Four-compartment Body Composition Model Research Articles

Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure for Determining Excess Weight Gain in Pregnant Women.

To conduct a secondary analysis designed to test whether gestational weight gain is the result of increased energy intake or adaptive changes in energy expenditures. In this secondary analysis, energy intake and energy expenditure of 45 pregnant women (body mass index [BMI] 18.5-24.9 [n=33] and BMI 25 or greater [n=12]) were measured preconceptionally and at 22 and 36 weeks of gestation. Energy intake was calculated as the sum of total energy expenditure measured by doubly-labeled water and energy deposition determined by the four-compartment body composition model. Measurements of weight, body composition, and basal metabolic rate were completed preconceptionally and 9, 22, and 36 weeks of gestation. Basal metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry in a room calorimeter and activity energy expenditure by doubly-labeled water. Energy intake from 22 to 36 weeks of gestation was significantly higher in high gainers (n=19) (3,437±99 kcal per day) compared with low+ideal gainers (n=26) (2,687±110, P<.001) within both BMI categories. Basal metabolic rate increased in proportion to gestational weight gain; however, basal metabolic rate adjusted for body composition changes with gestational weight gain was not significantly different between high gainers and low+ideal gainers (151±33 compared with 129±36 kcal per day; P=.66). Activity energy expenditure decreased throughout pregnancy in both groups (low+ideal gainers: -150±70 kcal per day; P=.04 and high gainers: -230±92 kcal per day; P=.01), but there was no difference between high gainers and low+ideal gainers (P=.49). Interventions designed to increase adherence to the Institute of Medicine guidelines for weight gain in pregnancy may have increased efficacy if focused on limiting energy intake while increasing nutrient density and maintaining levels of physical activity.

The four-compartment model of body composition in obese Chilean schoolchildren, by pubertal stage: Comparison with simpler models

ObjectivesWe assessed the agreement of body fat and fat-free mass measured by simpler methods against the four-compartment model (4C). MethodsIn 60 obese schoolchildren (body mass index ≥95th percentile) between the ages of 8 and 13 y who were recruited from one school in Chile, multicompartmental body composition was estimated with the use of isotopic dilution, plethysmography (BodPod), radiographic absorptiometry (DEXA), and anthropometric equations. These results were compared to those of the 4C model, which is considered the gold standard. ResultsFor body fat, the 4C model showed the best agreement with DEXA for boys in Tanner stages I and II (r = 0.971) and with isotopic dilution for boys in Tanner stages III and IV (r = 0.984). The best agreement in girls occurred with isotopic dilution, regardless of pubertal stage (r = 0.948 for Tanner stages I and II; r = 0.978 for Tanner stages III and IV). Both isotopic dilution and the Huang, Ellis, and Deurenberg anthropometric equations underestimated body fat in boys; by contrast, DEXA, BodPod, and the Slaughter equation overestimated body fat in boys. All of the equations underestimated body fat in girls. For fat-free mass in both boys and girls, the 4C model showed the best agreement with isotopic dilution, regardless of pubertal stage. The Huang equation showed the best agreement for boys (r = 0.730 for Tanner stages I and II; r = 0.695 for Tanner stages III and IV) and for girls in Tanner stages I and II (r = 0.884). The Ellis equation had the best agreement for girls in Tanner stages III and IV (r = 0.917). ConclusionsFor obese Chilean children of both sexes, isotopic dilution and DEXA were the two-compartment methods that had the best agreement with the gold-standard 4C model for both body fat and fat-free mass; these were followed by the Huang and Ellis anthropometric equations.

Simplified four-compartment body composition model using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and total body water: Recipent of Young Investigator Award

Simplified four-compartment body composition model using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and total body water: Recipent of Young Investigator Award

Use of anthropometric variables to predict relative body fat determined by a four-compartment body composition model.

