Ground Stability Research Articles

Preventing Overturning of Mobile Cranes Using an Electrical Resistivity Measurement System

Mobile cranes are essential for transporting heavy materials at construction sites, but their operation carries significant safety risks, particularly due to the potential for overturning accidents. These accidents can be classified into two main categories: mechanical accidents, which are caused by factors such as outrigger failure, excessive load weight, and operator skill, and environmental accidents, which arise from ground subsidence due to groundwater and sinkholes. While numerous studies have addressed the causes and prevention of mechanical accidents, there has been a lack of research focusing on the prevention of environmental accidents. This study presents the development of an Electrical Resistivity Measurement System (ERMS) designed to prevent overturning accidents caused by ground subsidence at mobile crane work sites. The ERMS, mounted on a mobile crane, continuously monitors the ground conditions in real time and predicts the likelihood of ground subsidence to prevent accidents. Unlike typical buried electrode methods, the proposed system features a foldable electrode mechanism and a water supply device, thereby making installation and removal more efficient. Furthermore, it uses a ground stability determination algorithm that qualitatively assesses soft ground conditions, which are the primary cause of ground subsidence. The performance of the ERMS was validated through comparisons with commercial equipment, and its applicability was further confirmed through field tests conducted at mobile crane installations. The ERMS is expected to significantly reduce the risk of accidents caused by ground subsidence during mobile crane operations and to contribute to enhancing overall safety in construction environments.

A novel Bi-LSTM method fusing current and historical data for tunnelling parameters of shield tunnel

Reasonable shield tunnelling parameters play a crucial role in controlling ground stability and enhancing tunnelling efficiency. Predicting shield tunnelling parameters before excavation is of paramount importance. A novel deep learning method is introduced, integrating bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) layers, and fully connected (FC) layers to fuse current and historical data for shield tunnelling parameters prediction. Historical data captures the impact of excavated sections on the current predicted ring, while current data considers present conditions. A feature fusion method eliminates dimensional differences between historical and current data. The resulting tensor, encompassing both data types, is fed into the FC layer to generate predictions. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by predicting shield cutter head torque for Qingdao Metro Line 4 in China, outperforming traditional Bi-LSTM, MLP and RF methods significantly. Ablation studies further analyze the impact of different component modules and structural parameters on model performance. Overall, this innovative approach offers accurate shield tunnelling parameters prediction, enhancing ground stability and tunnelling efficiency.

InSAR Analysis of Partially Coherent Targets in a Subsidence Deformation: A Case Study of Maceió

Since the 1970s, extensive halite extraction in Maceió, Brazil, has resulted in significant geological risks, including ground collapses, sinkholes, and infrastructure damage. These risks became particularly evident in 2018, following an earthquake, which prompted the cessation of mining activities in 2019. This study investigates subsidence deformation resulting from these mining operations, focusing on the collapse of Mine 18 on 10 December 2023. We utilized the Quasi-Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (QPS-InSAR) technique to analyze a dataset of 145 Sentinel-1A images acquired between June 2019 and April 2024. Our approach enabled the analysis of cumulative displacement, the loss of amplitude stability, the evolution of amplitude time series, and the amplitude change matrix of targets near Mine 18. The study introduces an innovative QPS-InSAR approach that integrates phase and amplitude information using amplitude time series to assess the lifecycle of radar scattering targets throughout the monitoring period. This method allows for effective change detection following sudden events, enabling the identification of affected areas. Our findings indicate a maximum cumulative displacement of −1750 mm, with significant amplitude changes detected between late November and early December 2023, coinciding with the mine collapse. This research provides a comprehensive assessment of deformation trends and ground stability in the affected mining areas, providing valuable insights for future monitoring and risk mitigation efforts.

