Four-layer System Research Articles

Comparative Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Two-Layer Versus Four-Layer Compression Bandages for Venous Leg Ulcers: A Prospective Study.

This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two-layer versus four-layer compression bandages in the treatment of venous leg ulcers (VLUs). A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary hospital from August 2022 to July 2024. A total of 100 patients with chronic VLUs were sampled. Of the patients, 50 were given two-layer (group A) compression therapy, and the other 50were given four-layer (group B) compression therapy. Outcomes after both therapies were analyzed. The mean age of the participants was 45.76 years, with a predominance of males (67%). Both bandaging systems demonstrated similar healing efficacy with no significant difference in ulcer size or healing time between groups. However, the four-layer bandage system required significantly fewer follow-ups (mean = 4.88) compared to the two-layer system (mean = 6.46) (p < 0.001). The mean total cost was higher for the four-layer system (₹3416) compared to the two-layer system (₹2907) (p = 0.004). Complications such as pain and pressure ulcers were comparable, though the four-layer system was associated with slightly higher discomfort and skin irritation. The four-layer bandage system may offer marginal advantages in wound healing and fewer follow-ups, but it is more expensive. The two-layer bandage system is more cost-effective and patient-friendly.

Large anomalous transverse transport properties in atomically thin 2D Fe3GaTe2

Anomalous transverse conductivities, such as anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC), anomalous Nernst conductivity (ANC), and anomalous thermal Hall conductivity (ATHC), play a crucial role in the emerging field of spintronics. Motivated by the recent fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic thin film Fe3GaTe2, we investigate the thickness-dependent anomalous transverse conductivities of the 2D Fe3GaTe2 system (from one to four layers). The atomically ultrathin 2D Fe3GaTe2 system shows above-room-temperature ferromagnetism with a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energy. Furthermore, we obtain a large AHC of −485 S/cm in the four-layer thickness, and this is further enhanced to −550 S/cm with small electron doping. This AHC is seven times larger than the measured AHC in thicker 2D Fe3GaTe2 (178 nm). The ANC also reaches 0.55 A/K.m in the four-layer structure. Along with these, the four-layer system exhibits a large ATHC (−0.105 ~ −0.135 W/K.m). This ATHC is comparable to the large ATHC found in Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2. Based on our results, the atomically ultrathin 2D Fe3GaTe2 system shows outstanding anomalous transverse conductivities and can be utilized as a potential platform for future spintronics and spin caloritronic device applications.

Resilient embedded system for classification respiratory diseases in a real time

Listening to lung sounds using a stethoscope is still one of the most important methods to diagnose respiratory diseases. These sounds are complex and challenging to diagnose, as even trained people may misclassify them. Accurate interpretation of these sounds requires excellent experience from the treating physician. For diagnosing respiratory diseases, sounds were analyzed, and various features were extracted for the proposed hierarchical design consisting of four layers. A random forest classifier was utilized for three layers and deep learning for the last layer. An FPGA implementation of the proposed respiratory processor is validated experimentally on soft and hard resources of the Virtex-5 ML506 FPGA board. Designing the system by field programmable gate array in a hierarchical manner that allows classification without completing all four stages. The resilient four-layer system achieved the highest average accuracy of 100 %, 99.83, 99.62, 99.88, and 99.87 for COPD, Healthy, URTI, Bronchiectasis, and Pneumonia diseases while saving both power consumption 63.8 % and 54.7 % of testing time.

The management of venous leg ulcers: Effects of four-layer bandage system

Aim: Chronic Venous Ulcer (CVU) accounts for nearly 70% of all chronic leg ulcers (CLU), seriously impacting the quality of life and creating a heavy economic burden. Here, we present CVU therapy with a four-layer bandage system in 113 patients retrospectively treated by the General Surgery Chronic Wound Unit and Cardiovascular Surgery Department. Material and Methods: From January 2022 to January 2023, 113 patients with CVU were evaluated retrospectively. All patients were documented by color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS), ulcer size, and demographics. If there were multiple ulcers, the largest one was assessed. Immobile patients and patients with an Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) of &lt;0.7 were excluded. Debridement, exercise, venoactive drugs, and a four-layer bandage system were performed for all patients. The primary outcome was to assess the ulcer healing, and the secondary outcome was to obtain the recurrence rate and the treatment compatibility of patients. Results: The mean age of the patients was 60.73±11.3 (28-91) years and 77.9% were male. Body Mass Index (BMI) was 30.4±7.7 kg/m2 (min:18-max:51 kg/m2). The mean follow-up period was 18.82±13.4 weeks. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38%) and Staphylococcus aureus (31.8%) were the most identified microorganisms. Four patients experienced recurrence of the CVU (3.5%). The older patients had larger ulcers than the younger patients. Female patients had larger-sized ulcers (p=0.001). Completely healed ulcers were 26.5% of the total. The four-layer compression bandage was applied 12 times for per patient. The mean healing period was 23.2±13.8 weeks. The mean healing rate was 4.17±3.78% for a week. The multivariant analysis revealed that age and pain had negatively affected the ulcer healing. Conclusion: The management of CVU is challenging and needs a multidisciplinary approach. Compression is the main goal of the treatment. Surgical or endovenous therapies may be beneficial for decreasing ulcer recurrence. For patients with slow ulcer healing, adjuvant treatment modalities such as patient education, smoking cessation, diet and lifestyle modification, and exercise should be recommended.

