Four-factor Measurement Model Research Articles

Examining the impact of urban built environment on sport participation: Development of a conceptual framework

Examining the impact of urban built environment on sport participation: Development of a conceptual framework

Role stress and organizational commitment in the service industry: a moderated mediation model of job burnout and transformational leadership

PurposeUnder the tenets of conservation of resources and role theories, this study has aimed to draw up and test a moderated-mediation model. The model postulates job burnout (JB) as a mediator between role stress (RS) and organizational commitment (OC) while transformational leadership (TFL) as a moderator to such mediation.Design/methodology/approachFor this cross-sectional study, multisource field data from the service industry was collected using a convenient sampling procedure. A total of 354 employees participated in the anonymous survey. The proposed model of the study was tested with a hierarchical regression approach using Hayes PROCESS macro.FindingsThe data fitted best for the four-factor measurement model of the study. Afterward, the authors found that RS directly affected employees’ perception of OC. The relationship between RS and OC was partially mediated by JB. The authors ascertained the transformational leader’s buffering role between the RS-JB relationship and the transformational leader’s contingent indirect effect as well.Originality/valueThis research is a first-of-its-kind investigation into enlightening the direct and indirect link via JB between RS and OC and the moderating effect of TFL on such indirect effect in a rarely studied organizational setting of a developing country.

Modeling the relationship between digital nativity and Smartphone usage in learning English as a foreign language contexts.

Despite many studies exploring the application of digital devices in foreign language learning, only some have investigated the influencing mechanisms of digital nativity on Smartphone usage in this increasingly seamless learning environment. This research aims to explore the relationships between college students' digital nativity and their use of Smartphones for English learning. The data were collected from 502 undergraduates in mainland China through self-reported questionnaires, namely the Digital Natives Assessment Scale and the Smartphone Use in Learning Foreign Language Scale. The confirmatory factor analysis validated a four-factor measurement model of digital nativity, including "grow up with technology", "comfortable with multitasking", "reliant on graphics for communication" and "thrive on instant gratification and rewards". A second-order measurement construct of favorable Smartphone usage and its first-order adverse effects in foreign language learning were also examined, demonstrating good validity and reliability. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that students who displayed more attributes of "grow up with technology" and "thrive on instant gratifications and rewards" tended to adopt smartphones positively for English learning. In addition, those who were more familiar with technological assistance might suffer less from the adverse effects of Smartphone usage. However, the preference for immediate responses and feedback could also lead to more adverse effects when using Smartphones for English learning. Besides, "comfortable with multitasking" and "reliant on graphics for communication" didn't have any significant predictive impact on either the favorable functions or the adverse effects of Smartphone usage. Based on the research results, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications.

The development of the Chinese version of the Sports Emotional Intelligence Scale.

ObjectiveTo revise and test the Chinese version of the Sports Emotional Intelligence Scale (SEIS) in sports situations.Materials and methodsAfter pretesting 112 college students, 832 college students were formally tested, and item analysis, validity test, internal consistency reliability analysis, and calibration validity and equivalence test of the Chinese version of the SEIS were performed. The Chinese version of the SEIS had 14 items with four dimensions (evaluation of others’ emotions, self-emotional management, emotion use, and social skills), with a cumulative variance contribution of 57.812 percent; the four-factor measurement model fit well (χ2/df = 3.743, NFI = 0.917, GFI = 0.945, AFGI = 0.913, CFI = 0.926, and RMSEA = 0.062). The internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach’s α) of the Chinese version of the SEIS ranged from 0.824 to 0. 905, and the split-half reliability ranged from 0.807 to 0.891; the correlations between the total SEIS score and its dimensional scores and the calibration variables were significantly correlated (p < 0.05), ranging from 0.255 to 0.603. The gender measure equivalence test was valid, and the mean difference of potential variables across gender groups was not significant in the potential mean analysis.ConclusionThe Chinese version of the SEIS has good reliability and validity, and it is appropriate for assessing emotional intelligence in sports situations.

