Foundation Of Reality Research Articles

Cure-All cannabidiol? The cannabidiol content of commercial products

BackgroundThe recent easing of regulations around the world regarding Cannabis sativa and its main active compounds, such as cannabidiol (CBD), led to an explosion in the number of over-the-counter consumer products. The number of product types is surpassed by the vast quantity of products of each type, but even this is exceeded by the associated health claims which range from the benign, such as ‘fighting inflammation’, to the completely asinine such as ‘fighting the tyranny of the urgent’ or ‘shedding light on your inner darkness’. Any health claim should in the first instance be supported by the product containing the correct actives at the correct dosage. PurposeThe purpose of this study was to test a diverse range of commercially available product types including soft drinks, honey, coffee, oils, gummy bears, chocolate, etc. that claim to contain CBD and compare the results to their label claims. Study designForty commercially available products were extracted and quantitatively analyzed. MethodsExtraction efficiency for all product types was conducted over a 1 h period using acetonitrile and ultrasonication. Samples were taken every five min and analyzed using a validated HPLC method. All products were then extracted in triplicate using the applicable extraction time and quantitatively analyzed. ResultsFifteen min of sonication was found to be adequate for the oils and drinks samples. The honey, chocolate and gummies samples required initial dissolution in water followed by extraction with acetonitrile. The remaining products required sonication of 45 min. It was found that only three products (7.5 %) contained CBD levels within 90–110 % of their label claim. Two products had trace amounts of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and some of the products were completely devoid of CBD. ConclusionMislabeling is of serious concern and this study shows that the problem not only includes problems with the content of CBD, but also regarding the chemical properties such as containing “water-soluble CBD” while it is insoluble in water, and the diverse number of health claims that in some cases have no foundation in reality. This highlights not only the lax attitude of producers but also of the regulatory authorities in ensuring the consistent quality of these products.

В чем состоит реальность необходимой и вечной истины? Метафизический спор теологов-иезуитов в середине XVII в.

The article is a study of the metaphysical dispute about the reality of necessary and eternal truths that took place among the leading Spanish Jesuits during the heyday of the scholastic tradition of the Society of Jesus in the middle of the 17th century. The traditional scholastic problem of “eternal truths” concerning essences of creatures and their possible existence, was radically reformulated thanks to the theological “innovations” of A. Pérez, who argued that the only verificativum (or foundation of reality) of any necessary truths is the very essence of God. This caused a furious polemical reaction on the part of S. Izquierdo, who proposed his own solution to this problem within the framework of his own original ontology of “status rerum” (especially the quidditative status) from the position of superrealism. The followers of Pérez, in turn, persistently opposed the "extremes" of Izquierdo's position. First, we briefly explicate the concept of "necessary and eternal truth" in Peripatetic tradition and give a historical overview of the time and place of this dispute, pointing to the main works in which the metaphysicians and theologians of the Society who participated in it formulated their positions. Secondly, we explicate the Pérezian thesis about God as the foundation of the necessity and reality of eternal truths on the example of an early treatise on the "possibility of creatures" by Gaspar de Ribadeneira (1653). Thirdly, we detail and analyze Izquierdo's criticism of this position in Disputation 10 of his Pharus scientiarum (1659). Fourthly, we present Izquierdo's own doctrine of the “quidditative status of things” or absolute necessary objective truths, and also explain his understanding of the necessity and eternity of such truths. In addition, we analyze how exactly he solves the key problem for his ontology – the problem of distinction and separability of the quidditative and existential status of a thing. Finally, we analyze the criticism of Izquierdo's position in the metaphysics of Antonio Bernaldo de Quirós (1666), pointing out the specifics of his argumentation and its theological and philosophical motives.

