Foundational Framework Research Articles

A Dataset of 3M Single-DOF Planar 4-, 6-, and 8-Bar Linkage Mechanisms With Open and Closed Coupler Curves for Machine Learning-Driven Path Synthesis

Abstract In recent years, there has been a strong interest in applying machine learning techniques to path synthesis of linkage mechanisms. However, progress has been stymied due to a scarcity of high-quality datasets. In this article, we present a comprehensive dataset comprising nearly three million samples of 4-, 6-, and 8-bar linkage mechanisms with open and closed coupler curves. Current machine learning approaches to path synthesis also lack standardized metrics for evaluating outcomes. To address this gap, we propose six key metrics to quantify results, providing a foundational framework for researchers to compare new models with existing ones. We also present a variational autoencoder-based model in conjunction with a k-nearest neighbor search approach to demonstrate the utility of our dataset. In the end, we provide example mechanisms that generate various curves along with a numerical evaluation of the proposed metrics.

Human-computer interaction interface design of flight simulator based on situation awareness.

To meet the comprehensive requirements of drivers for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) during operation and to enhance situation awareness (SA), this paper proposes a design and evaluation method for flight simulator HCI interfaces grounded in SA. Firstly, the widely adopted Endsley's SA model, which comprehensively covers processes relevant to individual drivers was selected as the foundational framework. The study concentrates on flight, cruise, and landing scenarios within the simulator, analyzing and restructuring the information architecture of the HCI interface. Secondly, a self-assessment scale was developed based on the three-level model of information processing for SA to measure drivers' SA cognitive levels. The core scenarios of the simulation training were analyzed to establish a design-making process. Thirdly, invite participants were invited to engage in simulated driving sessions on the flight simulator, where their SA cognitive levels were assessed. An analysis of detail features was performed on samples with high SA cognitive levels. Subsequently, drivers' requirements for the control layout features of the HCI interface design were gathered through surveys. The design detail features of the HCI interface associated with high SA cognitive levels were identified and synthesized into four distinct dimensions to guide the detailed design process. Finally, participants engaged in simulated driving using the finalized interface design, and their SA cognitive levels were reassessed. The results demonstrated that the HCI interface design derived from this method significantly improved SA cognitive levels compared to the original design.

A Prediction Method for Calculating Fracturing Initiation Pressure Considering the Modification of Rock Mechanical Parameters After CO2 Treatment

The establishment of a more realistic CO2 fracturing model serves to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying CO2 fracturing transformation. Additionally, it furnishes a foundational framework for devising comprehensive fracturing construction plans. However, current research has neglected to consider the influence of CO2 on rock properties during CO2 fracturing, resulting in an inability to precisely replicate the alterations in the reservoir post-CO2 injection into the formation. This disparity from the actual conditions poses a substantial limitation to the application and advancement of CO2 fracturing technology. This work integrates variations in the physical parameters of rocks after complete contact and reaction with CO2 into the numerical model of crack propagation. This comprehensive approach fully acknowledges the impact of pre-CO2 exposure on the mechanical parameters of reservoir rocks. Consequently, it authentically restores the reservoir state following CO2 injection, ensuring a more accurate representation of the post-fracturing conditions. In comparison with conventional numerical simulation methods, the approach outlined in this paper yields a reduction in the error associated with predicting fracturing pressure by 9.8%.

Navigating pro-environmental behavior among tourists: The role of value-belief-norm theory, personality traits, and commitment

Utilizing the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory and Environmental Commitment Theory (ECT) as foundational frameworks, the research introduces and tests the Personality-VBN-Commitment (PVC) model. Results indicate that individuals with a robust personal norm for sustainability are more inclined to engage in pro-environmental behaviors while traveling. Additionally, the study underscores the role of personality traits, including extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness, in influencing pro-environmental travel choices and recognizing personal advantages from such behaviors. This research enriches the understanding of drivers behind tourists' pro-environmental behavior and offers insights for advancing sustainable tourism. Finally, the theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Watch That Attitude! Examining the Role of Attitude in the Technology Acceptance Model through Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modelling