Understanding Chinese international students’ perception of flu vaccination on U.S. college campuses

Objective: This study examines Chinese international students’ underlying beliefs and overall perception of the flu vaccination to inform effective health promotion efforts on U.S. college campuses. Participants: Data were collected in March 2020. Participants (N = 189) were recruited via email at a southeastern university in the U.S. Methods: Incorporating theory recommendations and recent vaccine-related research findings, this study designs a Four-Factor Measurement Model through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine Chinese international students’ perception of flu vaccination. Results: Chinese international students’ health beliefs, particularly their perceived susceptibility of the influenza virus, was the most important factor to explain their perception of flu vaccination. While normative beliefs were the least influential factor to account for Chinese international students’ perception of flu vaccination, these students valued healthcare providers’ opinions immensely. Conclusions: This study suggests the Four-Factor Measurement Model will help measure Chinese international students’ perception of flu vaccination and can be applied to future vaccine-related research.

Establishing Construct Validity of a Measure of Adolescent Perceptions of College and Career Readiness

The purpose of this study was to establish construct validity of a college and career readiness measure using a sample of youth with ( n = 356) and without ( n = 1,599) disabilities from five high schools across three U.S. states. We established content validity through expert item review, structural validity through initial field-testing, and convergent validity by correlating domain scores with school academic and behavioral data. A four-factor measurement model emerged representing the domains Ownership of Learning, Academic Engagement and Processes, Interpersonal Engagement, and Career Development. Domain scores were significantly correlated with achievement, college admission exam scores, and attendance. Implications for research and practice with an emphasis on transition service delivery via multi-tiered systems of support are discussed.

Inventář tendence k vině a hanbě (ITVAH): pilotní studie

This paper constitutes a pilot study of a novel measure for assessing proneness to guilt and proneness to shame, Inventář tendence k vině a hanbě (ITVAH, Inventory of Proneness to Guilt and Shame). ITVAH is a scenario-based method distinguishing affective and behavioural components of guilt and shame and also considering the private or public experience of guilt and shame, respectively. Two items (affective and behavioural reaction) were created for each of the 16 scenarios, resulting in total of 32 items. A four-factor measurement model was assumed – Negative behaviour evaluation (NBE), Reparation, Negative self-evaluation (NSE), Withdrawal. Next, we assumed negative correlations of NSE and Withdrawal with self-esteem and self-forgiveness and positive correlations of NBE and Reparation with self-forgiveness. The pilot study was carried out on 249 Czech-speaking adults (67 % women, aged 18–75, Md = 22). An ordinal confirmatory factor analysis with residual covariances between items connected to the same scenarios was conducted. The hypothesized four-factor model was found acceptable. However, we found limited evidence for the hypothesized relationships with self-esteem and self-forgiveness – in contrast to theoretical expectations we found a medium-strong negative relationship between self-forgiveness and affective component of guilt. For further use of the measure in the Czech and Slovak environment it is necessary to assess additional evidence of construct validity and concurrent validity with The Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 (TOSCA-3).

Personal growth initiative: the effects of person–organization fit, work empowerment and authentic leadership

PurposeBecause of the changing psychological contract between employers and employees over time, the primary responsibility for career development has shifted from organizations to employees. As the role of individuals in career development has become important, personal growth initiative (PGI), individuals' positive and proactive stance toward change and continuous self-improvement, can be a pivotal construct in the fields of human resources (HR), organizational behavior (OB) and career management. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of person–organization fit (POF), authentic leadership and work empowerment on PGI.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 235 employees of a leading telecommunication company in South Korea. Most respondents were highly educated male managers in their 30s and 40s. With an overall confirmatory factor analysis, the four-factor measurement model indicated a good fit to the data. The relationships between variables and the relative importance of each independent variables were tested using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, along with a bootstrapping to examine the mediation effect of work empowerment.FindingsBased on a moderated mediation model, this study examined the integrative effects of POF, authentic leadership and work empowerment on PGI. The authors found that employees demonstrated a high level of PGI when they perceived themselves fit with the organization and when they were empowered in their work. While the direct effect of authentic leadership was non-significant, supportive, transparent and ethical leadership behavior significantly moderated the relationship between POF and PGI. Lastly, based on a bootstrap analysis, this study found that work empowerment partially mediated the relationship between POF and PGI.Originality/valueThis empirical study contributes to the body of knowledge in the field of HR, OB and career management. This study introduced a relatively less explored construct, PGI, using data from knowledge workers in South Korea. The authors integrated diverse research streams such as person–environment fit, leadership and engagement research. Lastly, this was the first study that investigated the effects of contextual factors on PGI in the workplace.