The Iranian nuclear file (the foundations of reality and spaces of ambition)

شهد أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين الإفراط في نظرية استخدام القوة في العلاقات الدولية وبصفةخاصة في منطقة الشرق الأوسط ‎١‏ وظهرت ازدواجية المعايير التي تتعامل بموجبها القوى العظمىوالتي نساهم في التعامل مع قضايا المنطقة المتشابهة بما يزيد من تعقيد الأوضاع الإقليمية وتراكمالأزمات واستفحالهاءولعل من ابرز هذه القضايا هي الملف النووي الإيراني والذي لم يحسم بعد. وفيهذه القضية نلاحظ وجود طرفين متصارعين الأول يتمثل بالجمهورية الإسلامية الإيرانية والثانيبالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.وما بينهما من أطراف هم وحدات المجتمع الدولي كالاتحاد الأوربي والأممالمتحدة وغيرها ممن يحاولون التدخل بصفة الوسيط لحسم المسألة بشكل يرضي جميع الأطراف؛ وتصر الإدارة الأمريكية على اتهام إيران بمحاولة صنع أسلحة نووية؛ أما إيران فتؤكد بأن برنامجهاالنووي وان وجد فهو لأغراض سلمية؛ وما بين هذه الآراء وتصريحات الوكالة الدولية للطاقة الذريةوتحذيرات إسرانيل من قوة نووية إيرانية صاعدة في المنطقة منافسة لهاء فلا يمكن التكهن بإمكانيةالحفاظ على منطقة الشرق الأوسط بعيدا عن احتمال قيام حرب نووية ؛ لقد استرعى البرنامج النوويالإيراني اهتمام العالم المتزايد بشكل مثير لم تحظ به من قبل البرامج النووية لدول أخرى كما هو الحالفي الباكستان والهند و حتى الصين. ولا شك أن لذلك أسبابا ودوافع تدفع إلى حالة التميز التي تحيطبالبرنامج النووي الإيراني يجب علينا الاطلاع عليها ومعرفة أبعادها

A consciência quântica como fundamento da realidade no pensamento de Amit Goswami

Quantum Consciousness is worked on, investigating from Amit Goswami how how “she” can be, ontologically, the foundation of reality at its most fundamental level and how it can become immanent. The objective is to present the concept of consciousness in a historical perspective as prior to materiality. It describes how the consciousness unfolds in subject and object provoking the phenomenal experience. It unveils a universal element that permeates everything and opens possibilities for application in ethics and in everything where there is the presence of a conscious being. Everything has been found to be possibility in quantum consciousness until the observer collapses making the transcendent immanent. It is hypothesized that quantum consciousness is the foundation of reality and that all people and beings have a common origin.

Teologi Islam dan Fanatisme Perilaku Sosial Beragama

Fanatic is a term used to refer to a belief or a view of something positive or negative, which view does not have a theoretical backing or a foundation of reality, but is profoundly embraced so that it is difficult to straighten or change. The root problem of this discussion is the fanatical attitude of religious people, and the low level of understanding of religion, because they only see an event from a narrow perspective without seeing the consequences of what is caused. The weak self-confidence of adherents of religion to the teachings of religion that have been adopted since he was in a family environment, so easily influenced by the factors of fanaticism. As a believer in an individual religion must have a firm belief in the religion he has adopted and has been deemed correct according to the Act of government. The aim of the author to raise this phenomenon is to describe the mindset of an individual who is fanaticism-oriented, would this attitude undermine social interaction, or even fanaticism is a phenomenon that is mushrooming in the future.

From Criminal Man to Carceral Body: An Ethnography of Intake in the New York City Jails

This article calls for an abolitionist turn in Science and Technology Studies (STS) in order to engage with mass incarceration and the carceral-industrial-complex. Based on my ethnographic fieldwork in New York City jails, this article sets out to (1) argue for an abolitionist STS that intervenes in the racialized logics of “criminal man”; (2) offer the carceral body as arising from this abolitionist intervention into mass incarceration; and (3) illustrate how ontological multiplicities and critical phenomenology might be deployed as abolitionist STS tools. The premise is that ending mass incarceration requires philosophical interventions that resist the current racist, capitalist framework of the carceral-industrial-complex by disrupting the very foundations of reality. Abolitionist STS arises out of feminist and critical race STS as an intervention not only into criminology, but also into social theory’s ontological turn by attending to the interplay of carceral epistemologies and ontologies. When multiplicities, experientialities, complexities, contradictions, and power dynamics are drawn out, abolition is no longer an undoing but a proliferation that disinvests and contravenes carceral logics.

