significant this ensures that vanadium doped Bi2Se3 nanoparticles are non-toxic and biocompatible. This work proves that V-doped Bi2Se3 is good for further study in many other Applications in the biomedical field, such as photo thermal therapy, imaging etc.

Facile Synthesis of Novel Magnetic Janus Graphene Oxide for Efficient and Recyclable Demulsification of Crude Oil-in-Water Emulsion.

Nanoparticles have been widely applied to treat emulsion-containing wastewater in the form of chemical demulsifiers, such as SiO2, Fe3O4, and graphene oxide (GO). Owing to their asymmetric structures and selective adsorption, Janus nanoparticles show greater application potential in many fields. In the present work, the novel magnetic Janus graphene oxide (MJGO) nanoparticle was successfully prepared by grafting magnetic Fe3O4 to the surface of the JGO, and its demulsifying ability to treat a crude oil-in-water emulsion was evaluated. The MJGO structure and its magnetic intensity were verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and magnetization saturation (MS) tests. Compared with GO and JGO, MJGO displayed the superior efficiency (>96%) to demulsify the crude oil-in-water emulsion, which can be attributed to the reduced electrostatic repulsion between MJGO and the emulsion droplets. Furthermore, the effects of pH and temperature on the demulsification performance of MJGO were also studied. Lastly, the recyclability of MJGO largely reduced the cost of demulsifiers in separating crude oil and water. The current research presents an efficient and recyclable demulsifier, which provides a new perspective for the structural design of nanomaterials and their application in the field of demulsification.

Evaluation of the mechanical properties and chemical components of naturally aged glued laminated bamboo

This study experimentally investigated the mechanical properties of aged GLB. The material under investigation was obtained from an outdoor-exposed GLB frame that had been subjected to outdoor exposure for a period of ten years. In-depth discussions were conducted on the mechanical properties and failure modes of the material in tension, compression, and bending. The failure modes were identified as fiber fracture under tension, fiber buckling accompanied by delamination in compression, and a combination of tension failure and transverse shear failure in bending. In comparison to new materials, the tensile strength, compressive strength, and bending strength of aged GLB exhibited a reduction of 5.19% to 41.2%, 11.5% to 26.9%, and 6.6% to 40.1%, respectively. The reduction in strength exhibited considerable variability across the various positions within the aged GLB component cross-section. The greatest reduction in strength was observed in materials located on the upper surface of the component, which were directly subjected to UV radiation and rainwater erosion. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis was conducted. The FT-IR spectra demonstrate that the chemical components of bamboo, including cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, have experienced severe degradation.

Bimetallic nanoparticles with sulfated galactan eliminate Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp Penaeus vannamei

Bimetallic (Au/Ag) nanoparticles (BNPs) have shown enhanced antibacterial activity compared to their monometallic counterparts. Sulfated galactans (SG) are a naturally occurring polymer commonly found in red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri. They are biocompatible and biodegradable and environmentally friendly. In this study, we utilized SG in combination with BNPs to develop composite materials that potentially enhance antibacterial activity against shrimp pathogens Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi, compared to BNPs or SG alone. BNPs were coated with sulfated galactan (SGBNPs) and characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV–vis spectroscopy analysis revealed that the surface plasmon peaks of BNPs and SGBNPs appeared at 530 nm and 532 nm, respectively. Zeta potential measurements showed that SGBNPs had a negative charge of −32.4 mV, while the BNPs solution had a positive charge of 38.7 mV. TEM images demonstrated the spherical morphology of both BNPs and SGBNPs with narrow size distributions (3–10 nm). Analysis of the FTIR spectra indicated that SG maintained its backbone structure in SGBNPs, but some functional groups were altered. Notably, SGBNPs showed superior antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi compared to SG and BNPs. Furthermore, treatment with SGBNPs significantly down-regulated the expression of virulence-related genes (toxR, cpsQ, and mfpA) for V. parahaemolyticus 3HP compared to the respective control, bacteria treated with BNPs or SG. Diets supplemented with SGBNPs, BNPs, or SG showed no detrimental impact on the growth of shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Shrimp fed with SGBNPs-supplemented feed showed significantly higher survival rates than those fed with BNPs-supplemented feed when infected with 3HP after being on the supplemented feed for seven days and a subsequent number of fifteen days. These findings collectively demonstrate the benefit of using SG capped Au–Ag BNPs as an antibacterial agent for the prevention and control of Vibrio sp. Infection in shrimp while reducing the risk of environmental contamination.