Validation of a Four-Factor Measurement Model of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II: a Confirmatory Study with Kenyan Undergraduate Students

Validation of a Four-Factor Measurement Model of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II: a Confirmatory Study with Kenyan Undergraduate Students

Development and Validation of the School Refusal Evaluation Scale for Adolescents.

School refusal (SR) is considered as a clinical form of emotionally based school absenteeism related to the experience of strong negative emotions when attending school. However, there are no psychometrically sound measures specifically designed to assess SR. The aim of the present research was to develop and validate a multidimensional self-report measure of SR: the SChool REfusal EvaluatioN Scale (SCREEN) for adolescents. Two studies were performed to develop this scale. Study 1 used content analysis on 42 semi-directed interviews to identify and organize the indicators of SR and to generate items. The item pool was then reviewed by experts to construct a pilot scale. Study 2 examined the psychometric properties of this pilot scale of the SCREEN in a community sample of 649 French adolescents (age: 10-16 years) and a clinical sample of 31 adolescents. The initial SCREEN structure was identified via exploratory factor analysis, and the resultant model was validated using confirmatory factor analysis. In its final version (an 18-item, four-factor measurement model), the SCREEN reliably measures four interrelated aspects of SR. Data suggest good reliability and validity of scores on this SR measure. Results of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated good accuracy of the SCREEN (sensitivity = .94 and specificity = .88). The SCREEN offers a new and valid measure to assess SR in research and clinical settings.

Factorial Validity and Invariance of Four Psychosocial Constructs of Colorectal Cancer Screening: Does Screening Experience Matter?

Few studies have examined the psychometric properties and invariance of scales measuring constructs relevant to colorectal cancer screening (CRCS). We sought to: (i) evaluate the factorial validity of four core constructs associated with CRCS (benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and optimism); and (ii) examine measurement invariance by screening status (currently screened, overdue, never screened). We used baseline survey data from a longitudinal behavioral intervention trial to increase CRCS among U.S. veterans. Respondents were classified as currently screened (n = 3,498), overdue (n = 418), and never screened (n = 1,277). The measurement model was developed using a random half of the sample and then validated with the second half of the sample and the full baseline sample (n = 5,193). Single- and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine measurement invariance by screening status. The four-factor measurement model demonstrated good fit. Factor loadings, item intercepts, and residual item variance and covariance were invariant when comparing participants never screened and overdue for CRCS, indicating strict measurement invariance. All factor loadings were invariant among the currently screened and overdue groups. Only the benefits scale was invariant across current screeners and never screeners. Non-invariant items were primarily from the barriers scale. Our findings provide additional support for the construct validity of scales of CRCS benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and optimism. A greater understanding of the differences between current and never screeners may improve measurement invariance. Measures of benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, and optimism may be used to specify intervention targets and effectively assess change pre- and post-intervention across screening groups.

Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration by Court-Ordered Men: Distinctions and Intersections Among Physical Violence, Sexual Violence, Psychological Abuse, and Stalking

This study assessed the construct validity of two different measurement models of male partners' perpetration of physical violence, sexual violence, psychological abuse, and stalking against intimate partners. Data were obtained from a sample of 340 men arrested for physical assault of a female spouse or partner and court ordered into batterer intervention programs. Men were surveyed before starting the intervention. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to compare the construct validity of a four-factor measurement model of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration to a three-factor measurement model that combined psychological abuse with stalking; overlap in the perpetration of the various forms of IPV was also examined. CFA results supported the superiority of a four-factor measurement model. There were 96.8% of participants who reported perpetration of all four types of violence; most men perpetrated multiple types of violence. Future studies should determine whether there are distinct risk factors associated with each of the four types of IPV perpetration.

Interacciones entre las perspectivas situacionales y disposicionales de meta y el burnout psicológico de los tenistas junior de la élite internacional [Interplays between situational and dispositional goals perspectives and psychological burnout...

Drawing from the social-cognitive achievement goal framework, we examined the main and interactive effects of the players' goal orientations and perceptions of the motivational climate on indicators of burnout in 225 young internationally elite tennis players (138 boys and 87 girls; M age= 15.7 ± 2.1 years). In this study, the factorial validity of the Eades Athlete Burnout Inventory (EABI), the prevalence of burnout and the relationship between weekly hours of training and burnout were also determined. Depending on their written language comprehension, participants completed the English or the Spanish versions of EABI, TEOSQ and PMCSQ-2 in different training centers. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed an acceptable fit to a theoretically-based four-factor measurement model of the EABI. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses highlighted the importance of motivational variables as correlates of burnout. We discuss the importance of achievement goal emphasis and the manifested motivational in the prevention of burnout in elite young tennis players.

Development and Validation of a Measure to Assess Perceptions Regarding Gender-Related Pilot Behavior

There are several stereotypes, prejudices and preconceptions regarding female aviators' abilities and the suitability of women for a career as professional aircraft pilots. This study reports on the development and validation of the Aviation Gender Attitude Questionnaire (AGAQ), which was designed to assess aviators' perceptions about gender-related pilot behavior. A total of 544 South African aircraft pilots participated in the validation of the questionnaire. A four-factor measurement model was established by using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed a good fit between the multifactor solution for the AGAQ and the data. The four factors associated with perceptions about gender-related pilot behavior were Flying Proficiency, Safety Orientation, Flight Confidence and Flight Standards.

Work behavior in the school psychology service: Conceptual framework and construct validity approached by two different methodologies

A conceptual framework for work behavior (WB) in the school psychology service (SPS) in Norway is discussed, focusing on differences at the individual and the systemic level. A four-factor measurement model of selected tasks was hypothesized and empirically assessed by joint application of generalizability (G) theory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Self-reported WB was investigated among 190 SP counselors in Study 1 and 470 SP counselors within 121 offices in Study 2. The hypothesized four-factor solution was supported. In accordance with international findings, G studies demonstrated that the SPS as a whole allocates different priorities to aspects of WB, in favor of traditional child-centered work when approaching existing problems. A two-level model of factor analysis was tested, indicating little difference between offices in service delivery. On the contrary, the generalizable differentiation between the four hypothesized WB categories as provided by the G framework indicated individual differences among SP counselors in their priorities to aspects of WB. Because higher priority to prevention and systems intervention have been requested in general, future research should explore possible variables that may have an effect on SP counselors choice of different aspects of WB, as well as differences in the associations between aspects of WB on the one hand and important behavioral and attitudinal outcomes among jobholders on the other.

Developing a Measurement Model for Coping Research in Early Adolescence

The purpose of this study was the development of a measurement model for use in coping research in early adolescence. The results from a sample of 359 fifth-and sixth-grade children provided support for measures of children’s coping. Two higher order coping factors, productive and nonproductive coping, were found by using domain-representative parcels of coping strategies in confirmatory factor analyses. Parceling of random items found support for the unidimensional constructs of coping efficacy and family support. A four-factor measurement model incorporating coping efficacy, perceived family support, and the two higher order factors of productive and nonproductive coping behaviors was established. Implications of the finding of relative independence of the productive and nonproductive coping factors are discussed in terms of children’s coping research.