Quantum paradox points to shaky foundations of reality

Quantum paradox points to shaky foundations of reality

Problem-based Learning for Preservice Teachers of English as a Foreign Language

Problem-based learning (PBL) is an appropriate teaching approach for university courses with a strong foundation in reality. It merges theory with practice, cultivates students’ sense of agency, encourages self-regulation and teamwork, and leads to the sustainable acquisition of a multitude of relevant skills. This article demonstrates how PBL is used in a teacher education course for preservice English teachers at a university in Austria. It explains how the problem-solving process underlying the approach is applied, analyses the roles of the students and the teacher in a PBL classroom, and highlights the advantages of PBL in teacher education.

Metode Qur’ani Dalam Mengatasi Sikap Fanati

Abstract : Fanatic is a view that does not have a theoretical backing or a foundation of reality, but is deeply embraced so that it is difficult to straighten or change. Fanatic attitudes arise in the form of excessive trust in the teachings adopted. A fanatic person in the teachings that he professes rejects all the different forms of teaching from his beliefs. The problem is how is the method of guidance and counseling qurani in overcoming fanatical attitudes. Fanatic causative factors according to the Koran are internal factors and external factors. While the Quranic method in overcoming fanatic attitudes is good teaching methods and dialogue methods. Keywords: Qur’ani method, fanatic

Apriorics and Structuralism

In this paper we suggest the use of ontological structures (OSs) as an appropriate tool for describing the foundations of reality. Every vertex of this structure, representing a fundamental entity (FE) in the universe, is completely and solely characterized by its connections to the other vertices in the structure. The edges of this structure are binary compounds of the FEs, and are identified with the elementary particles. The combinations including more than 2 connected vertices correspond to composite particles. The principles according to which the OSs are designed (Shoshani, in: Tempsky (ed) Philosophy of the natural sciences, VHP Tempsky, Vienna, 1989; Shoshani in Phys Essays 4(4):566–576, 1991; Shoshani in Phys Essays 11(4):512–520, 1998) are discussed in Sect. 2, and the simplest OSs having the minimal number of vertices, and thus represent the simplest universe, are given in Sect. 3. This section also describes an OS that includes an infinite number of vertices that might represent the space–time points. This structure imparts a new meaning to space–time, detached from their intuitive grasp (Shoshani in Phys Essays 23(2):285–292, 2010). Section 4 is devoted to show how to ascribe intrinsic properties to the fundamental entities by using their inter-connections in the OS. The predictive power and explanatory capacity of this theory, named Apriorics (Shoshani in Phys Essays 27(1):126–130, 2014) are briefly described in Sects. 3 and 4.

Simplicity and Complexity in Metaphysics

The article deals with the problem of simple and complex objects in metaphysical research. It is stated that the ultimate simplification of reality theoretical models follows from the nature of metaphysical knowledge. The modern metaphysical conceptions of fundamental simplicity and fundamental complexity of existing objects are discussed. They are the conceptions of full and distributional monism, mereological nihilism, and the traditional binary or binary-based models of the foundations of reality, ascending to Aristotle. The paper shows that these conceptions and ideas do not simplify reality as much as possible. The problematic and ambiguous nature of the conceptions considered is that all complicating factors are not excluded in them. This leads to a situation where further grounding of the entities that are accepted as the simplest ones is required. The state of the full simplification in metaphysics is defined. It is argued that ultimate simplification requires the exclusion of qualitative multiplicity and quantitative definiteness, the exclusion of the distinction between substance and its qualities, between the entity and the law, the relation or condition which ground it. The entity identified in the process of ultimate simplification must be quantitatively indefinite, identical to its quality and substratum, indistinguishable from the law, the condition or the relationship of its grounding. Such an entity can be the starting point for the construction of a metaphysical model of the world as a consistent complication of entities.

