Founding Period Research Articles

Rubble and Ruin: the CMS Hospital of Gaza in World War I … and Today?

ABSTRACT While the Ahli Arab Hospital of Gaza – formerly the CMS Mission hospital – has been the focus of public attention due to the 17 October 2023 explosion on its premises and the ongoing Israel-Hamas war, less attention has been given to its history. Very little information is publicly available. This article addresses that gap, aiming to bring texture, nuance and depth to contemporary discussions. Taking a narrative approach, this article poses two questions: first, how did the social, political and religious contexts of the hospital’s founding period shape its identity and role in the community? Second, how did it fare in World War I and the political transition that followed it? This article argues that Anglican Missionaries from the Church Mission Society (CMS) established the hospital in 1881 with the motivation and inspiration of their evangelical faith. After facing resistance from the local population, the missionaries won people’s trust through medical service. Their work was boosted after local leaders gave their endorsements and British imperial agents offered support. The situation changed rapidly, however, during World War I and the Ottoman entry into the war on the German side. The missionaries were expelled and the hospital was closed and eventually destroyed. Yet, after British victory, the missionaries were granted permission to resume services and rebuild the hospital.

동북아 역사상 마한문화의 위상과 익산

Iksan’s historical and cultural status and source in the history of Northeast Asia occupy a very important position. Iksan had already attracted attention as a center of Bronze Age culture based on the recovery of a large amount of archaeological relics in the 1970s. The ruins of Buyeo, Iksan and Jeonju(Wanju) within a 60km radius of Iksan were set as the ‘Iksan Cultural Area’. It is presumed that technological innovations were achieved in regions including Iksan by residents who came down from the political upheaval in Liaodong and the northwest region. Archaeologically, the founding period of Mahan is believed to be between the 3rd and 1st centuries B.C. in connection with the introduction of iron culture. In this case, the Mahan small states of Iksan is likely to be the Geonma states that appears in China's records of the 『Samkukji』. This small state’s name is connected to Jimomilji in the 「Gwanseumeungheomgi」 and Jimohyeon, Jimamaji, Geummajeo, Geumma in the geography of the 『Samguksagi』, showing regional historicity. Also, considering the spatial scope of Mahan as the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula in Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeolla regions, Iksan small states is considered to encompass the Geum River and Mangyeong River areas such as Okgu, Impi, Hamyeol and Geumma. In the late 4th century, the Iksan region was subordinated to Baekje along with the western regions of Jeollabuk-do, including Gunsan, Jeonju(Wanju), Gimje, Buan, Jeongeup and Gochang, and was incorporated into the local system after the transfer of the capital to Ungjin. After the 5th century, the Ipjeom-ri and Ungpo-ri tombs and the Sanwol-ri ruins in Daeya-myeon in the Geum River area related to Iksan show that they came under the control of central political forces. Even in the 6th century, Iksan was an important area through the fact that even Baekje’s Geummajeo, Geumma-gun, and Geumma-san were continuously mentioned in the literature records. Even in the 7th century, the theory of Iksan as the capital and separate capitals means that it had the same weight and importance as Sabi, the capital of Baekje at the time.

Constituting the American Higher-Education Elite: Rush and Jefferson on Collegiate Civic Engagement

The foundation of new centers for civic education has sparked a new round of debate over the political independence of the public university. Do legal mandates by state legislatures undermine academic freedom? The underlying debate concerns alternative visions of elite formation, as comparing Benjamin Rush and Thomas Jefferson’s arguments during the Founding period makes apparent. Both believed that the American constitutional order depended on educated citizens of a certain character, requiring coercive authority in education to instill moral and political commitments. But whereas Jefferson made an exception for educational coercion, Rush viewed education as an aristocratic element that could complement democracy. Rush’s prioritizing of duties over rights offers a more helpful framework for the task of reforming elite education today to restore trust between leaders and people.