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), proposed by Fred Davis in 1986, is a foundational framework for understanding technology adoption, emphasizing Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU) as key determinants of Intention to Use (ITU). While Attitude Toward Using (ATU) was initially central to TAM, it was later omitted in iterations like TAM2 and UTAUT. This paper revisits the role of ATU within TAM, employing One-Step Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modelling (OSMASEM) to analyze educational technology acceptance. The findings reveal that ATU significantly mediates the relationship between PEOU, PU, and ITU, enhancing the explanatory power of TAM. By comparing models with and without ATU (TAM-O and TAM-R), the findings demonstrate that incorporating ATU provides a more comprehensive understanding of user behavior, particularly in voluntary use contexts. The study underscores the importance of attitudes in technology adoption and suggests that future TAM iterations should consider ATU to improve predictive accuracy. This research contributes to theoretical advancements in TAM and offers practical insights for enhancing technology acceptance in educational settings.

Growing Up with an Absent Parent: A Mixed-Methods Approach on Parental Absence, Well-Being, and Romantic Relationship Processes

The goal of this study is to understand the experiences of having an absent parent, meaning a parent who is not physically or psychologically involved in raising a biological child by choice, and test how having an absent parent contributes to mental well-being and romantic relationship quality. Using family systems theory as a foundational framework, this study applied a mixed-methods design, where participants completed an individual interview ( N = 28; 100% had an absent parent) or online survey ( N = 174; 30.4% had an absent parent). Reflexive thematic analyses revealed negative psychological consequences, such as feeling guilty, numb, and depressed, due to having an absent parent. Those with an absent parent reported attachment issues, avoiding relationships in general, and trust issues in their own romantic relationships. Regression analyses revealed that for those with an absent parent, having more abandonment issues predicted poorer mental well-being, even when controlling for family functioning, communication, and rapport with the single parent growing up. Having an absent parent was also associated with increased sexual behaviors. Generally, having an absent parent was associated with interpersonal and relational consequences for emerging adults.

Combining APCS-MLR model to evaluate the distribution and sources of rare earth elements in a large catchment

Rare earth elements (REEs), functioning as indicators for environmental tracking, revealing the impacts of human activities on changes in aquatic ecosystems. However, systematic research on the geochemical characteristics of REEs in large river basins remains relatively scarce. Therefore, this research investigates the geochemical properties of REEs within the Yangtze River basin, analyzing the quantity and spatial distribution of REEs in surface aquatic environments across the upstream, midstream, and downstream segments of the Yangtze River, and quantitatively assessing their sources. Results indicate that the REE concentration in the upstream and downstream areas are significantly higher than in the midstream, with average concentrations of 0.69 μg/L, 0.56 μg/L, and 0.39 μg/L, respectively. REEs in the Yangtze River basin are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs), exhibiting a slight negative cerium (Ce) anomaly and a pronounced positive europium (Eu) anomaly. The Ce anomaly correlates with pH levels, and the Eu anomaly is largely attributed to the selective chemical decomposition and solubilization of feldspar minerals. Correlation analysis indicates that REE sources are related to manganese (Mn). Utilizing the Absolute Principal Component Scores-Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) model, the principal sources of REEs are further determined to be mineral sources (36.80%), industrial sources (45.61%), and mixed sources (17.59%). Further analysis suggests that mining and dissolution of Mn-bearing feldspar minerals, along with the discharge of industrial wastewater, considerably influence REE concentrations in the basin. This study reveals the anthropogenic and natural factors influencing the distribution of REEs in the Yangtze River basin, laying a foundational framework for investigating how human activities affect the dispersion of REEs in aquatic environments.

Cultural Diversity, Communication, Inclusivity and Collaboration in Nigerian Workplaces: A Review

The increasing cultural diversity in Nigerian workplaces has intensified the need for effective communication strategies to manage intercultural interactions and foster inclusiveness. This study examines the implications of cultural and linguistic diversity within Nigerian organizations, addressing the complexities of navigating ethnic, religious, and linguistic differences. The Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT), Social Identity Theory (SIT), and Intergroup Contact Theory provide foundational frameworks for understanding and managing these dynamics, with CAT highlighting how convergence and divergence in communication styles can bridge or amplify social divides. Through a detailed analysis of Nigerian workplace environments, this paper identifies key communication challenges, including language barriers and identity-driven in-groups, while proposing strategies rooted in CAT, SIT, and Intergroup Contact Theory to enhance collaboration and reduce tensions. Recommendations for organizational management, such as language training and structured intergroup activities, aim to foster a more inclusive and productive environment, acknowledging both the opportunities and challenges posed by Nigeria’s unique socio-cultural landscape.