Imagining the Unimaginable: Narratives of the Big Bang: Time, Space, Matter, Energy

The term big bang has an uneasy history of problematic and misleading implications. As a derogatory and simplistic metaphor it is incompatible with current understandings of Planck time, inflationary theory, self-organizing dynamics, and emergent complexity. Scientific theory is judged and accepted as much by vocabulary as by content; content-specific nomenclature is a crucial key to understanding. Additionally, imaginative nomenclature that triggers a narrative meets the human need for a relevant story. Creative descriptions for the big bang that reformat it as a complementary cluster of stories are herein proposed with acronyms appropriate to the action of the big bang and meanings consistent with current science; approaches through analytical physics and complex mathematics are here replaced with series of suggestive narratives. Together, they combine to create a multi-strand narrative compatible with our present understanding of cosmic history understood as the Grand Sequence or the Big Story. Additionally the acronyms central to this presentation emphasize that the foundations of reality as we know it—Time, Space, Matter, and Energy—did not exist before the big bang but were in fact created in that event. Anyone venturing into astronomy or cosmology inevitably has to grapple with the big bang. While there are more complex topics in science—quantum physics, for instance, or cell signaling—big bang cosmology challenges our customary experience and understanding of the world. It is simply impossible to imagine how an entire universe could unfold from next to nothing or how time and space—the apparent containers of everything we know—could have come into existence rather than always existing. Lawrence Krauss (2012) makes “a universe from nothing” seem simple, logical, and inevitable; most of us find it otherwise. The following notes provide a brief history of the big bang idea, its eventual acceptance, and current understandings organized into some unique ways to historicize or narrativize what we might more congenially call the big beginning or the first event.

The Technology of Yoga - An Imperative Scientific Implementation to Harmonize the Diversity of Human Society: A Review

Yoga is one amongst the six basic philosophical systems of India. It is defined as “the restraint of mental modifications”. It is a practical science based on the laws of Samkhya Philosophy that govern the evolution of the universe, can be extended for the evolution of an individual; thus the individual is a microcosm of the macrocosm. Yoga is above caste, creed, and religion; a positive system for the unification of the humanity. In yogic technique the breathing system is brought under control which ultimately keeps the mind under control, makes it free from unwanted vibrations either being induced internally or influenced externally. This finally leads the mind to vacuous (thoughtless) condition and checks the mental pollution or thought pollution that works in obscurity, negatively throughout the human environment. Yoga enables to overcome the effects of Gunas, which are the root of all changes, the foundation of reality, the essence of everything and responsible for the diversity and nature; thus causes the harmonization of the human society. Every Yogi works as a broadcasting centre of calmness and serenity, that influences, the whole human diversity in positive track.