A Bibliometric Analysis of History Researches on Turkey 1975 – 2023

The aim of this study is to exhibit a bibliometric analysis of historical studies on Turkey. A total of 1288 articles from 230 journals indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) database in the years 1975 – 2023 were used in the analysis. The analysis aims to provide a review of historical studies on Turkey by identifying the dynamics of research by presenting the periodical process, current situation, and future directions. The main focus of the analysis is set to the recent history of Turkey. Therefore, the scope of the study was defined as Turkey’s founding period, its aftermath, and the period up to the present day, and accordingly, the keywords ‘Turkey’, ‘Turkish Republic’, and ‘Republic of Turkey’ was utilized in the search query in the WoS database. On the data obtained, it is observed that the word ‘Turkey’ is found to be more than ‘Turkish Republic’ and ‘Republic of Turkey’ in the published articles. Also, most of the studies on Turkey were conducted in Turkey by Turkish authors. In this study, it is observed that the historical studies on Turkey are differentiated not only according to internal developments in Turkey, such as the foundation of the Republic, World War I, nationalism, etc. but also according to the effects of external factors, such as issues concerning asylum seekers/migrants, and regional issues such as the Middle East and the Black Sea.

Stop, in the Name of Law!: The Restructuring of Police Force in the Early Republican Turkey

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyse the strategic decisions made by the foundational cadre during the establishment of homeland security in the early years of the Turkish Republic and their consequential impact on the institutional capacities of the state’s coercive apparatus. To achieve this objective, this article primarily focuses on the evolutionary trajectory of homeland security institutions during the final stages of the Ottoman Empire and the founding period of the Turkish Republic. A central thesis posited herein contends that political considerations were the driving force behind the establishment of police organizations and the subsequent professionalization of policing, particularly since the 1930s. This study also elucidates the political directives issued to the police organization by the government, the successive phases of police training, and the legal framework governing the restructuring of the police institution.

From Conservative to Permissive: The Shift in Saudi Arabia's Management Approach in the Shadow of English Relations

This study examines the founding period of the current Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with a particular focus on the role that Saudi-British relations played in shaping the nation's development. Experts believe that these diplomatic ties, which were established prior to World War I, were instrumental in enhancing Saudi Arabia's position in the region. Through its interactions with the British and its ability to adapt to changing global politics, the Saudi government learned to consider realpolitik in its decision-making processes. As a result, the main argument of this study is that the Saudi perception of Wahhabism underwent a transformation, shifting from a conservative interpretation to a more permissive one. Through this investigation, we aim to contextualize the evolution of the Saudi government's understanding of religion, starting from its highly uncompromising stance in the Arabian desert and culminating in the Kingdom's proclamation in 1932.

Dwa amerykańskie konserwatywne republikanizmy

TWO AMERICAN CONSERVATIVE REPUBLICANISMS: THE INTELLECTUAL ORIGINS OF THE AMERICAN CONSERVATIVE RIGHT During the founding period of the United States, the ideological foundations of American political discourse were formed. The constitutional debate and the first years of the young republic showed the fundamental differences between the Founding Fathers. Their different conceptions of the Union and its essence created different currents within American republicanism. In the article, the author analyzes two conservative republicanisms that arose in the North and South of the United States. In his opinion, the northern republicanism of Hamilton, Ames, Adams and Marshall, emphasizing the negative side of human nature, had to appeal to power, which alone can tame particularisms and unite the efforts of all in one direction. Southerners, on the other hand, took as the starting point of their argument the organic nature and primordiality of the basic social structures that determine the scope of power, primarily federal.