Sum-frequency generation at interfaces: A Fresnel story. II. Analytical expressions for multilayer systems.

The well-known formalism for Sum-Frequency Generation (SFG) reflected or transmitted by a three-layer system involves three equations defining the emitted SFG intensity, the effective nonlinear susceptibility, and a set of Fresnel factors specific to the three-layer system. We generalize the equations to an N-layer system, where all media have non-vanishing thicknesses, by leaving the first two equations unchanged and modifying only the Fresnel factors. These universal Fresnel factors bear all the complexity of light propagation and interference in the system, in amplitude and phase. They are analytically known anywhere in the N-layer system, either at any interface or in any of the bulks, and share common expressions for the three beams, incoming or emitted, of the SFG process in reflection. Enclosing an ultrathin layer (e.g., a molecular monolayer) in the system does not modify the Fresnel factors except for boundary conditions at this layer, as in the three-layer case. Specific rules are elaborated to simplify systems containing macroscopic layers. Equations for the four- and five-layer systems are explicitly provided. Simulations in the four-layer system allow for the recovery of the results of the transfer matrix formalism at a lower complexity cost for SFG users. Finally, when several interfaces in the system produce SFG signals, we show that it is possible to probe only the most buried one by canceling all the SFG responses except at this last interface, generalizing the results of the three-layer system.

Design and fabrication of NiTi shape memory alloy/aramid composite fabric for thermal protective clothing

Developing fabrics with enhanced thermal protection is a cutting-edge topic in area of thermal protective clothing (TPC) for workers under heat hazards. Here, temperature-responsive NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) filaments, which transform into a sinusoid form under a stimulus of temperature exceeding their austenite start temperature of 45.1 °C, were prepared. Nine composite fabrics (CFs) using SMA filaments and aramid yarns, different in filament interval, air gap orientation, aramid yarn type and fabric density, were fabricated and incorporated into traditional three-layer TPC fabric system, resulting in a four-layer smart fabric system (SFS) with adaptive structure. Thermal protective performance (TPP) tests demonstrated the addition of CF could significantly slow down the rise of temperature at skin surface and prolong the time to the first-degree burn. With the decrease of filament interval or increase of fabric density, TPP of SFS was improved due to more heat accumulation within and less heat conduction through the fabric. This study would inspire engineering CFs with enhanced TPP, thus pushing forward the development of smart technology in textile engineering.

The Current Status, Energy Implications, and Governance of Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: A System Analysis of the Beijing Case

Wastewater treatment and reuse are important means of addressing water scarcity and protecting the aquatic environment in urban areas. However, it comes at the cost of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the issues of governance and provincial-scale research have largely been ignored in current urban wastewater treatment and reuse studies. This paper summarizes the current status of 175 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Beijing, explores energy-intensive processes, energy consumption ratios, and the overall energy intensity of WWTPs, and maps the structure of urban wastewater treatment and reuse governance. The results indicate that most WWTPs in Beijing are medium or small in scale, treating wastewater at less than 200 thousand tons/day. Then, five energy-intensive subprocesses are identified, and their energy consumption ratios vary with treatment technologies and management factors, which calls for individual WWTP analysis and plant-specific strategies. The energy intensity of WWTPs in Beijing varies with treatment capacity and membrane bioreactor treatment technology used. Large-scale WWTPs employing MBR technology have a higher average energy intensity. Furthermore, the current coordination group and the four-layer policy system provide sufficient executive power and promote efficiency in departmental collaborations. Finally, inconsistent data, reductions in energy consumption, and the normalization of the governance structure are discussed, and policy suggestions are proposed.