Comprehensive genome-wide characterization of the MIKC-type MADS-box family members and the dynamic expression profiling throughout the development of floral buds in Populus tomentosa

Poplar is a major silvicultural tree species for industrial production, with versatile applications in construction, furniture, pulp and biofuel. The phenotypic appearance of male or female floral buds in poplar trees, exhibits a strikingly similar morphology at corresponding developmental stages. However, there are significant differences in internal anatomical structures. The MIKC-type MADS-box transcription factor family plays an indispensable role in regulating the development of floral organs and increasing vegetative biomass, and it is also of great significance in elucidation of the aforementioned morphological differences. This study systematically analyzed the MIKC-type MADS-box transcription factor family in Populus tomentosa. A total of 100 MIKC-type MADS-box genes were identified, which were divided into 14 subfamilies. We examined the physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved motifs, chromosome distribution, collinearity, promoter cis-acting elements, gene expression profiles, and protein-protein interaction network of these 100 MIKC-type MADS-box members. Excitingly, four clusters of PtMADS members exhibited a high level of abundant expression in the initial and mature floral buds of both male and female, suggesting critical significance in tuning the morphogenesis and development of floral organs, as well as in the modulation of reproductive fitness. The protein-protein interaction network diagram corroborated these findings, substantiating the speculated roles of these genes. Our findings lay a foundational framework for future functional explorations and potential applications of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in this industry tree species.

Motivating Medical Students: Adaptation of the Academic Motivation Scale within the Framework of the Self-Determination Theory

Introduction: Motivation plays a crucial role in the academic success and professional development of medical students. Understanding the intricacies of motivation within the context of medical education is essential for designing effective interventions and support systems. The aim of this study was to explore the adaptation of the Academic Motivation Scale within the framework of the self-determination theory and of the self-efficacy theory to assess motivation among medical students.Methods: The study adapted the Academic Motivation Scale to the Portuguese context, drawing upon insights from the self-determination theory. Two existing Portuguese scales, MATAMS and Ribeiro et al scale, served as foundational frameworks for the adaptation process. The study included qualitative interviews, which informed the creation of the Minho Medical Academic Motivation Scale – Minho-MEDAMS. This scale was applied to 281 medical students. To assess the scale’s validity, we used the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and the Cronbach’s alpha to measure internal consistency.Results: The exploratory factor analysis showed strong results with a KMO of 0.862, leading to five factors and the removal of two items. The initial confirmatory factor analysis indicated poor fit, prompting the removal of items with low R-squared values. The final Minho-MEDAMS includes 18 items: six for intrinsic motivation, nine for extrinsic motivation and three for amotivation. This refined scale demonstrates high internal consistency (α = 0.831), making it a reliable tool for assessing medical students’ motivation.Conclusion: The successful adaptation of the Academic Motivation Scale within the self-determination theory framework presents a valuable instrument for assessing motivation in medical students. The Minho-MEDAMS offers a comprehensive understanding of motivational dynamics, facilitating targeted interventions and support mechanisms to enhance student engagement and success. Its validity and reliability render it a practical tool for educators, administrators, and researchers in the field of medical education. Ultimately, the Minho-MEDAMS contributes to the advancement of strategies aimed at cultivating motivated and proficient healthcare professionals.