Refining the Architecture of Aggression: A Measurement Model for the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire

Among the most popular measures of aggression is the 29-item, self-report Aggression Questionnaire (AQ; Buss & Perry, 1992; Buss & Warren, 2000). Structural analyses of the AQ have revealed four underlying factors: Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, and Hostility. However, these four factors explain too little common variance (i.e., about 80%) to be an adequate measurement model. In the present study, we used confirmatory factor analysis with a total sample of 1154 respondents to compare four alternative measurement models for the AQ that are currently in use. Replicating earlier work, none of these models fit the data well, and the original four-factor model achieved only mediocre goodness-of-fit in three independent samples (GFI = .76 − .81). To develop a more appropriate measurement model, we omitted items with low loadings or multiple loadings based on principal components analysis and excluded items with reverse-scored wording. This yielded a 12-item, four-factor measurement model with acceptable goodness-of-fit (GFI = .94). Secondary analysis of two independent data sets confirmed the refined model's generalizability for British (Archer, Holloway, & McLoughlin, 1995; GFI = .93) and Canadian (Harris, 1995; GFI = .94) samples. The refined model yielded equivalent factor structures for males and females in all three samples. We also replicated the refined four-factor model in two additional American samples, who completed a new short form of the AQ containing only the subset of 12 items in random order. Additional analyses provided evidence supporting the model's construct validity and demonstrated stronger discriminant validity for the refined Hostility factor compared to its predecessor. The new short form of the AQ thus not only contains fewer than half as many items as the original, but also is psychometrically superior.

The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Confirmatory factor analysis in a pediatric ADHD sample

While considerable attention has been paid to discriminating attention-deficit/hyperactivity and anxiety disorders, there are as yet no published confirmatory factor analytic studies of any self-report anxiety scale in ADHD youth. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) is a 39-item, 4-point Likert self-report scale that robustly represents the factor structure of anxiety in children aged 8 to 18 years. Using confirmatory factor analytic methods, the present paper reports a replication of the four-factor measurement model for the MASC in a large sample of ADHD youth aged 7 to 10 years. The fit indices proved to be comparable to those obtained in the MASC clinical and non-clinical (normative) samples. Clinically, therefore, this report strengthens confidence that the MASC is a valid measure of anxiety in diverse populations. With respect to research, it provides supporting evidence that results obtained using the MASC in the MTA and other research studies reflect valid estimates of anxiety in those samples.

Global organizational learning capacity in purchasing: Construct and measurement

This study develops and tests a measure of organizational learning capacity (OLC) using the purchasing process of a Fortune 500 multinational corporation. The focus is on the activities and relationships between the strategic business units (SBUs) and the buying center of the organization. Based on a domestic sample of 179 SBUs used for the initial item and purification analysis and an international sample of 167 SBUs used for the reliability and validity analysis, the results indicate that the covariation among the proposed 17 items of the OLC scale can be explained by a correlated four-factor measurement model including team, systems, learning, and memory orientations.

The Factor Structure of Received Social Support: Dimensionality and the Prediction of Depression and Life Satisfaction

Covariance structure analyses were carried out on the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB; Barrera, Sandler, & Ramsey, 1981) to corroborate a hypothesized four-factor measurement model of received social support. Examination of the influence of the separate dimensions of the ISSB indicated that the four dimensions correlated in opposite directions with depression. Aggregation across the full set of ISSB items yielded a composite ISSB score that failed to predict depression and obscured the dynamics of these differential relations. By contrast, all four dimensions of the ISSB exhibited positive relations with life satisfaction, and total ISSB scores explained as much variance in life satisfaction as did the individual subscales. In general, the four ISSB dimensions proved to be differentially related to depression and life satisfaction in ways that were predictable, informative, and theoretically meaningful. The results of the present investigation illustrate the utility of a multidimensional conceptualization of the construct of enacted social support.