Operational tests of coating systems in military technology applications

The paper presents an analysis of the functional operational properties of multilayer coatings for use in military technology in the field of masking. The developed coating systems are characterized by operational innovation due to their small thickness when compared to those currently used by global defence contractors while maintaining the re-emission coefficient required for camouflage to be effective in the optical range. Their service life and durability were assessed in terms of functional properties based on measurements of attenuation coefficients, surface geometric structure, adhesion, specular gloss and colour parameters. The tests were carried out for coating systems fabricated in five variants: a two-layer paint system (SP1), a threelayer paint system (SP2), a laser-modified three-layer paint system (SP3) and a four-layer paint system in two variants (SP4 and SP5), with the former being modified with carbon nanotubes and the later − with spherical iron. Coating systems are characterized by low roughness and good adhesion and have appropriate attenuation coefficients for radar waves. Due to their operational properties, the developed coating systems can be used on armaments and military equipment.

Layer-resolved characterization of subsurface of materials usmg ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy

Surface of matter normally contains sublayers with molecular or electronic structure different from the outmost surface and the bulk, which may play a critical role in surface energy and/or charge transfer processes. Therefore, the development of layer-resolved characterization methods is of great importance for surface science and techniques. Although optical spectroscopy methods are very sensitive to structure, their spatial resolution is often much larger than the inter-layer distance of the sublayers, resulting in the inability to achieve laminar resolution. In this work, we discuss the possibilities of utilizing two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopy to distinguish spectral information and energy transfer between different layers, which cannot otherwise be obtained from linear spectroscopy methods owing to lineshape broadening. By theoretical 2D spectral simulations, we investigated two layered systems by numerical simulations, material surface:subsurface:bulk and molecule:surface:subsurface:bulk. The directional energy transfer rates from the bulk to the surface layer owing to the surface-bulk coupling was preset. Due to the fact that the energy transfer between the subsurface and the outermost surface layer is faster than that between the bulk and the outermost surface layer, there will be special time periods during which only the former takes place and gives rise to the distinguishable dynamics of off-diagonal peaks. Our simulation results showed that by analyzing the difference between the projections of the off-diagonal peak, the excitation energy of the surface, subsurface and bulk layers can be determined. Furthermore, for the four-layer system, the off-diagonal peaks can be kept away from the interference of diagonal peaks, providing a better chance for realizing laminar resolution compared with the three-layer system.

Research and Simulation of OCDM Switch Layer Based on 2D WDM-Optical Code Switching Structure

Optical Communication is widely used in military and civilian backbone network communication, but due to the limitation of “electronic bottleneck”, the ability of network nodes to process information and optical layer data transmission capacity is seriously mismatched, which directly causes optical cross connectors in optical nodes. The number of ports carried has skyrocketed. In order to improve the processing speed of network nodes, this paper studies the four-layer multi-granularity switching system of optical fiber, wavelength band, wavelength, and optical code, and finally builds a complete OCDMA system through simulation software, simulates multi-user simulation, and successfully realizes The encoding and decoding process is analyzed, and the performance simulation and analysis of the core switching module of the four-layer multi-layer optical switching system-OCDM switching module are carried out, and the feasibility and superiority of the selected system are verified.

Central Pivot Heuristics for Botnet Attack Defense in Iot

Botnet assaults on IoT systems have become a big issue, and several strategies for botnet protection have been investigated by the academic and industry communities. While many of these methods are practical and effective for botnet attack prevention, one of the important limits is the load factor on the servers that manage monitoring and control in addition to catering to client system requests. To address load factor difficulties, the focus of this study report is on the conditions of installing a four-layer security control system based on the notion of central pivot points. Inspired by the effective and systematic Markov Chains concept, this publication proposes a four-layer filtering model that shows if botnet detection and prevention methods for servers are required. The model's simulated experimental study demonstrates the potential scope of deploying the system. The study also highlights the future possibilities of model improvisation that can reduce any erroneous signal production that is judged necessary.

Novel Multi-Criteria Sustainable Evaluation for Production Scheduling Based on Fuzzy Analytic Network Process and Cumulative Prospect Theory-Enhanced VIKOR

Achieving sustainability is currently an important development direction for the manufacturing industry. With the consideration of all pillars of sustainability, valid evaluation of sustainability during scheduling optimization has become an emerging critical issue in the production scheduling loops. In view of absence of comprehensive sustainable evaluation strategy, this letter proposes a novel multi-criteria evaluation method based on fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) and cumulative prospect theory (CPT)-enhanced VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (FANP-CVIKOR). To this end, we firstly identify fundamental performance indicators from the production scheduling scope, and construct a four-layer indicator system in light of the process sustainability index (ProcSI) architecture. Then, the weights of all hierarchical indicators are derived by designing a fuzzy-improved ANP method to better quantitatively depict the relative significance of indicators. On this basis, a VIKOR method enhanced by CPT is put forward to obtain the ranking of candidate scheduling schemes, in which CPT is capable to reflect the mental attitudes of a decision maker via the prospect value of a scheme. A case study for the flexible job shop validates the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Meanwhile, the stability and sensitivity are further discussed, suggesting good potential in real-world applications.