Population structure and feeding habits of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in the bay environment, Southern Gulf of Thailand

This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of the population structure and feeding habits of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda in Thailand. Sample collection was conducted using crab gill nets at seven sampling sites characterized by distinct ecosystem attributes in Pattani Bay between February 2019 and March 2020. Our findings indicate the presence of a single Asian horseshoe crab (HSC) species within the bay, with a sex ratio of approximately 1:1 (48.1 % males, 51.9 % females) that did not deviate significantly from parity. Habitat variation within the bay did not influence HSC abundance (P > 0.05) whereas monthly abundance fluctuations were highly significant (P < 0.001), peaking in March and reaching the lowest in September. Positive correlations were observed between HSC abundance and environmental factors including dissolved oxygen, temperature, water pH, water depth, and chlorophyll c concentrations. Linear regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between morphometric characteristics and body weight. However, multiple linear regression analysis indicated a negative relationship between body weight and telson length (TEL) and opisthosoma width (OW) of males, as well as TEL of females. The size at which 50 % of the HSC population reached maturity (L50) was estimated to be 12.2 cm for males and 13.5 cm for females based on prosomal width (PW). The average PW measurements of HSC at different egg stages (1–4) from developing to mature females was 14.4 cm, with corresponding body weights ranging from 224 to 243 g. Females at egg of stages 3 and 4 were found throughout the year, indicating multiple spawning events, particularly prevalent in January-April, and predominantly abundant at stations 1, 2, 5 and 6. HSC primarily consumed bivalves (22.1±21.2 %), followed by fishes (5.9±13.0 %) and crustaceans (2.9±9.0 %) by volumetric contribution (%V). This comprehensive study provides novel insights into the population dynamics and feeding ecology of HSC within Thailand. The findings establish a foundational framework for future research endeavors and offer critical data to inform the management and conservation of their habitats.

The synergistic enhancement or inhibition of different molecular weight components of mannoproteins after ultrafiltration on the encapsulation.

This study investigated the effects of molecular weight regulation on mannoproteins (MPs) in encapsulating both monomeric and oligomeric proanthocyanidins (MOPC). To achieve this, two different conformations of MPs were fractionated by ultrafiltration into two main molecular weight components. The results indicated that regulating molecular weight through ultrafiltration altered the conformation of MPs chains, which in turn affected the intermolecular forces with MOPC. Specifically, the interactions among the different molecular weight components of MPs formed a cross-linking network. High molecular weight components provided external support to this network, while low molecular weight components contributed to internal stabilization. The dense, flexible, and irregular coil structure of MPs facilitated the entry of MOPC into the internal spaces of the cross-linking network. Additionally, protein unfolding into a more stable β-sheet structure further stabilized MPs' cross-linking network, enhancing its capacity to encapsulate MOPC. The presence of more hydrophobic regions and positive charges within the proteins increased the number of binding sites for MOPC. This study aimed to identify the primary structural forms of MPs with potent initial bitter inhibition capabilities on MOPC, and a proposed ultrafiltration method was introduced to modify the triple helix structure of polysaccharide, offering a foundational theoretical framework for enhancing the functional attributes of current or prospective MPs. Additionally, the mixed regulation of polysaccharides with varying conformations was also beneficial for guiding the production of high-efficiency polysaccharide products.

Tuning the performance of a TphR-based terephthalate biosensor with a design of experiments approach

Transcription factor-based biosensors are genetic tools that aim to predictability link the presence of a specific input stimuli to a tailored gene expression output. The performance characteristics of a biosensor fundamentally determines its potential applications. However, current methods to engineer and optimise tailored biosensor responses are highly nonintuitive, and struggle to investigate multidimensional sequence/design space efficiently. In this study we employ a design of experiments (DoE) approach to build a framework for efficiently engineering activator-based biosensors with tailored performances, and we apply the framework for the development of biosensors for the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic degradation monomer terephthalate (TPA). We simultaneously engineer the core promoter and operator regions of the responsive promoter, and by employing a dual refactoring approach, we were able to explore an enhanced biosensor design space and assign their causative performance effects. The approach employed here serves as a foundational framework for engineering transcriptional biosensors and enabled development of tailored biosensors with enhanced dynamic range and diverse signal output, sensitivity, and steepness. We further demonstrate its applicability on the development of tailored biosensors for primary screening of PET hydrolases and enzyme condition screening, demonstrating the potential of statistical modelling in optimizing biosensors for tailored industrial and environmental applications.