To generate equations for the prediction of percent body fat (% BF) via a four-compartment criterion body composition model from anthropometric variables and age. Multiple regression analyses were used to predict % BF from the best-weighted combinations of independent variables. In all 79 healthy males (X+/-s.d.: 35.0+/-12.2 y; 84.24+/-12.53 kg; 179.8+/-6.8 cm) aged 19-59 y were recruited from advertisements placed in a university newsletter and on community centres' noticeboards. The following measurements were conducted: % BF using a four-compartment (water, bone mineral mass, fat and residual) model and a restricted anthropometric profile (nine skinfolds, five girths and two bone breadths). Stepwise multiple regression selected six (subscapular, biceps, abdominal, thigh, calf and mid-axilla) of the nine skinfold measurements to predict % BF and using the sum of these six produced a quadratic equation with a standard error of estimate (SEE) and R(2) of 2.5% BF and 0.89, respectively. The inclusion of age as a predictor further improved the equation (% BF=-0.00057 x ( summation operator 6SF)(2)+0.298 x summation operator 6SF+0.078 x age - 1.13; SEE=2.2% BF, R(2)=0.91). However, the best equation used only the sum of three skinfold thicknesses (mid-axilla, calf and thigh) and age but also included waist girth and biepicondylar femur breadth as predictors (% BF=-0.00258 x ( summation operator 3SF)(2)+0.558 x summation operator 3SF+0.118 x age+0.282 x waist girth - 2.100 x femur breadth - 2.34; SEE=1.8% BF, R(2)=0.94). Analyses of two age groups, <30 and >/=30 y, demonstrated that for the same % BF, the former exhibited a higher sum of skinfold thicknesses. Equations were generated for the prediction of % BF via the four-compartment criterion body composition model from anthropometric variables and age. Agewise differences for the sum of skinfold thicknesses may be related to an increase in internal fat for the older subjects.

VALIDITY OF NAVY CIRCUMFERENCE BODY FAT EQUATION IN WOMEN OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ASIAN, HISPANIC, AND FILIPINA DESCENT

Purpose: Currently, the Navy and Air Force use circumference equations for women that predict body fat from height and the log10 sum of neck, waist, and hip circumferences. These equations were developed on Caucasian subjects using a two-compartment body fat technique as the criterion measure. Therefore, it was deemed necessary to validate the Navy's circumference equations in other ethnicites using a four-compartment body composition model as the criterion. METHODS: One hundred sixty-five women (41 Caucasian (C), 41 African-American (A-A), 41 Hispanic (H), 20 Asian (A) 19 Filipina (F), and 3 Pacific Islander (PI) volunteered for the study. All subjects gave informed consent. Anthropometry, DXA, bioimpedance, residual volume, and hydrostatic weighing were all done on the same day with subjects in a fasted state. RESULTS: There were no differences in abdominal or neck circumferences, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, or body fat among the different racial groups. Filipinas had significantly smaller hip circumferences than A-A and C. Four-compartment body fat (4-C fat) averaged 29.2 ± 7.0% overall (C = 28.6 ± 6.6; A-A = 30.3 ± 7.2; H = 30.1 ± 7.7; A = 28.9 ± 5.9; F = 27.3 ± 6.3; PI = 22.7 ± 7.2). Navy circumference body fat (Navfat) averaged 30.3 ± 6.5% overall (C = 30.4 ± 6.5; A-A = 31.0 ± 6.5; H = 30.7 ± 7.5; A = 29.3 ± 5.8; F = 29.3 ± 5.9; PI = 26.1 ± 3.0). MANOVA analysis, using 4-C fat as the dependent variable, showed no significant race by method interaction, indicating no difference by race in the prediction of 4-C fat by Navfat. CONCLUSION: The Navy's circumference body fat equation is valid for African-American, Asian, Hispanic, and Filipina women. There were too few women of Pacific Island descent in the current sample to draw firm conclusions on the validity of the equation in this group.

Validity of fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for measuring fat-free mass and leg muscle mass. Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study--Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Body Composition Working Group.