Media studies, Le Bon’s psychology of crowds, and qualitative-normative research on propaganda, 1880–2020

ABSTRACT The unexpected change in the way media researchers frame the Internet – from a utopia of free speech in the 1990s to a nightmare of spreading propaganda and disinformation in the 2010s – is reminiscent of the founding period of the field in 1880–1920. It was then that, because of the birth of the modern cultural-industrial media system that was put into large-scale propaganda use by governments and other social actors, the foundations of propaganda studies were laid. This is why the work of Gustave Le Bon (1841–1931) acquired new actuality. In Psychology of Crowds, first published in 1895, Le Bon suggested an explanation for why some people resort to propaganda and why others believe in it. This paper tracks the development of this research tradition from Le Bon to Walter Lippmann, Theodor W. Adorno, and – following the interlude of cultural studies in the 1980s and 1990s – the present day. In conclusion, a methodology for explaining the evolution of media studies is advanced, using qualitative-normative propaganda analysis as an illustration.

Global Social Sciences? Introducing a Series of Special Collections on the State and the Potential of the Social Sciences across the Globe

Nominally, the social sciences maintain the ideological aspiration of a unified, global endeavor for a better understanding of human societies, their economies, cultures, and polities. Over 150 years after their founding period, there is significant fragmentation and unevenness in this quest to understand the human condition. Distinct hierarchies and exclusionary structures emerged between the “West” and regions like Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, China and India and many parts of Asia. Some countries, even entire regions, are terra incognita from a Western vantage point and relegated to “area studies.” At the same time, distinct social science traditions have formed in countries and regions outside the West, with a new interest in developing approaches that rely less on Western foundations and conventional academic practices. The questions become: Are the social sciences drifting further apart, or is there a possibility of greater dialogue, even cohesiveness, to advance our knowledge and understanding globally rather than only in some regions or countries? And if so, why, how, and for what? What are the main foci in research and teaching? What is the degree of institutionalization, and how could the global, regional, and national potentials of the social sciences be better realized? To approach these questions, Global Perspectives launches systematic assessments of the state and the potential of the social sciences in different parts of the world. They address five key issue clusters: Western hegemony and fragmentation; basic conceptual and epistemological considerations; ideologies and normative foundations; academic freedom; and professionalization and commercialization. Given the significant scale and complex scope of the social sciences with their many specific subfields, methodologies, and curricula as well as varying degrees of professional institutionalization and different political backgrounds, the special collections present reflective essays on the state and the potential of the social sciences rather than comprehensive empirical stock-taking.

THINKING THE DREAM: DREAM AND DREAM THINKING IN SIGMUND FREUD, HANNA SEGAL, AND WILFRED BION.

In the dream and its interpretation, psychoanalysis, in its founding period around 1900, identified the "royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious in the psychic life." But already in the development of Freud's work itself, the dream lost its central position: As early as in the 1920s, psychoanalysis ceased to be a theory and practice defined by dream interpretation-a caesura in a process which completed itself in 1950. Two further developments proved, up to the present day, particularly momentous for the conception of the dream: Melanie Klein's development of the concept of "unconscious phantasy" and the extension of psychoanalytic treatment to psychosis, originally declared inaccessible to psychoanalytic therapy by Freud. This article draws an itinerary of this path and the subsequent fundamental changes in the psychoanalytic reflection on the dream affecting the whole of psychoanalysis until today, by casting spotlights on essential stations: conceptions of the dream developed by Hanna Segal and Wilfred Bion, the latter's theory perpetuating Freud's dream theory as well as it conceptualizes dreams, dreaming, and thinking in a fundamentally new way.