The influence of water conservancy project on microplastics distribution in river ecosystem: A case study of Lhasa River Basin in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Water conservancy projects affect the migration, suspension, and deposition of microplastic (MP). However, its impact on MP pollution of river ecosystem remains elusive. Herein, we investigated the MP characteristics and the influence of water conservancy projects on MPs in the Lhasa River Basin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. The results demonstrated that the MPs concentration in surface water decreased from upstream to downstream, as more MPs in surface water were settling down and stored in reservoir sediments in the midstream. It is postulated that reservoir sedimentation of MPs occurs at a greater rate due to the barrier effect of reservoirs, steady hydrodynamics, and weak salinity-induced buoyancy. To evaluate the ecological risk of the Lhasa River Basin, the pollution load index, the polymer hazard index, and the potential ecological risk index were analyzed. The upstream exhibits elevated polymer hazard index values (>100), and the potential ecological risk index values in the Lhasa River Basin showed ecological risk similar to those of pollution load index values. This research represents the initial exploration of MP distribution within the entire Lhasa River basin, providing a foundational framework for investigating the impact of water conservancy projects on MP migration.

Communicating life-saving knowledge: The multimodal arrangement in Lifesaver VR

VR applications for medical simulations such as emergency situations offer new ways of providing knowledge and practical skills for saving a life and potentially represent a complex communicative environment. The communicative situations constructed by this environment bring with them an increasing level of interactivity and ergodicity and it is particularly challenging to address these analytically. We address this challenge by looking at Lifesaver VR and providing a foundational framework for the multimodal analysis of the communicative situations created in this application. We describe how information and content units of the game can be built and how these units can then be combined into complex discourse structures outlining the complexity and simultaneity of narrative, instructional, and interactive aspects of the game.

Defect intelligent recognition of membrane product based on deep learning

Defect detection plays a crucial role in the manufacturing industry, ensuring the quality of industrial products. Despite advancements in this field, current defect detection methods face two primary challenges: (1) extracting visually similar features from the background poses difficult and (2) these methods struggle to identify tiny defects in the target objects. We present a feature enhancement module called the SE-CAR, which aims to handle the identified problems effectively. This module is designed to efficiently capture tiny defects in images, prioritize defect information features, and ultimately enhance the model’s predictive performance and accuracy in defect recognition tasks. In addition, Distance-IoU Non-Maximum Suppression is employed as a substitution for the original Non-Maximum Suppression. This enhances the recognition accuracy of bounding boxes, ensuring that the model maintains high detection accuracy even after complex scenarios. Moreover, the proposed methodology exhibits broad applicability across a wide spectrum of prevalent defect detection paradigms. In empirical experiments, we employ the YOLOv7 architecture as the foundation framework, integrating the proposed methodologies for the purpose of detecting defects in the membrane. The empirical evidence demonstrates a notable improvement in the performance of detecting defects in membrane products using the SE-CAR feature enhancement module and Distance-IoU Non-Maximum Suppression algorithm. In comparison to baseline networks, an increase in mAp by 6.29%, precision by 1.63%, and recall by 8.76%.

Research hotspots and trends of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for drug delivery: a bibliometric and visualization analysis from 2013 to 2023.

Our study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) in drug delivery research, focusing on the period between 2013 and 2023. Given the increasing global interest in this field, we utilized bibliometric tools to explore publication trends, key contributors, and thematic research clusters. Data was collected from the Web of Science (WoS) database, and an in-depth bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer. The analysis encompassed bibliographic coupling, co-citation, co-authorship, and co-occurrence trends, offering a structured insight into global research activity. We also employed Citespace to further analyze thematic clusters in this domain. Our analysis revealed a total of 1,045 publications related to MSC-EVs in drug delivery over the past decade, showing a steady increase in research output. China led in publication count, H-index, prolific authors, and research funding, while the United States ranked highest in total citations, average citation counts, and H-index performance. Pharmaceutics emerged as the leading journal by publication volume, with the Journal of Controlled Release having the strongest total link strength. Top institutions driving research included Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Zhejiang University, and Harvard University. VOSviewer analysis identified four major research clusters: tissue engineering, cancer, neurological diseases, and targeted delivery. Citespace analysis refined this further into ten thematic areas, including differentiation, tissue regeneration, and drug resistance. This bibliometric assessment provides a holistic visualization of the research landscape for MSC-EVs in drug delivery, underlining the significant contributions of China and the United States. Our findings underscore the increasing global importance of MSC-EV research and highlight emerging themes that will likely guide future research directions. The insights from this study offer a foundational framework for identifying nascent frontiers in MSC-EV-based drug delivery.