Study of Microstructure, Morphology and Functional Groups of Titanium Dioxide (Tio2) Impregnated With Copper (Cu)

This research aims to determine the differences in the microstructure, morphology, and functional groups of TiO2 (P-25) after being impregnated with Cu. Cu-impregnated TiO2 samples are synthesized using the impregnation method with TiO2 (P-25) and copper sulfate as precursors. The microstructure and functional groups of TiO2 (P-25) and Cu-TiO2 were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The lattice parameters (a, b, and c) of the TiO2 sample were found to be a = b = 0.3778 nm, c = 0.9494 nm, and these values increased to a = b = 0.3779 nm, c = 0.9496 nm after the addition of Cu. The distance between the lattices of the TiO2 sample was measured at 0.3505 nm and increased to 0.3509 nm after Cu addition. The average crystallite size of the TiO2 sample was 33 nm, which increased to 43 nm after Cu impregnation. The strain value decreased from 2.76×10^(-3) to 1.82×10^(-3) after Cu addition. SEM results revealed that the morphology of the particles from the Cu-doped synthesis showed agglomeration. The success of Cu doping was confirmed by EDX mapping, which showed the presence of Ti, O, and Cu evenly distributed on the TiO2 surface. The FTIR spectrum indicated that TiO2 (P-25) and Cu-TiO2 particles had absorption peaks at similar wave numbers. However, in the absorption area of 1000 cm^-1 to 1250 cm^-1, new absorption bands affiliated with Cu-O bonds appeared in the Cu-TiO2 sample, resulting from TiO2 vibrations after Cu addition.

In-Vitro Study of the Binding of Atorvastatin with Adenine using Multi-Spectroscopic Approaches.

Atorvastatin-an oral lipid regulating drug is a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), which is the rate determining enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. Adenine is a purine nucleobase that is found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) to generate genetic information. The binding mechanism of atorvastatin and adenine was studied for the first time utilizing various techniques, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and metal ion complexation. The fluorescence spectra of the complex indicated that atorvastatin is bound to adenine via hydrophobic interaction through a spontaneous binding process, and the fluorescence quenching mechanism was found to be static quenching with a binding constant of 1.4893 × 104 Lmol-1 at 298 K. Various temperature settings were used to investigate thermodynamic characteristics, such as binding forces, binding constants, and the number of binding sites. The interaction parameters, including the standard enthalpy change (ΔHο) and standard entropy change (ΔSο) were calculated using Van't Hoff's equation to be 42.82 kJmol-1 and 208.9 Jmol-1K-1, respectively. The findings demonstrated that the adenine- atorvastatin binding was endothermic. Furthermore, the results of the experiments revealed that some metal ions (K+, Ca+2, Co+2, Cu+2, and Al+3) facilitate the binding interaction between atorvastatin and adenine. Slight changes are observed in the FTIR spectra of adenine, indicating the binding interaction between adenine and atorvastatin.

An investigation of the structural and optical properties of modified barium magnesium fluoroborate glasses with hafnium oxide (HfO2)

AbstractGlasses of nominal composition xHfO2–(35-x)B2O3–15MgF2–35BaO, where x ranged from 0 to 0.2 mol% were fabricated using a melt-quenching technique. Structural characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, were employed to elucidate the glass network structure. The XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the studied glasses, while the FTIR and Raman spectra revealed that the incorporation of HfO2 may led to a transformation of trigonal BO3 units to tetrahedral BO4 units in the borate glass network. Deconvolution analysis of the FTIR and Raman bands provided quantitative insights into the extent of this structural rearrangement as a function of HfO2 content. UV–Vis absorption studies demonstrated that the optical bandgap of the glasses was widened with increasing HfO2 additions. This blue shift in the absorption edge was attributed to the increased formation of bridging oxygen bonds and reduced non-bridging oxygen content in the glass network. The results indicate that the studied glasses exhibit excellent compositional tunability through the incorporation of HfO2. The structural modifications and concomitant optical property enhancements suggest the potential of this glass system for various integrated photonic applications where low phonon energy and tailored transparency are highly desirable. The present work introduces a comprehensive investigation of the structural and optical property modifications in barium magnesium fluoroborate glasses induced by the addition of hafnium oxide (HfO2).

Glass transition temperature of Agar-Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) Composites using 2-D contour mapping of temperature dependent FTIR spectra

In the present work, composites of Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) and Agar have been synthesized via the solution cast method and their structural, thermal and dielectric properties are studied. UV–Visible, X Ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) have been employed for analyzing structural properties of the prepared samples. Analysis of different peaks in XRD and Raman Spectra suggests the interaction of RGO layers with Agar at the molecular level. FTIR spectra indicate that interaction of Agar with RGO occurs through hydrogen bonding linkage. Further, the Glass transition temperature (Tg) of prepared samples has been determined using 2D contour mapping from temperature-dependent FTIR spectra as well as from the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)technique. Values of Tg obtained from both techniques have been found in close agreement with each other. In addition to that, value of Tg of Agar increases from 72 °C to 80 °C as an effect of 2 wt.% RGO loading indicating the improvement in the thermal behavior of Agar. Moreover, the dielectric behavior of as-prepared composites demonstrate that the dielectric constant of these composites has been increased in comparison to pure Agar.

Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/thermoplastic canna starch (Canna edulis ker.) (PBAT/TPS) blend film – A novel biodegradable material

The PBAT (poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) is a promising biodegradable material. However, it is often blend with hydrophilic polymers since its degradation rate in the aquatic environment is still limited. In this study, the blend PBAT/TPS (thermoplastic starch) films, namely BFs, were prepared by a blow extrusion approach, and evaluated for hydrolysis in four studied mediums acid (HCl, 1 M, 2 M, and 3 M), alkaline (NaOH, pH = 9, 11, and 13), phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4), and artificial seawater. The hydrolyzed BFs were characterized by weight loss, mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A larger starch content in the BFs caused hydrolysis more quickly. The highest hydrolytic rate was found in the alkaline solution, followed by the acid medium. The complete abiotic hydrolysis of the BFs was 3 M HCl for 14 days or NaOH (pH 13) for 35 days. After 180 days of incubation, the film containing 70.5 % PBAT/TPS granules has been associated with the highest biodegradation rate of 76.31 % in composting.

Characterizing eco-composite boards with non-woven polypropylene from disposable face masks and bamboo reinforcement

This study investigates the development of eco-composite panels using treated and untreated nonwoven polypropylene (PP) extracted from disposable medical face masks, reinforced with bamboo particles. Treated PP underwent a washing process with detergent. Panels were fabricated with varying PP-to-bamboo particle ratios of 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis indicated minimal impact of washing on the intrinsic properties of the PP material, as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Both analyses showed similar intensities of functional groups and thermal trends in treated and untreated recycled PP (rPP) samples. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the uniform integration of bamboo particles within the PP matrix by detecting silicon and potassium elements. Chemical interactions between bamboo fibres and the PP matrix were also evident in the form of reduced peak intensities in FT-IR spectra. Despite these interactions, limited adhesion between bamboo fibres and the PP matrix led to reduced stability and mechanical strength in the eco-composite panels. A direct correlation was observed between board thickness and the proportion of bamboo particles, with the 50:50 formulation showing the greatest thickness. Conversely, board strength decreased as bamboo particle concentration increased due to weak interfacial adhesion. Notably, panels made from treated rPP exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to those from untreated rPP, achieving a modulus of rupture (MOR) of 36.259 MPa and a modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 2048.215 MPa. These findings underscore the potential of utilizing nonwoven PP from disposable medical face masks, reinforced with bamboo fibre particles, to create eco-composite materials with enhanced sustainability and mechanical properties.

Insights on early response to acute heat shock of bovine mammary epithelial cells through a multi-method approach

Heat stress is a significant challenge in dairy cattle herds, affecting milk production and quality, and generating important changes at the cellular level. Most in vitro research on heat shock (HS) effects on dairy cow mammary cells was focused on medium-long-term effects. In recent years, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) micro-spectroscopy has been increasingly used to study the effects of several external stresses on different cell lines, down to the level of single cellular components, such as DNA/RNA, lipids, and proteins. In this study, the possible changes at the biochemical and molecular level induced by acute (30 min-2 h) HS in bovine mammary epithelial (BME-UV1) cells were investigated. The cells were exposed to different temperatures, thermoneutral (TN, 37°C) and HS (42°C), and FT-IR spectra were acquired to analyse the effects of HS on biochemical characteristics of BME-UV1 cellular components (proteins, lipids, and DNA/RNA). Moreover, cell viability assay, reactive oxygen species production, and mRNA expression of heat shock proteins (HSPA1A, HSP90AA1, GRP78, GRP94) and antioxidant genes (SOD1, SOD2) by RT-qPCR were also analysed. The FT-IR results showed a change already at 30 min of HS exposure, in the content of long-chain fatty acids, which probably acted as a response to a modification of membrane fluidity in HS cells compared with TN cells. After 2 h of HS exposure, modification of DNA/RNA activity and accumulation of aggregated proteins was highlighted in HS cells. The gene expression analyses showed the overexpression of HSPA1A and HSP90AA1 starting from 30 minutes up to 2 h in HS cells compared with TN cells. At 2 h of HS exposure also the overexpression of GRP94 was observed in HS cells. Acute HS did not affect cell viability, reactive oxygen species level, and SOD1 and SOD2 gene expression of BME-UV1 cells. According to the results obtained, cells initiate early defense mechanisms in case of acute HS and probably this efficient response capacity may be decisive for tolerance to heat stress of dairy cattle.

