Foundation Of Society Research Articles

Vulnerability evolution of critical infrastructures: A multidimensional environment-integrated system dynamics analysis

Critical infrastructures (CIs) form the foundation of modern society, highlighting the necessity of analyzing their vulnerability characteristics. Existing research on CI vulnerability has not fully explored the environmental impacts on CI vulnerability and the long-term dynamic characteristics of vulnerability. To address these gaps, this study proposes an integrated framework for CI vulnerability evolution that incorporates environmental factors from nature, physical, and socio-economic dimensions, along with four key components of CI vulnerability: risk exposure, physical fragility, environmental sensitivity, and recovery capacity. Then, a system dynamics (SD)-based model is developed to quantitatively measure the complex interactions between environmental factors and CI vulnerability, thereby revealing the dynamic evolutionary mechanisms of vulnerability driven by these interactions. The model's effectiveness is demonstrated through a case simulation, with the results revealing the following findings: First, the dynamics of CI vulnerability evolution arise from the long-term driving, feedback, and iteration processes between environmental factors and vulnerability. These processes shape the nonlinear growth and adaptive characteristics of CI vulnerability evolution. Second, each environmental factor has a distinct marginal impact and direction on the evolution of CI vulnerability. This study provides a holistic and dynamic analysis for CI vulnerability and offers insights for optimizing vulnerability mitigation strategies.

Contribution of University Partner Islamic Boarding Schools in Maintaining Moral Values in Banyumas Indonesia

Islamic boarding schools, as educational institutions and religious institutions, contribute to maintaining community morals (moral guardians) within the Islamic boarding school environment. This is based on the reality that Islamic boarding schools are religious educational institutions that have basic values as a moral foundation for society in responding to social changes that occur. It is hoped that the religious cultures that emerge from Islamic boarding schools can be an antithesis to the moral degradation of urban society, which is caused by several things, including the influence of massive technological developments and urbanization in cities such as Purwokerto. This research aims to analyze the contribution of the UIN Saizu Purwokerto partner Islamic boarding school in maintaining community morals in Banyumas Regency. Using qualitative research methods, this research explores various educational programs and social activities implemented by Islamic boarding schools. The results of the research show that Islamic boarding schools play an important role in instilling moral values and Islamic teachings, as well as shaping the positive character of students. The approach used in teaching, which includes a relevant curriculum and daily life based on religious values, contributes significantly to increasing moral awareness in society. In addition, interactions between Islamic boarding schools and local communities strengthen social relations and create an environment that supports the practice of moral life. This research confirms the important role of Islamic boarding schools as agents of change in the moral formation of society in the modern era.

Transformation of the Constitutional Model of Public Formations in the Republic of Belarus

The transformation of the constitutional model of public formations in the conditions of formation and development of the Republic of Belarus is considered as a formal legal objectification of the relevant principles and categorical and conceptual apparatus within the framework of the dynamics of constitutional regulation caused by socio-political and other factors, it provides for a transition from the perception of public formations as an element of the party-state mechanism to the recognition of their independence and functional diversity with the presence of political priority in the intended purpose. It is noted that at the present stage, the constitutional model of public formations in the Republic of Belarus is being transformed within the framework of the development of the constitutional foundations of democracy and civil society, the consolidation of the ideology of the Belarusian state as a constitutional dominant, the revision of the purpose and differentiation. Proposals are being made to develop the relevant constitutional legislation in the Republic of Belarus.

The Antalaotra People of Madagascar: Made and Unmade by the Sea

The territory of Madagascar emerged from the unification of formerly independent kingdoms. These kingdoms were geographically distinct, with one main inland kingdom and several coastal ones. The “Kingdom of Madagascar” emerged in the nineteenth century from political conquests made possible by the trade effervescence taking place along the nearby Mozambique Channel, creating an islandbased unity. The Antalaotra people, or “People from the Sea,” who lived in the Comoros archipelago and the northwest coast of Madagascar, acted as a bridge between the different territories. Over a period of five centuries, they laid a common cultural foundation for a Malagasy society. Their regional trading culture allowed them to penetrate the inland kingdom through economic and cultural exchange. However, their contribution to an emerging national heritage was quickly suppressed and by the nineteenth century the Antalaotra had disappeared in Madagascar as a community. Today, Madagascar’s national identity continues to emphasize the former inland Merina Kingdom, land of the Merina people, making national disparities significant in every aspect, especially culturally. Successive national governments have ignored the role of coastal heritage in the forging of national identity. This article dives into the past and inheritance of the Antalaotra people to argue for the inclusion and acknowledgment of their coastal heritage as part of the national identity.

HARMONIZING RELIGIOUS COEXISTENCE THROUGH EDUCATION AND POLITICAL ECONOMY: A CASE STUDY OF PANDOWOHARJO VILLAGE

<p><em>The life of the Pandowoharjo people in the framework of harmony has been going on for a long time. Pandowoharjo Village is 1 of 75 villages in Bantul district, which administratively consists of 16 hamlets and 94 RTs, with a population in 2023 of 22,818 people. In this village, the majority of people are Muslim, reaching 93%, Catholics 3%, Christians 1% and Hindu-Buddhists below 1%. However, people can live side by side without conflict and are able to construct religious coexistence in daily life. The aim of this research is to find out how education and political economy can build coexistence in society. The research method used is a qualitative method. The research results show that; 1) Education has an important role in building coexistence, this is to provide understanding and a basic foundation for society. So far, there are various religious organizations that are active in community religious activities, and there are also religious leaders who call for the importance of maintaining religious coexistence. 2) Political economy is an important sector in efforts to maintain a harmonious life. In Pendoharjo Village, the entire community can access various sectors, including economic, political and educational, regardless of religious background. This is proof that Pandowoharjo Village has been able to construct coexistence in all aspects of life.</em></p>