Numerical evaluation of ground source heat pumps in a thawing permafrost region

Permafrost degradation poses significant environmental and geological challenges in Arctic and subarctic regions, particularly in areas like Umiujaq, Canada. The warming climate leads to thawing permafrost, causing ground instability, disrupting hydrology, and impacting local built environment. This study evaluates the use of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) operation for mitigating ground subsidence in a permafrost region using a two-dimensional Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) coupled finite element analysis considering the ground poro-elastic and poro-plastic responses. The research uses a single-well scenario to demonstrate the interactions among thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical processes. The impact of GSHP operation under different temperature management strategies, including a scenario with a constant GSHP temperature of −5 °C throughout the year is numerically investigated. Results indicate that GSHP operation exacerbates ground deformation near the borehole, particularly during winter months. However, maintaining GSHP operation throughout the entire year can mitigate extreme subsidence fluctuations, leading to a more stable subsurface environment. While GSHP systems provide effective thermal regulation, their operation can introduce mechanical stresses that potentially disturb the ground close to the borehole. Therefore, careful design, operation, and further research are essential to balance thermal benefits with ground stability in permafrost regions.

Analysis of Local Scour around Double Piers in Tandem Arrangement in an S-Shaped Channel under Ice-Jammed Flow Conditions

The stability of bridge foundations is affected by local scour, and the formation of ice jams exacerbates local scour around bridge piers. These processes, particularly the evolution of ice jams and local scour around piers, are more complex in curved sections than in straight sections. This study, based on experiments in an S-shaped channel, investigates how various factors—the flow Froude number, ice–water discharge rate, median particle diameter, pier spacing, and pier diameter—affect the maximum local scour depth around double piers in tandem and the distribution of ice jam thickness. The results indicate that under ice-jammed flow conditions, the maximum local scour depth around double piers in tandem is positively correlated with the ice–water discharge rate, pier spacing, and pier diameter and negatively correlated with median particle diameter. The maximum local scour depth is positively correlated with the flow Froude number when it ranges from 0.1 to 0.114, peaking at 0.114. Above this value, the correlation becomes negative. In curved channels, the arrangement of double piers in tandem substantially influences ice jam thickness distribution, with increases in pier diameter and spacing directly correlating with greater ice jam thickness at each cross-section. Furthermore, ice jam thickness is responsive to flow conditions, escalating with higher ice–water discharge rates and decreasing flow Froude numbers.

An optimization-based method of calibrating load and resistance factors: Application to slope and breakwaters’ foundation stability

Monte Carlo simulation (MCS)-based calibrations can accurately determine probabilistic load and resistance factors (LRFs) needed in the limit state designs. However, most of the computing time and effort of the calibrations is for evaluating performance functions if they are defined implicitly, as in the case of slope stabilities. This study proposes a robust framework that combines the advantages of adaptive artificial neural networks (ANNs) in approximating implicit performance functions with an optimization process to establish the LRFs quickly and automatically. Furthermore, experiment data obtained in the preceding iterations of the optimizations are accumulated and reused in the subsequent trial. For illustration, three implicit problems, including a slope and two cases of breakwater foundation stability, are examined to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed procedure. The investigations show that the proposed framework can be accurately completed within 1 h instead of lasting for weeks of calculation when using basic MCSs. Remarkably, reusing experiment data helps decrease the necessary data by two-thirds compared to only using the adaptive ANN, facilitating a faster calibration process. Thus, this work contributes a practical method for calibrating LRFs needed in limit state designs of geotechnical engineering fields wherein limit state equations are defined in implicit fashions.

Influence of tidal asymmetry on local scour near the offshore platform

An in-situ mooring measurement was conducted using a profiling sound of navigation and ranging (SONAR) system to reveal the influence of tidal asymmetry on the local scour near an artificial offshore platform, Southwest Offshore Windfarm Complex, Korea. During the mooring period, the flood tide was significantly dominated by positive tidal duration asymmetry and skewness. The lengths of scour hole were 9.8m and 5.1m along the flood and ebb directions, respectively. Flood-dominated currents intensified the horseshoe vortex, resulting in an approximately 10% deeper scour hole on the flood face than the ebb face. The periodic occurrence of bidirectional currents generated vortices that facilitated the mixing and redistribution of seabed sediments, forming a gentle slope within the scour hole. The average slope angles ranged from 14° to 16° on the flood face and 6° to 8° on the ebb face. Despite the strong influence of local scour, variations in scour depth (Ds) consistently remained around −2.15m, suggesting the exposure of the underlying consolidated sediment layer. During the intermediate period from spring to neap tide, the Ds on the lower slope of scour hole increased by 0.12m, while it decreased by 0.11m from neap to spring tide, suggesting that the net Ds gradually approached zero over the tidal cycle. These findings underscore the importance of understanding tidal impacts on the local scour morphology to enhance the stability and design of offshore wind turbine foundations.