Modulus Back-Calculation of Four-Layer System Based on the Characteristic Parameters of Deflection Basin

Abstract Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) is the most widely used nondestructive testing method for pavement structure. The back-calculation of structural modulus based on the deflection basin is an important approach to evaluate the service state of pavement structure and study the evolution law of its behavior. Although the deflection of pavement can be approximated as elastic deformation by the instantaneous impact load in FWD testing, the nonlinear response characteristics of structure and materials are non-negligible, which brings difficulties to the modulus back-calculation for a multilayer system. This paper proposes a new back-calculation method of the four-layer structure, which is based on the linear elastic layered mechanical system, through analyzing the empirical relationship between the geometric characteristics of the measured deflection basin and the corresponding moduli of the structural layers. In addition, the feasibility and reliability of this method are evaluated by using the FWD data of the representative structures in the RIOHTrack test road.

Design and Development of Maritime Data Security Management Platform

Since the e-Navigation strategy was put forward, various countries and regions in the world have researched e-Navigation test platforms. However, the sources of navigation data are multi-source, and there are still difficulties in the unified acquisition, processing, analysis and application of multi-source data. Users often find it difficult to obtain the required comprehensive navigation information. The purpose of this paper is to use e-Navigation architecture to design and develop maritime data security management platform, strengthen navigation safety guarantee, strengthen Marine environment monitoring, share navigation and safety information, improve the ability of shipping transportation organizations in ports, and protect the marine environment. Therefore, this paper proposes a four-layer system architecture based on Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE) technology, and designs a unified maritime data storage, analysis and management platform, which realizes the intelligent, visualized and modular management of maritime data at shipside and the shore. This platform can provide comprehensive data resource services for ship navigation and support the analysis and mining of maritime big data. This paper expounds on the design, development scheme and demonstration operation scheme of the maritime data security management platform from the system structure and data exchange mode.

Cruise Passenger-Oriented Evaluation System for the Public Transport of Hinterland Destinations

The cruise ship industry has become the fastest-growing sector of leisure and tourist business. In terms of the daily cruise service, a key part lies in the accessibility to attractive hinterland destinations. From the viewpoints of safety, efficiency, and environmental protection, public transport is considered to be a good option to access hinterland destinations. It requires the design and selection of public transport routes for cruise passengers by evaluating service quality. The existing studies focus on the evaluation of transport service quality incorporating the passenger perspective while there is a lack of studies oriented towards the cruise passengers. In this paper, we aim at setting up a four-layer cruise passenger-oriented evaluation system. Two cruise centers located in Hamburg, Germany, and Qingdao, China are focused. The proposed evaluation system identifies the weights of 21 criteria and the ranking of the transport routes for cruise passengers in different age groups. Considering the berthing time of cruise ships and the commuting time of local residents, the proposed evaluation system also provides suggestions for the one-day tour itinerary of cruise passengers in the hinterland. Moreover, the preferences on transport routes of different-age cruise passengers are disclosed to promote the relevant improvement in public transport infrastructure in specific transport routes. In doing so, this paper aims at supporting the smart city development for port cities.

Решение транспортной задачи с использованием алгоритма Дейкстры для грузовых перевозок

For the development of the road transportation process organization sector, it is necessary to solve the problems of finding the shortest path using Dijkstra’s algorithm. Meeting the needs of the population with high-quality services provided by the transport complex is possible due to the formation of a technically, technologically and economically balanced transport complex with the use of new methods and tools for optimizing the transport system. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the problem of efficiency of the transport network functioning with finding the shortest distances is of complex character. High traffic intensity, lack of reserves for full loading of the road transport network (RTN), not optimally calculated transport network automatically lead to low system performance. The problems and prospects of organizing the work of the transport system in the context of introduction of modern geoinformation technologies and definition of improvement of the most significant areas in the organization of the transportation process are the purpose of this article. The system is based on Dijkstra’s algorithm, which allows to search for the shor-test path with minimal costs and ensure the increase in the transport network efficiency. The stated goals are planned to be achieved by providing new software implementation, where a four-layer data collection system is proposed, as well as a graph calculation in the freight transport network is developed and implemented.