Investigations of adsorption and photoluminescence properties of encapsulated Al–ZnO nanostructures: Synthesis, morphology and dye degradation studies

This study focuses on the solution combustion approach to examine the nanostructures of undoped and doped ZnO with different concentrations of Al (0.1 % and 0.2 %). Various physical techniques were utilized to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystalline materials, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) findings confirmed the products with particle size and the insertion of Al into the ZnO lattice. Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) confirmed the presence of different functional groups in the obtained material. The results indicate that Al-doped ZnO (Al–ZnO) nanoparticles show promising properties for optoelectronics and photoluminescence. Photoluminescence analysis indicated that an increase in Al3+ (0.2 %) concentration resulted in a decrease in peak intensity and an increase in the full width at half maximum. The band gap was calculated using the Taucs plot. The study also highlights the effectiveness of Zn1-xAlxO nanostructures in degrading organic pollutants, particularly in adsorbing Malachite Green (MG) dye. Among the samples, the 0.2 % Al-doped ZnO exhibited superior dye degradation efficiency due to its enhanced adsorption capacity and smaller particle size, as evidenced by multilayer adsorption capacity and chemisorption during the degradation process. This study provides valuable insights into the potential applications of Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles in various environmental and technological fields, emphasizing their significance in the degradation of organic pollutants.

Preparation and Characterization of Sustained Release Risperidone Loaded Eudragit Microparticles by Spray-Drying Technique

The goal of this work was to create novel risperidone-containing spray-dried microparticles using Eudragit® L100, a methacrylic polymer. Microparticles were designed with controlled release and enhanced in-vitro effects in mind and were meant to be taken orally. Spray-drying was used to create Eudragit® L100 microparticles loaded with risperidone. Risperidone-loaded Eudragit® L100 was successfully prepared to treat mental/mood disorders, according to an investigation into its physicochemical properties in-vitro. Spray-drying was an effective method for producing Eudragit® L100 microparticles loaded with risperidone. Formulations displayed a suitable drug entrapment percentage or nearly 89.94%. The mean diameter of the nearly spherical and spherical microparticles ranged from 30 to 50 μm, and they had a smooth surface. The distinctive peak of risperidone loaded with Eudragit L100 was visible in the fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra, indicating that the medication was fully encapsulated in the polymer. The dissolution rate of risperidone-loaded microparticles was slower than that of the pure medication. The use of spray-dried risperidone microparticles as a practical oral drug delivery method for more effective and regulated risperidone release is supported experimentally by our results.

Improved Classification Performance of Bacteria in Interference Using Raman and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning.

The rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic and suspicious bioaerosols are essential for public health protection. The impact of pollen on the identification of bacterial species by Raman and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra cannot be overlooked. The spectral features of the fourteen class samples were preprocessed and extracted by machine learning algorithms to serve as input data for training purposes. The two types of spectral data were classified using classification models. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model achieved classification accuracies of 78.57% and 92.85%, respectively. The Raman spectral data were accurately classified by the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, with a 100% accuracy rate. The two spectra and their fusion data were correctly classified with 100% accuracy by the random forest (RF) algorithm. The spectral processed algorithms investigated provide an efficient method for eliminating the impact of pollen interference.

Electrochemical Performance of Polyaniline‐Polyvanadate‐Copper Nanomaterials for the Detection of Benzoic Acid

AbstractThe introduction of nanomaterials as modified electrode materials into the field of electrochemical sensing is expected to improve the reliability, sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability of electrochemical sensors in detecting pollutants in the water environment. In this study, copper vanadate nanomaterials (Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O, referred to as CVO) and Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O/polyyaniline (PANI) composite nanomaterials (referred to as CVO/PANI) are successfully prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), X‐ray traveling‐action (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM). The modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) with these two materials are used for the detection of benzoic acid (BA) and exhibit excellent electrochemical sensing performance. The results show that two pairs of semi‐reversible redox peaks exist in both CVO and CVO/PANI modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in BA solution. The linear range of CVO and CVO/PANI nanomaterials‐modified GCE is 0.01–2 mm and 0.001–2 mm, and the limits of detection are 2.16 and 0.41 µm, respectively. PANI plays important role in the electrochemical responses of BA at CVO/PANI modified GCE. PANI enhances the intensities of CV peaks and electrochemical determination ability for BA.