范文瀾의 학술궤적과『中國通史簡編』저술 배경 - 중화인민공화국의 흠정사서는 어떻게 탄생했나? -

This article aims to reveal the politicization of Marxist history in the founding period of modern China(PRC), by following Fan Wenlan’s academic trajectory. Fan’s academic career began with studying the Chinese traditional classics at the Peking university. He partook, however, in progressive movements in 1920s, with a close relation to the Communist party, and engaged in the anti-Japan resistance in 1930s. When political circumstances made the resistance impossible, he joined the Communist party in 1939 and moved into Yenan: It may be inferred that he agreed to shape a new model of the Chinese national identity, reexamining the anti-Japan resistance and the Chinese tradition. At that time, the Chinese communists needed their own historical narrative as an ideology to establish a new regime founded upon Mao’s authority. Fan’s Brief history of China served that purpose.BR Fan’s Brief History imitated the Soviet History, written upon the Stalinist line, which determined the Chinese official line. Accordingly, Fan based on the Five Species Social Form theory, denies the Asian production mode theory. He also accepted the doctrine of class conflicts in history and replaced the idea of stagnation of the past with the developmental point of view. Unlike the Stalinist line, however, he confined the history of China to Han Chinese, which originated from the Qin and Han empires. Fan’s approach left behind two tasks; How to forge an idea of people, including minorities in China, and how to overcome the prejudices against Asia presupposed in the doctrine of the Asiatic mode of production.

The Pedagogical Account of Parliamentarism at India's Founding

AbstractThis article explores a distinctive approach to parliamentarism advanced by key figures from India's founding period in response to their anxieties about concerns about the masses’ backwardness alongside a commitment to democratic self‐rule. Both orientations, one democratic and the other, suspicious of the peoples’ political capacities, existed alongside each other in tension, generating a dilemma: how could the seemingly backward masses facilitate the overthrow of their backwardness in a democratic process? The thinkers studied in this article responded, I argue, with a pedagogical conception of parliamentarism, which viewed parliament and legislators as bearing the function of preparing the masses for democratic citizenship. Their approach represented a critical departure from the ideal of a deliberative legislative assembly at the apex of the lawmaking process, while avoiding strategies of exclusion historically associated with parliamentarism.

하남지역 사찰공방 연구

This study examined the types and characteristics of workshops found in the Cheonwangsa Temple Site and Dongsa Temple Site among the temples of the Three Kingdoms and Goryeo Dynasty periods in the Hanam region. In the workshop of Cheonwangsa Temple Site, a tile kiln, a charcoal kiln, a copper furnace, and remains of bell-casting facilities can be found in the space between the main hall and the lecture hall. From these remains, it is presumed that the workshop inside the temple's precinct during the temple's founding period was moved outside the temple site after the remodeling but continued to supply tile and charcoal. The Dongsa Temple Site workshop was constructed by digging the ground where buildings were built during the Unified Silla Period. A furnace presumed to have been used for iron production and remains of bell casting facilities were found. These workshops were operated temporarily to make roof tiles and dharma crafts needed at the temple's foundation. There is no trace that they were continued afterward. Considering the workshops' location, type, and operation, Cheonwangsa Temple shows the characteristics of a government office. It is presumed that Dongsa Temple was founded as a memorial temple sponsored by nobles. The workshops inside and around the two temple spaces are presumed to be auxiliary facilities that directly produce and supply items needed by the temples. It is deemed that professional craftsmen operated them. The operation of these workshops was related to the size of the temples. It shows the characteristic of a government office supported by the central or local government at the time, like the Seongjeon Sawon (temple with the government office in charge of construction, repair, and operation of temples) during the Unified Silla Dynasty.

A History of ARNOVA at Fifty

To mark the 50th anniversary of the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA), this article reviews the association’s history, from its 1971 founding by a small group of scholars interested in voluntary action to the current association of more than 1,000 members who study a broad range of nonprofit, civil society, voluntary action, and philanthropic topics. To inform the history, we recorded oral histories and reviewed the ARNOVA collection of historical records at the Ruth Lilly Archives and internal files provided by ARNOVA. Our article is divided into three important junctures of change: 1971–1989, the founding period; 1990–2006, the golden era of philanthropic support; and 2007–2020, a maturing field and strategic directions. Through our analysis, we identify recurring themes and tensions and how ARNOVA navigated through a changing environment and growing field. We conclude the article with forward-looking questions.