Application of limit equilibrium and shear strength reduction techniques for stability assessment of slope cuts- A case study of Khalid-Dijo dam project, Southern Ethiopia

Dam failure can occur due to foundation instability, downstream and upstream slopes instabilities. This study assesses the stability of upstream and downstream slope cuts at Khalid-Dijo irrigation dam project, which is located in Southern Ethiopia, 3km south of Werabe town. Limit equilibrium and finite element shear strength reduction methods are adopted. Validation of results and comparisons between those methods are carried out. The analysis considers anticipated site conditions, including static dry, static saturated, dynamic dry and dynamic saturated conditions. Slope material properties are measured from insitu, laboratory tests and used as input parameters for the analysis to obtain factor of safety and critical strength reduction factors. The properties considered in the analysis include unit weight, cohesion, angle of internal friction, poison’s ratio, dilation angle and Young’s modulus. The analysis indicates that the factor of safety values for limit equilibrium methods and the critical strength reduction factor for finite element method are very similar across the three slope cuts under all anticipated conditions. The lowest factor of safety and critical strength reduction factor is 1.56 and 2.07 respectively. Generally, the proposed dam project is safe against upstream and downstream slope failures. These studies suggest that maintained the average safety factor values of both methods during the design stage are crucial to avoid unnecessary risk.

Mineralogical Impact on the Compaction of Residual Gabbro Soils in the Construction of Platinum Tailings Storage Facilities

AbstractOver the past decade, there have been 45 tailings storage facility (TSF) disasters worldwide resulting in fatalities, serious environmental damage, and the destruction of entire ecosystems. These failures often stem from substandard design or operational practices. Many TSFs are constructed in regions associated with intrusive mafic rocks such as gabbro, norite, pyroxenite, and anorthosite, which are commonly found alongside platinum group metals in areas like the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa and the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe. The stability of these structures can be significantly influenced by the residual soils present at the construction sites. Residual soils, both cohesive and non-cohesive, contain varying quantities of different minerals, which can impact the compaction characteristics and, consequently, the stability of the TSF foundations. Cohesive soils rich in clay minerals, such as kaolinite and smectite, exhibit properties that can hinder effective soil compaction. The expansive nature of smectite due to its ability to absorb large amounts of water and host free exchangeable cations counteracts the compaction process, reducing soil stability. Soil compaction is a complex process influenced by several factors, including compaction effort, method, water content, particle size distribution, and mineralogy. This study aimed to analyse these factors using a series of laboratory tests, including foundation indicators, MOD AASHTO compaction testing, and X-ray diffraction analysis, on residual soils from two TSF construction sites. The findings revealed that soils with high clay content tend to retain more water and have a higher optimum water content, adversely affecting their compaction properties. This study highlights the critical need to consider the mineralogical composition and weathering effects of residual soils in the design and construction of TSFs. By improving our understanding of these factors, we can enhance the stability of TSF foundations, reducing the likelihood of future failures. The insights gained from this research highlight the importance of thorough geotechnical assessments in the successful design and maintenance of TSFs.

Collaborative design and construction analysis of building structure and foundation of subway overlying complex

With the acceleration of urbanization, land resources are becoming more and more precious, especially in densely populated urban centers. As an efficient land use model, the subway overlying complex can not only optimize the urban spatial layout, but also promote the integration of public transportation and urban development. This paper aims to discuss the collaborative design and construction technology of the building structure and foundation of the subway overcover complex, in order to provide theoretical support and technical guidance for the practice in related fields. Based on the literature review of domestic and foreign subway overcover development projects, this paper reviews the research status and development trend in this field, and identifies the main problems in structural safety, foundation stability and construction efficiency. On this basis, the paper puts forward the design principle of the subway overcover complex, and emphasizes the key role of the synergistic relationship between the structure and the foundation to the success of the whole project. The paper further analyzes the construction technology of subway overcover complex, including specific construction technology, reasonable construction sequence and project management measures. Through comparative analysis of success and failure cases, it reveals the problems that may be encountered in the actual operation and its coping strategies.