Dynamic response analysis of multi-span bridge-track structure system under moving loads

Based on the finite Fourier series and the energy variation principle, an analytical calculation method for the dynamic response of multi-span bridge-track structure systems under the action of moving load series is proposed. The applicability of this method is verified by the comparison of the results with the analytical and numerical approaches. Based on the proposed method, the dynamic response of double-layer and four-layer beam models, commonly used in railway bridge systems is solved, and the calculation formulas of resonance and vibration cancelation velocity of multi-layer beam systems are proposed. The influence of the span number of simply supported beams and the length of subgrade sections on the dynamic response of the four-layer beam system is investigated. The results show that the deflection of the dynamic response of double-layer and four-layer beam systems reaches the maximum value near the mid-span. These two systems have multiple critical speeds under moving loads. When the resonance and vibration cancelation of the multi-beam system occur simultaneously, the vibration cancelation plays a leading role. The span number of simply supported beams and length of subgrade sections influence the dynamic response of the four-layer beam system but have no significant effect on the critical velocity of resonance and vibration cancelation. At present, there is a lack of research on analytical or semi-analytical methods for the dynamic response of multi-span bridge-track structure systems. This research may provide a theoretical basis for the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of bridge-track structure systems to a certain extent.

Numerical simulation of heat transfer in electrically heated footwear in a severely cold environment

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of heat transfer and thermal regulation of electrically heating pad in footwear through numerical simulation. A one-dimensional heat transfer model was developed based on parameters of footwear materials, heating pad and skin tissues, which was validated by small-scale fabric experiments. Two modes of temperature control for the heating pad (HPTC) and human skin (STC) were compared, and a parametric analysis was conducted. It was showed that the model predictions were in agreement with the experimental results. Generally, the STC mode had better thermal regulative performance and less energy consumption than the HPTC mode. Results from the parametric analysis demonstrated that the properties of the heating pad and inner fabric layer were the most important factors for affecting the thermal regulative performance of the electrically heated footwear. No significant changes were found in the thermal regulative performance, but the environmental temperature had a clear influence on the energy saving effect. Besides, the energy efficiency could be remarkably improved by lowering the heating power. Even in a severely cold environment of −30 °C, the common lithium battery was able to function the HPTC mode of the typical four-layer fabric system for 7.7 h. This research provides suggestions for the design of the heating pad as well as the upper of the electrically heated footwear.

A Resource Recommendation Algorithm for Online English Learning Systems Based on Learning Ability Evaluation

Mature online English learning platforms should provide students with necessary learning resources, ensure efficient access to learning projects, and offer the optimal learning experience. However, the traditional recommendation methods for English learning resources cannot satisfy the in-depth learning demand of students. To solve the problem, this paper designs a resource recommendation algorithm for online English learning systems based on learning ability evaluation. Firstly, the workflow of the designed algorithm was introduced, and a four-layer test system was developed for students’ English learning ability evaluation. Next, an English learning ability evaluation method was proposed based on the maximum expectation algorithm, as well as the estimation methods for parameters like learning ability, degree of discrimination, difficulty, and guess coefficient. Experimental results demonstrated the good effect of the proposed resource recommendation algorithm. The research findings provide a reference for resource recommendation of other online learning systems.

An analytical model for predicting residual stress in TBC-film cooling system considering non-uniform temperature field

Residual stress is an important parameter to evaluate and predict the interfacial peeling and failure of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) system in the thermal cycle. Considering a non-uniform temperature field, an analytical model for predicting residual stress of the TBC-film cooling system was established. Based on the double-layer TBC-film cooling system, the analytical solutions were validated by comparing with the previous results. Then, the four-layer system, including the superalloy substrate (SUB), the metallic bond coat (BC), the thermally grown oxide (TGO), and the ceramic top coat (TC), was analyzed. The distribution of residual stress was discontinuous at the interface among the layers. The maximum peeling moment occurred at the BC/SUB interface, and the maximum shear stress occurred at the TGO/BC interface. Therefore, the probabilities, of which opening edge cracks (mode I) appeared at the BC/SUB interface and shearing edge cracks (mode II) appeared at the TGO/BC interface, were higher than that at other interfaces. The deflection and bending direction of the system were affected by the temperature difference and coefficient of thermal expansions. The large thickness of the coating could effectively improve the thermal insulation capacity of the system, but the peeling moment and shear stress also increased. Therefore, preventing the thermal growth of the TGO layer and reducing the thickness of the TC layer can improve the stability of the system and extend service lifetime of the system while ensuring that the cooling requirements for hot section components are met.