The distribution of the ancient Malay Kingdoms in Indochina from the first century to the fourteenth century from the context of the spatial and ethnoarchaeology

The demographics of the Malayo-Polynesian people are not only spread within the Malay Archipelago but also into the Indochina Peninsula. The arrival of Hindu-Buddhist influence has led to the emergence of a system of kingship in the mainland of Southeast Asia, witnessing the emergence of several early kingdoms based on agrarian and maritime activities. Among these kingdoms were the Funan and Champa. These kingdoms were the earliest Malayo-Polynesian kingdoms to exist in the region, where both appeared at about the same time as early as the first century AD. These kingdoms dominated the Southeast Asian mainland for almost 1,500 years from their founding period in the first century AD until their demise in the 15 th century. Following the collapse, their existence was forgotten by history until it was rediscovered by French scholars at the turn of the 20 th century. However, efforts to rebuild knowledge about these two kingdoms still have many aspects that can be implemented such as from the perspective of spatial and ethnoarchaeological studies. This article will briefly discuss the history of Funan and Champa before discussing the impact of Indianization and its correlations with the artifacts and monumental remains, and the sociocultural practices of the Cham community today that have been passed down from the two early kingdoms through the lenses of spatial and ethnoarchaeology. Keywords: Champa, Ethnoarchaeology, Funan, Indochina, Malayo-Polynesia, Spatial archaeology

Sexism and the Left: Three Case Studies

Many Left organizations pride themselves on their commitment to women’s liberation, and socialist feminism is a real and important current of Left praxis. Nonetheless, there is also a long history that demonstrates a remarkable persistence of sexist practices within socialist organizations. This article suggests that sexist practices, as well as feminist analyses of and responses to sexism, have been epistemologically minimized, dismissed, distorted and ultimately forgotten, enabling a normalization of patriarchal hegemony on the Left, and producing what the late Charles Mills termed an “epistemology of ignorance.” To demonstrate this, the article draws on three case studies, spanning recent and distant history of socialist organizing: the crisis of the International Socialist Tendency and Socialist Workers’ Party UK (2010-13); the founding period of the International Socialists in Canada (1975-6); and the Bolshevik-Menshevik division in Tsarist Russia (1902-3). The argument is based on extensive original research including four decades of personal archives from socialist and feminist praxis.

“To Render Prompt Justice”: The Origins and Construction of the U.S. Court of Claims

AbstractThis article examines the institutional development of the U.S. Court of Claims (USCC), in order to shed new light on the nature of constitutional and institutional change in the early Republic. From the founding period through the mid-nineteenth century, members of Congress believed that empowering other institutions to award claimants monies from the Treasury would violate two core doctrines: separation of powers and sovereign immunity. However, as claims against the government ballooned over the first half of the nineteenth century, Congress fundamentally changed its interpretation of the Constitution's requirements in order to create the USCC and thus to alleviate its workload. This story of institutional development is an example of constitutional construction and creative syncretism in that the institutional development of the USCC came from continuous interactions among political actors, working iteratively to refashion institutions capable of solving practical problems of governance. This close study of the court's creation shows something important about American constitutional development: Certain fundamental ideas of the early Republic, including sovereign immunity and separation of powers, were altered or jettisoned not out of some grand rethinking of the nature of the American state, but out of the need to solve a mundane problem.

Breaking The Imprint: When Are VCs Able To Change Organizational Structures In New Ventures?

Imprinting theory suggests that in the first few months after founding, new ventures adopt characteristics of their founding environment to establish initial organizational structures, including their overarching approach toward functional differentiation, i.e., the extent to which organizations establish specialized organizational functions. Largely unknown are the conditions under which such initial imprints persist over time and under which circumstances adaptations may occur. To contribute to this discussion, the present study considers the entry of venture capitalists (VCs) as external resource providers with managerial guidance as an event that can alter an organization's initial approach toward functional differentiation. We use data from 333 new ventures that include profiles of 64,835 former and current employees, including their functional and hierarchical positions, to derive information about a venture’s organizational structures over time. Our findings indicate that the approach toward functional differentiation initiated in the founding period persists in subsequent periods. However, the entry of VCs can indeed lead to deviations from the initial imprint, but only if VCs have sufficient experience. This suggests that the authority derived from past experiences is particularly effective in triggering divergence from initial imprints.