The aim of the study was to examine the accuracy of fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for measuring total body fat-free mass (FFM) and leg muscle mass (MM) in elderly persons. Participants were 60 men and women aged 70-79 yr and with a body mass index of 17.5-39.8 kg/m(2). FFM and MM at four leg regions were measured by using DEXA (Hologic 4500A, v8.21). A four-compartment body composition model (4C) and multislice computed tomography (CT) of the legs were used as the criterion methods for FFM and MM, respectively. FFM by DEXA was positively associated with FFM by 4C (R(2) = 0.98, SE of estimate = 1.6 kg). FFM by DEXA was higher [53.5 +/- 12.0 (SD) kg] than FFM by 4C (51.6 +/- 11.9 kg; P < 0.001). No association was observed between the difference and the mean of the two methods. MM by DEXA was positively associated with CT at all four leg regions (R(2) = 0.86-0.96). MM by DEXA was higher than by CT in three regions. The results of this study suggest that fan-beam DEXA offers considerable promise for the measurement of total body FFM and leg MM in elderly persons.

Aging in women—the four-compartment model of body composition

The four-compartment model of body composition was examined in 155 white women through measurement of total body carbon (TBC), nitrogen (TBN), calcium (TBCa), and water levels. The age (mean ± SD) of the population was 51.4 ± 13.5 years, and values for the four compartments were as follows (in kilograms): protein 8.9 ± 1.0, water 30.9 ± 3.5, mineral 2.6 ± 0.4, and fat 22.6 ± 7.3. There was a linear change with age for protein and water, whereas mineral and fat were curvilinear. These latter two compartments also showed differences in premenopausal and postmenopausal rates of change. Various models were fit to the data to adjust for body size and age. Each of the four compartments (mineral, water, fat, and protein) changed with age, with fat increasing and the other compartments declining. The equation, y = age + age 2 + height + weight, fit the data as well as the other models. Equations are provided to assess body composition in populations with disorders of nutrition, as well as other illnesses, using height, weight, and age as covariates. Since this was a cross-sectional study, longitudinal studies will have to be performed to confirm the accuracy of rates of change with age predicted with each compartment.

Application of the associated particle technique for the whole-body measurement of protein, fat and water by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis-a feasibility study

A small and compact sealed tube neutron generator with an integral alpha particle detector has been used for applying the associated particle technique for prompt-gamma 14 MeV neutron activation analysis of total body carbon (TBC), total body nitrogen (TBN) and total body oxygen (TBO). Ground sheep meat samples in the weight range 20-40 kg and of varying composition have been scanned using two 12.5 cm diameter*10 cm NaI(TI) crystals for gamma-ray detection. The content of protein, fat and water was calculated from their fractional content of C, N and O using a four-compartment model of body composition, which included minerals. The precision for measuring TBC, TBN and TBO has been obtained from the mean count rates of ten repeat irradiations of the same sample. The accuracy has been confirmed by comparison against chemical analysis. The reproducibilities for measuring TBN have been found to be comparable to those obtained when the same samples were analysed using prompt-gamma thermal-neutron activation analysis in an existing body composition facility. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that an instrument comprising the neutron generator and four 15 cm*15 cm*45 cm NaI(Tl) gamma ray detectors can be assembled to determine, in vivo, protein, fat and water in an approximately 41 kg sample with precisions of 4.4%, 5.0% and 2.1% (CV) respectively within a 15 min scan. The radiation dose equivalent delivered due to neutrons would be approximately 0.03 mSv.

Four-compartment model of body composition of normal elderly women.

A group of 186 apparently normal women was divided into three age groups (average ages 65.3 +/- 4.4, 74.7 +/- 5.5, and 80.9 +/- 4.2 years, respectively) and their body composition was studied using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The fat, fat-free, and mineral components were quantitated, and the fat-free compartment was calculated to define a four-compartment model of body composition (fat, fat-free, mineral, and water). Fat decreases with age, as shown by the comparison of the group whose average age was 75 years with the 65-year-old group (p < 0.01) and 80-year-old group (p < 0.005). Soft-tissue mass was greater in the 80-year-old group (p < 0.025) than in the 75-year-old group. Water was lower in the two older groups (p < 0.02 and p < 0.005, respectively), and the mineral component showed no differences. The decreased fat, increased soft tissues, and absence of changes in the mineral component may be related to an improvement in habits and lifestyle in recent years.