Interparticle friction behaviors of kaolinite: Insights into macroscale friction from nanoscale

The friction behavior of widespread clay minerals is a major concern in many geo-engineering problems, such as the stability of soft soil foundations and the induction of seismic fault zones. The present work aimed to study the friction behaviors of kaolinite at the particle level using the molecular dynamics method. The effects of normal force (Fn), shear velocity (v), and interfacial water film on nanofriction were discussed. The “stick-slip” phenomenon and periodic evolution of friction forces (Ff) were observed in dry friction and became less pronounced with water lubrication. The dry Ff of kaolinite was found to be insensitive to Fn. However, wet Ff exhibited a linear increase with Fn and then transitioned to a non-linear relationship as slip displacement increases due to the continuous loss of water molecules from the interface during friction. Notably, at high loads (Fn ≥ 30 nN), the peak friction of wet kaolinite showed characteristics similar to dry friction. A velocity-strengthening behavior of kaolinite at high velocities was observed in both dry and wet conditions. The macroscale friction coefficients of kaolinite were predicted from nanofriction data and results showed good agreement with experimental values. This study lays the foundation for bridging micro- and macro-mechanical behaviors, suggesting a new pathway for acquiring precise macroscopic friction of minerals through cross-scale studies.

2D discrete element analysis of the footing above excavated circle in soil

The bearing capacity and settlements of surface foundations located on a soil slope are the important issues that have to be considered by geotechnical engineers for the design. The presence of an underground void beneath the footing can affect the foundation stability and can lead to serious structure damages. In this study, the results of two-dimensional (2D) discrete element (DE) and finite element (FE) analyses of a surface footing on a soil slope above a void are presented. To validate the numerical model results, the DE results obtained have been compared with experimental test presented in the previous study. After validation of the DE numerical model, parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of important factors on the surface footing performance. The studied parameters include the horizontal spacing of the void axis relative to the slope edge (SH), the vertical spacing of the void crown relative to the footing base (SV), the horizontal spacing of the footing edge relative to the slope edge (De) and the void diameter (Dv). The effects of these parameters on the pressure-settlement curves and the contact force distributions in the soil slope are presented and discussed. The results showed that the footing bearing pressure increases with an increase of SH, SV and De but decreases when Dv increases. The behavior of a surface footing on a soil slope above a void significantly depends on the SV value.

Environmental Sustainability of Pile Construction Activities in Nigeria; Strategies and Best Practices

: Pile construction activities is a multifaceted activity among the construction activities that are performed by heavy machines, materials and energy sources generating environmental impacts associated with pilling activities such as carbon emissions, noise, heavy vibration, soil instability and groundwater pollution. Sustainable piling construction guarantees that the whole piling process meets environmental sustainability and ultimately human health and wellbeing. Data were gathered through a questionnaire survey administered to construction professionals including engineers, project managers, surveyors, and builders. Out of the 50 questionnaires distributed, 41 responses were analyzed. The study employed the Relative Importance Index (RII) to rank the effectiveness of various strategies in mitigating environmental impacts. The findings underscore the critical role of introducing low-emission machinery and optimizing operational hours in reducing carbon emissions. Noise management was most effectively achieved through alternative pile installation methods combined with regular equipment maintenance. Maintaining adequate setbacks from structures and employing controlled installation techniques were identified as essential strategies to mitigate vibration. Addressing soil instability was found to rely heavily on thorough site investigations and the implementation of effective ground stabilization techniques and preventing groundwater pollution requires the proper use of drilling fluids and diligent site management. These findings contributed to the development of environmentally sustainable practices in pile construction, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive strategies to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts of such activities in Nigeria.

Numerical Analysis of Concrete Hydration Heat Impact on Frozen Soil Temperature around Cast-in-Place Piles.