전북지역 마한의 역사문화권과 향후 과제

Lately, the inclusion of certain provincial regions in the ‘Mahan Historical and Cultural Sphere’ of the 「Historical and Cultural Zone Reorganization Act」 has been a great concern of local people. Fortunately, the revised bill of the act has passed the National Assembly and is about to go into effect in coming June. In recent years, an intensive study has been conducted on the pit tombs from which potteries with ring rims and Korean style bronze daggers have been excavated mostly around the Mangyeong River Basin in Jeollabuk-do, which has thus emerged as the largest center of tomb remains of the early Iron Age or the founding period of Mahan. Based on a series of achievements like this, the basin-shaped space from Mireuksan in Iksan to Moaksan in Jeonju occasionally comes to be set as the ‘Mangyeong River Basin Cultural Zone’. Besides, the remains of mounded burials (墳丘墓) which are represented by the remains of Sangun-ri, Wanju have been identified throughout the Jeonbuk region. The present paper investigates the importance of the Jeonbuk region in the Mahan period by organizing the remains of tombs related to Mahan in the Jeollabuk-do region and examining the establishment of cultural spheres according to the water system and their characteristics. In Chapter II, the contents of the ‘Mahan Historical and Cultural Sphere’, including the process of initiation and enactment of the 「Historical and Cultural Zone Reorganization Act」, were reviewed and the problems of the bill were examined. In Chapter Ⅲ, the cultural sphere of Mahan in Jeollabuk-do and its characteristics wereclassified into the cultural spheres according to the water system based on the remains of the tombs investigated so far. As a result, the cultural sphere of Mahan in Jeollabuk-do was subdivided largely into the Mangyeong River Basin - Dongjin River Basin - Gochang Stream Basin. In Chapter Ⅳ, As for the characteristics of the related river basins, it was found that there are a large number of tomb remains from a relatively early period coincident with the formation or establishment time of Mahan in the Mangyeong River Basin. In case of the Dongjin River Basin, the amounts of archaeological data are relatively small, but notable was the Unhak-ri tomb cluster in Jeongeup, where a belt of the Chinese Qin Dynasty was discovered. Lastly, in the Gochang Stream Basin, Mahan’s mounded burials since the 3rd century are densely distributed and it was confirmed that, among them, the ancient tombs cluster of Bongdeok-ri, Gochang are at its zenith. In the end, it turned out that all the tombs from the formation period of Mahan to the multiple and high mounded ancient tombs of the Mahan tradition could be confirmed through the tombs remains of the Mahan period in each water system of the Jeonbuk region. Consequently, it could be summed up that the proportion of Jeonbuk region on the historical stage of Mahan is heavily large. It seems therefore necessary to study Mahan culture in Jeonbuk region from a broader perspective with a view to advertise the excellence of Mahan culture in broader scope of Jeollabuk-do. In addition, it is further requested to mobilize active administrative power and to introduce an organic cooperative system with other regions. For this purpose, the nurturing of related experts should be accompanied, as well.

Presently Absent, or Absently Present? The Curious Condition of Natural Law

Stuart Banner, The Decline of Natural Law: How American Lawyers Once Used Natural Law and Why They Stopped, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2021 Jurists and scholars today—those interested in “original meaning,” for example—routinely raise questions and make claims about law from the founding period, and from the nineteenth century. But did lawyers from those earlier times understand law–what law is, so to speak—in the same ways that we do? In this highly readable and illuminating book, legal historian Stuart Banner shows how during the first century of the Republic’s existence, lawyers routinely resorted to something they thought of as “natural law.” Then, from about the end of the nineteenth century, natural law mostly disappeared. Why did that happen? Banner’s discussion of the “disappearance” question is illuminating as well–illuminating but also, in its final diagnosis, curiously unsatisfactory. There is something elusive here, it seems—something that Banner perceives but does not quite manage to pin down.