Reading The Divine Comedy of Dante as an apocalyptic

묵시문학은 무엇인가? 한 마디로 말한다면, 매우 신비로운 아름다움, 특이한 미적 감각을 품고 있는 세밀한 문학이다. 성서적 차원에서 본다 하더라도, 처벌과 단죄, 심판 등 우리가 ‘종말’하면 떠올리게 되는 부정적 이미지들이 아닌, 죄많은 인간인 우리가 무한하신 하느님의 사랑으로 어떻게 구원될 수 있는지를 언급하고 있는 용기와 희망을 내용으로 하고 있다. 『신곡』은 여러 면에서 특히 내용과 형식면에서 묵시문학을 차용하고 있다. 과거 인물의 행적을 다루고 있는 지옥편은 논리적이고 철학적이며 역사적이기도 한 그리스 문학의 특징을 그대로 보여준다. 지옥이라는 관념의 세계를 현시적인 물질적 세계로 보여주려는 시도는 다분히 그리스적 사유체계에서 형성된 것으로 죄의 구분, 지옥의 구조, 지하세계를 흐르는 아케론강과 스틱스강의 존재와 의미, 등장인물들의 행적과 그들의 과거 행적에 대한 가치 판단 등은 아무리 중세스콜라철학을 대입시켜 보아도 그리스 철학과 문화의 토대에서 이루어진 것임을 부정할 수 없다. 한 인물의 미래의 행적을 예측하여 서술할 때는 과거시제가 아닌 미래 시제를 통한 예언적 형식을 취하고 있는 것도 그리스 철학의 사유체계임을 보여준다. 반면 연옥편은 그리스철학의 사유체계에서 벗어나 중세 스콜라 철학의 기반위에서 형성된 것임을 알 수 있다. 연옥의 존재나 연옥의 본질, 연옥에서 정죄하고 있는 인물들의 행적과 이에 대한 가치 판단은 여러 면에서 성서적이고 스콜라적이다. 『신곡』은 여러 해석이 가능한 위대한 문학적 유산이다. 본 연구에서는 성서의 묵시문학적 관점에서 강독을 시도해 보았다. 집필 당시 작가는 모든 정치적 권력에서 물러나서 유럽의 여러 도시들을 유랑하고 있었다. 그의 유랑이 정치적 실패이기는 하지만 그의 문학적 명성이나 종교적, 철학적 명성에는 조금도 흠이 없었다. 가는 곳 마다 환대를 받았고 여러 궁정에서 귀한 대접을 받으며 작가 본연의 자세에서 집필활동에 전념할 수 있었던 행운아였다. 그는 정치적 부활에 절치부심하며 작품 활동에 전념하였다.Apocalyptic is a genre of science fiction, science fantasy or horror fiction literature in which the Earth s technological civilization is collapsing or has collapsed. The story may involve attempts to prevent an apocalypse event, deal with the impact and consequences of the event itself, set after the event. The time frame may be immediately after the catastrophe, focusing on the travails or psychology of survivors, the way to maintain the human race alive and together as one, or considerably later, often including the theme that the existence of pre-catastrophe civilization has been forgotten (or mythologized). To say that the Apocalypse has influenced Dante’ The Divine Comedy must lie somewhere between a commonplace and an understatement. After all, no work of medievla literature draws si directly and comprensively from the book of the Apocalypse as do the last cantos of the Purgatorio, wherein the pageant of Church history presented there for the pilgrim and the reader would be unintelligible without some knowledge of the Apocalipse. In this section, too, consistent references to Christ’s second coming provide a framework for understanding the coming of Beatrice. Even apart fraom these consentrated reference, the poem is studded with quotations from the Apocalypse. The point of the Comedy is that understanding is practical. It must not be confused with anything that can be thought or taught, with any “doctrine” or “belief.” Understanding-happiness-salvation, for Dante, is not a set of ideas; it is to have experienced the true nature and foundation of reality, to know it as oneself, and thus to live it.

From Cyborgs to Organic Model and Back: Old and New Paradoxes of Gender and Hybridity

Born during the late Scholastic period, nominalism is the philosophical theory which refuses to accept the ontological existence of general notions. It only considers particulars and asserts that no universals exist, only individual things and creatures. This stands in opposition to Plato’s world of Ideas, ideas based on an independent reality which precedes beings. For nominalism, a general concept such as ‘man’ is only a useful communication tool and does not refer to a common essence existing beyond individuals from which an abstract notion is constructed. This is one of the few doctrines emerging from scholasticism to have such a contemporary feel. As Ernst Bloch demonstrated in his Leipzig lectures, this doctrine reflected the beginning of the crisis of feudalism. 1 This order, which determined each person’s life from birth to death starts to lose legitimacy around the end of the thirteenth century with the development of commerce and urban centres. From Duns Scotus’s nominalism emerged the modern subject as a dynamic process of selfconstitution 2 and foundation of reality. Heidegger’s famous critical interpretation of the concept of subjectum will present this nominalism as a construction of the world’s image. 3 Nominalism could therefore be another name for modern individualism. This doctrine’s refusal of essences allowed so-called natural borders to be crossed. In its rejection of an essentialist standpoint, nominalism favoured the transgression of the social limits of feudal orders, of race, and of sex; or, to name it more precisely, of gender. It thereby plugs into the tradition of civil and political liberties. Nominalism’s emphasis on the singularity of each individual and its reluctance to accept groups and hierachies as universal entities opened the door to a legitimate transgression of sexual borders. The

The jester and the sages: Mark Twain in conversation with Nietzsche, Freud, and Marx