The hydration heat generated during the concreting of cast-in-place piles causes thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost, leading to its thawing. This further affects the stability of the pile foundation and degrades the construction progress. To explore the influence mechanisms of the concrete hydration heat on the permafrost temperature field around the pile, as well as that of different construction seasons on the pile-side boundary conditions and permafrost temperature field, monitoring results of on-site tests and numerical simulation were used to analyze the distribution law of the pile soil temperature field in space and time, and the pile-side boundary conditions and permafrost temperature field during construction seasons. The results show that the temperature trend of the pile foundation can be divided into three stages: a rapid rise phase (0∼2 d), a rapid decline phase (2∼10 d), and a slow decline and stabilization phase (10∼90 d). As the radial distance from the pile center decreases, there occur a corresponding acceleration in temperature increase and an elevated maximum temperature rise (MTR). The influence range of the molding temperature and the hydration heat is about 1∼2 times the pile diameter and less than 1.5 m in the depth direction. Compared to the atmospheric temperature, there is a lag in the change in the permafrost temperature caused by accumulation of ground temperature, and the significant difference between the two leads to an increased rate of heat exchange at the boundary condition. Conducting drilling operation and cast-in-place pile construction in the cold seasons is conducive to reducing the thermal disturbance to the permafrost around the pile in permafrost areas.

Interplay of Tunnel Geometry and Shallow Foundation Stability in Rock: Comparative Insights into Failure Modes

Interplay of Tunnel Geometry and Shallow Foundation Stability in Rock: Comparative Insights into Failure Modes

Experimental investigation of tunnel damage and spalling in brittle rock using a true-triaxial cell

Deep underground excavations in brittle rocks are subject to several ground stability hazards such as spalling and rockburst. These hazards are typically associated with brittle failure mechanisms for hard and massive rock mass. In this study, an experimental investigation has been carried out to evaluate the mechanisms underlying these induced hazards in deep underground excavations. The main objective of this study is to investigate the behavior of a freshly excavated circular unsupported tunnel in a brittle synthetic rock with a focus on induced damage and spalling response. The experiment used a miniature tunnel boring machine (TBM) to excavate a tunnel in a cubical specimen placed in a true-triaxial cell. The material selected for this experiment was a reproducible synthetic rock analogous to sandstone with brittle characteristics. In the experiment, the specimen was loaded with increasing confining stress under incremental isotropic conditions in the true-triaxial cell until the tunnel failed. Macro-photography was utilized to verify the excavation damage zones and failure mechanisms around the tunnel boundary. The main observed failure mechanism of the model tunnel was spalling, which occurred due to brittle failure and a sudden stress release at the tunnel excavation boundary. In addition to spalling, three zones of damage were identified by macro-photography in the tunnel due to damage from construction, fracturing, and plastic rock deformation. The outcomes point to a unique and in-depth comprehension of how damage and spalling failure during underground excavation develop and its impact on tunnel stability.

Investigating the internal erosion behavior and microscopic mechanisms of chemically stabilized soil: an experimental study

IntroductionInternal erosion triggered by water pipeline leaks seriously threatens the stability of the urban ground. Hangzhou, a city in Zhejiang Province, China, is facing critical challenges due to urban ground collapse (UGC) caused by internal erosion. However, there is a lack of research on the prevention of UGC by improving the internal erodibility of underground soil. Addressing this issue is of utmost importance to ensure the city’s stability and safety. This paper proposes to improve the internal erodibility of typical sandy silt soils with chemical stabilisers.MethodsThe effects of three chemical stabilisers, lignosulphonate (LS), lime (LI), and lignin fibre (LF), on the critical shear stress (τc) and erosion coefficient (kd) of sandy silt soils were investigated, which from Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, by the hole erosion test (HET) at different mixing amounts and at different conservation times.ResultsThe findings indicate that LF mainly improves the erosion resistance of sandy silt by increasing τc, and the maximum increase is 2.38 times; LI mainly improves the erosion resistance by decreasing kd, and the maximum decrease is 2.18 times. After adding LS, τc and kd did not change significantly. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) test revealed that the inclusion of LF led to the formation of larger agglomerates in the sandy silt soil. The microstructure of sandy silt soil remained dispersed even after adding LS. Various chemical stabilisers used to improve sandy silt soils exhibited distinct erosion mechanisms. Sandy silt soils improved with LF exfoliated into agglomerates, displaying high resistance to erosion. On the other hand, the sandy silt treated with LF still lacks a protective layer and shows minimal improvements in its ability to withstand erosion. In contrast, the LS-amended sandy silt remains stripped with individual soil particles with insignificant changes in erosion resistance.DiscussionThis study can provide a conceptual framework for choosing foundation treatment techniques in future urban development projects.