The Impact of Sustainability and Environmental Ethics in Product Marketing Campaigns: A Qualitative Study with a Sociological and Economic Approach

This study aims to examine the impact of sustainability and environmental ethics on consumer loyalty, brand perception, and economic resilience within product marketing campaigns. Driven by the increasing consumer demand for ethical business practices, this research integrates sociological and economic perspectives to understand how sustainable marketing shapes consumer-brand relationships and offers competitive advantages. Employing a qualitative methodology based on a comprehensive literature review, the study synthesizes data from recent research to provide a nuanced analysis of the socio-economic implications of sustainable marketing. The findings reveal that sustainability-focused brands not only foster long-term consumer loyalty but also experience enhanced brand equity and profitability due to a stronger alignment with consumer values. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of transparency, which reinforces consumer trust and solidifies brand credibility in markets sensitive to greenwashing concerns. The study underscores the Theory of Planned Behavior and Brand Equity Theory as foundational frameworks for interpreting consumer responses to ethical marketing. These insights contribute to both academic discussions and practical applications, providing a roadmap for brands to leverage sustainability as a core strategy. The research concludes that sustainable marketing is a transformative approach that fosters socio-economic resilience, positioning brands for sustained success in eco-conscious markets

Forecasting stock index closing points using ARIMA-GARCH with a rolling data window

This research develops and examines the efficacy of a hybrid ARIMA-GARCH model, augmented by a rolling data window approach, to enhance the accuracy of stock index prediction, specifically focusing on the NEPSE index. Accurate predictions of stock indices are of paramount importance to investors, analysts and policy makers to navigate and circumvent the market uncertainties. The AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model captures linear trends and temporal dependencies in time series data, while the General AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model addresses volatility clustering—ubiquitous character of financial time series—thereby providing a comprehensive framework for prediction. Utilizing a dataset comprised of daily closing points of NEPSE index approximately three years and nine months, the study identifies the ARIMA (5,1,0)-GARCH (1,1) model as optimal fit, upon integrating 180-day rolling data window. This model achieved a Mean Percentage Error of -0.0058% and a correlation of 0.995, which is indicative of superior fit to the underlying time series data. These findings underscore the hybrid model’s capacity to adaptively respond to dynamic market conditions and acclimatize prediction parallel to most recent market trends and volatility. This research is useful for optimizing investment strategies for those invested in Nepalese stocks. Also, this research lays a foundational framework for future investigations into application of this advanced forecasting method in other emerging markets, financial instruments and indices.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Gossypium hirsutum Mutant (xin w 139) and Wild-Type (Xin W 139) Plants During Seed Embryo Development

Background: Cotton seeds are the main byproduct of cotton crops. The phenomenon of plants failing to develop mature and full seeds is called seed embryo abortion, which leads to a decrease in seed yield and potentially causes economic losses. Methods: We report a phenotypic evaluation of seed embryos from G. hirsutum mutant (xin w 139) and wild-type (Xin W 139) lines and a comparative RNA-seq study at four developmental stages. Results: The field results from two years showed that the sterility rate and malformation rate of xin w 139 were significantly lower than those of Xin W 139, and the RNA-seq data revealed that the differences in the development of the seed embryos of the two lines mainly occurred after 20 days post anthesis (DPA). Differential analysis revealed a total of 29,151 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 2696 transcription factors (TFs), between the two lines, in which the fatty acid and glucose metabolism-related pathways were significantly enriched. These DEGs were divided into 8 clusters, with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of each cluster being annotated. Furthermore, a gene regulatory network was built using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), revealing 9 key genes that play crucial roles in shaping the developmental disparities of seed embryos between the two lines, among which 3 are TFs. Conclusions: These findings offer a foundational framework for comprehending the molecular mechanisms underlying cottonseed embryo development, as well as presenting novel genetic reservoirs for further investigations into cottonseed embryo development.