Jester and the Sages approaches the life and work of Mark Twain by placing him in conversation with three eminent philosophers of his time Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, and Karl Marx. Unprecedented in Twain scholarship, this interdisciplinary analysis by Forrest G. Robinson, Gabriel Noah Brahm Jr., and Catherine Carlstroem rescues the American genius from his role as funny-man by exploring how his reflections on religion, politics, philosophy, morality, and social issues overlap the philosophers developed thoughts on these subjects. Remarkably, they had much in common.During their lifetimes, Twain, Nietzsche, Freud, and Marx witnessed massive upheavals in Western constructions of religion, morality, history, political economy, and human nature. The foundations of reality had been shaken, and one did not need to be a philosopher nor did one even need to read philosophy to weigh in on what this all might mean. Drawing on a wide range of primary and secondary materials, the authors show that Twain was well attuned to debates of the time. Unlike his Continental contemporaries, however, he was not as systematic in developing his views.Brahm and Robinson s chapter on Nietzsche and Twain reveals their subjects common defiance of the moral and religious truisms of their time. Both desired freedom, resented the constraints of Christian civilization, and saw punishing guilt as the disease of modern man. Pervasive moral evasion and bland conformity were the principal end result, they believed.In addition to a continuing focus on guilt, Robinson discovers in his chapter on Freud and Twain that the two men shared a lifelong fascination with the mysteries of the human mind. From the formative influence of childhood and repression, to dreams and the unconscious, the mind could free people or keep them in perpetual chains. The realm of the unconscious was of special interest to both men as it pertained to the creation of art.In the final chapter, Carlstroem and Robinson explain that, despite significant differences in their views of human nature, history, and progress, Twain and Marx were both profoundly disturbed by economic and social injustice in the world. Of particular concern was the gulf that industrial capitalism opened between the privileged elite property owners and the vast class of property-less workers. Moralists impatient with conventional morality, Twain and Marx wanted to free ordinary people from the illusions that enslaved them.Twain did not know the work's of Nietzsche, Freud, and Marx well, yet many of his thoughts cross those of his philosophical contemporaries. By focusing on the deeper aspects of Twain s intellectual makeup, Robinson, Brahm, and Carlstroem supplement the traditional appreciation of the forces that drove Twain s creativity and the dynamics of his humor.

Rethinking the American Revolution: Politics and the Symbolic Foundations of Reality

Rethinking the American Revolution: Politics and the Symbolic Foundations of Reality

God and the ontological foundation of morality

AbstractIn recent years, William Lane Craig has vigorously championed a moral argument for God's existence. The backbone of Craig's argument is the claim that only God can provide a ‘sound foundation in reality’ for morality. The present article has three principal aims. The first is to interpret and clarify the account of the ontological foundation of morality proposed by Craig. The second is to press home an important objection to that account. The third is to expose the weakness of Craig's case for saying that without God morality would be groundless and illusory.

Strange and Disturbing News: Rumor and Diplomacy in the Colonial Hudson Valley

Frightening rumors of conspiracies and plots were a prominent feature of relations between Native Americans and Europeans in the colonial Hudson Valley in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. While these alarming reports usually had no foundation in reality, they nevertheless shed light on several aspects of Indian political and diplomatic relationships in this area. This article holds that the spread of rumors and tales from one people to the next represents only the most visible of a great variety of interactions among the Indian groups of the valley, and therefore stands as indirect evidence of a vast native social and political world largely hidden from modern eyes. By plotting the career and distribution of particular rumors, one may get a sense of channels of communication and networks of exchange among the native peoples in the Hudson Valley as well as of the ties these Indians had to native groups in both adjacent regions and more distant locales. In particular, rumors of an Indian conspiracy against the Europeans in 1712 provide evidence of how the outbreak of the Tuscarora War in North Carolina reverberated in the Hudson Valley, which indicates that even small groups of Indians living close to centers of European settlement might be participants in extensive Indian exchange networks and thus be part of a larger Native American world.

A new approach to distributing urban trips

The traditional approach to urban transportation planning involves trip generation, distribution, modal split and assignment. For the most part these steps are logical and have a reasonable foundation in reality. The weakest of these on logical grounds is the distribution of trips using the gravity model. This approach gained acceptance in large part because total trips in an urban area tend to decrease with increasing distance. It is argued here that this is an artefact of the geographical distribution of trip productions and attractions. If this is true it has significant implications for sustainable transport, lands use planning and congestion management, i.e., we may be controlling the wrong variables. A new approach to trip distribution is proposed that assigns trips on the basis of opportunity sets (possible destinations) and trip purpose ranges (the maximum distance one is willing to or must travel for a given purpose).