Dextractor:Deformation Extractor Framework for Monitoring-Based Ground Radar

The radio frequency (RF) data generated from a single-chip millimeter-wave (mmWave) ground-based multi-input multi-output (GB-MIMO) radar can provide a highly robust, precise measurement for deformation in harsh environments, overcoming challenges such as different lighting and weather conditions. Monitoring deformation is significant for safety factors in different applications, such as detecting and monitoring the ground stability of underground mines. However, radar images can experience different types of clutter and artifacts besides the spreading effects caused by the side lobes, resulting in the foremost challenge of suppressing clutter and monitoring deformation.In the state of the art, the introduced frameworks usually include many filters proposed for different types of noise, with commercial systems typically using an amplitude threshold. This paper proposes a framework for monitoring the deformation, where the essential process is to apply a data-driven threshold to the amplitude heatmap, detect the deformation, and eliminate noise. The proposed threshold is an iterative approach based on radar imagery statistics, and it performs well for the collected dataset. The principal advantage of our proposed framework is simplicity, reducing the burden of using different filters. We can consider the dynamic threshold based on data statistics as a data-driven machine learning tool. The results show promising performance for our method in monitoring the deformation and removing clutter compared to the benchmark method.

Characterization of problematic subsurface soils in Eha-Amufu using integrated investigation approach: implications for earth works

Mapping of the subsurface is a vital procedure during construction. It enhances hazard zonation, planning and protection of engineering structures. The present study centres on an area susceptible to foundation instability and building collapse in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria. The study followed an integrated research method by employing a geotechnical approach and geophysical surveys such as electrical resistivity and remote sensing performed using Landsat, Aeromagnetic and shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) images. Geotechnical data revealed that the subsurface comprised soils with higher fines (69%) than coarse (31%) grain sizes, high liquid limit (27–76%), plasticity index (9–46%), natural moisture content (6.0–14.8%) as well as low specific gravity (2.49–2.67) and coefficient of permeability (2.27 × 10–8–1.81 × 10–4 cm/s). Shear strength parameters- cohesion (13–35 kPa) and internal friction angle (9–21°) were low to moderate as well as the coefficient of consolidation (0.04–3.84 m2/mN) and coefficient of volume compressibility (0.05–0.29 m2/year). These properties are reminiscent of silty-clay soil of high plasticity and compressibility. The low soil resistivity with values ranging between 10 and 170 Ωm and aeromagnetic signal strength of 8.74 × 10–5 nT/km confirmed the silty-clay classification. The moderate to high lineament density determined from the remote sensing methods indicates the influx of moisture from higher surrounding grounds into the area to initiate high groundwater regime and flooding as observed in the fieldwork, which consequently triggers the activity of clay minerals present in the clay.

Integrated Assessment of Bearing Capacity and GHG Emissions for Foundation Treatment Piles Considering Stratum Variability

Foundation treatment piles are crucial for enhancing the bearing capacity and stability of weak foundations and are widely utilized in construction projects. However, owing to the complexity of geological conditions, traditional construction methods fail to meet the demand for low-carbon development. To address these challenges, this study introduced a comprehensive decision-making approach that considers the impact of stratum variability on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and pile bearing capacity from the design phase. During the design process, the GHG emissions and bearing capacities of deep cement mixing (DCM) and high-pressure jet grouting (HPJG) piles were quantitatively assessed by analyzing the environmental and performance impacts of foundation treatment piles related to materials, transportation, and equipment usage. The results suggest that the bearing capacity of piles in shallow strata is highly susceptible to stratum variability. Using piles with a diameter of 800 mm and a length of 20 m as an example, compared with DCM piles, HPJG piles demonstrated a superior bearing capacity; however, their total GHG emissions were 6.58% higher, primarily because of the extensive use of machinery during HPJG pile construction. The GHG emissions of foundation treatment piles in shallow strata were influenced more by geological variability than those in deep strata. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the pile diameter is a critical determinant of GHG emissions and bearing capacity. Based on the bearing capacity–GHG emission optimization framework, a foundation treatment strategy that integrates overlapping and spaced pile arrangements was introduced. This innovative construction method reduced the total GHG emissions by 22.7% compared with conventional methods. These research findings contribute to low-carbon design in the construction industry.