The Pervasive Impact of Software Engineering and Architecture: A Multi-Industry Analysis

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the ubiquitous role of software engineering and architecture across diverse industries in the modern digital landscape. Through a combination of literature review, industry case studies, and expert interviews, we examine how core software engineering principles—such as scalability, security, user experience, and data management—are applied and adapted in sectors ranging from e-commerce and fintech to healthcare, transportation, media, manufacturing, and government services. Our findings reveal both common challenges and industry-specific innovations in areas such as blockchain technology, telemedicine, autonomous vehicles, and industrial IoT. We also explore emerging trends, including the integration of artificial intelligence, edge computing, and quantum computing, and their potential impact on future software architectures. Furthermore, this article addresses critical ethical considerations and societal implications, including data privacy, job displacement, and the digital divide. By synthesizing these multifaceted perspectives, we provide valuable insights for both industry practitioners and academic researchers, highlighting the transformative power of software engineering in shaping the technological foundations of contemporary society and identifying key areas for future research and development.

The Origin of “The Citizen”: Authors, Concepts, Genres

The article proposes a systematic analysis of the weekly “Grazhdanin” (“The Citizen”) in the first year of its publication (1872), just prior to F. M. Dostoevsky joining its staff. According to its opponents, the image of the “Grazhdanin” (“The Citizen”) was determined exclusively by V. P. Meshchersky, nicknamed the “dot prince” for his call to halt the movement towards a constitutional reform. Both the strengths and weaknesses of Meshchersky’s program and the writing style are revealed. At the same time, contrary to the well-established opinion about the prince’s monopoly in shaping the concept of the periodical, the importance of other key authors is revealed — both those whom Meshchersky called “receivers” in his memoirs, and those whom he did not mention for some reason. The concept of the publication was formed at the junction of ideological and stylistic traditions, adopted by its authors from Slavophiles and members of the Native Soil movement, on the one hand (M. I. Koyalovich, N. N. Strakhov, A. N. Maikov, I. Yu. Nekrasov), and from the state-conservative “Katkov” journalism, on the other (B. M. Markevich, P. K. Shchebalsky, K. P. Pobedonostsev). The desire for harmony of moral (Christian) and legal (state) principles was the basis of the projective concept of the “Grazhdanin” (“The Citizen”). These principles were not always reconciled with each other, causing internal editorial controversy. It did not necessarily mean a break (although this has happened), since it was about the formation of a single broad “Russian” trend, which Strakhov, following Fyodor and Mikhail Dostoevsky, defined as the “Russian party.” Meshchersky’s idea from the very beginning was to create a press body that would become a discussion platform for the free expression of “independent” minds. The rejection of the authoritarian style (which prevailed at that time in radical and liberal journalism) brings to mind the experience of the Dostoevsky brothers’ magazines “Vremya” and “Epocha”. “Grazhdanin” (“The Citizen”) also aimed for dialogue, rather than dictate — a dialogue with the authorities, the zemstvo, the nobility, the church, and the youth. In this regard, it is clear why the pages of the weekly preferred a genre as autonomous as “letters”: historical, political, literary, theatrical, provincial, travel, letters to the editor. In an effort to present the polyphony of opinions of “decent people” who are not indifferent to the fate of the country, Meshchersky sometimes resorted to role-playing journalism, writing letters to himself on behalf of a peasant, a teacher, a zemstvo worker, a military man. In general, in the aggregate of all published materials, “Grazhdanin” (“The Citizen”) appears to be a publication that resolutely and sometimes boldly raised the question of the price of the ongoing changes, the destruction of the moral and spiritual foundations of society and the state, and a return to traditional Christian values. The weekly formed an updated kind of conservative journalism, which was further developed in the journalistic work of F. M. Dostoevsky.

Critical factors for the success of Sustainable Development Goal 12 in the digital transformation era: The effect of ISO 14001

AbstractCompeting in the global market requires organizations to change rapidly, addressing both digital transformation and sustainable development challenges. This study uncovers new relationships and critical factors, enriching current knowledge and guiding future research on how digital transformation enhances sustainable consumption and production (Sustainable Development Goal 12 [SDG12]) success. It identifies key factors that enhance or inhibit these relationships by combining structural model and necessary conditions analysis. The findings reveal that organizations must excel in digital capabilities directly and through excellence practices to achieve SDG12 success. ISO 14001 further strengthens the impact of digital transformation and excellence practices on SDG12. The results empirically demonstrate what European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) and American Society for Quality (ASQ) advocate: excellence practices are a tool for sustainable development. This study adds both to the literature and practice on the relationships between digital transformation, excellence models, and sustainable development and how these relationships are influenced by ISO standards.

Silent shadows in the rebirth of Czech nation: Unveiling the role of rape and sexual violence in the ethnic cleansing of post‐WWII Czech lands

AbstractThe article explores the harrowing use of sexual violence as a tool in the ethnic cleansing of Germans in post‐World War II Czechoslovakia. By examining the grim realities of internment camps, prisons, and border regions, it reveals a disturbing pattern of abuse aimed primarily at German women by Czech men. This violence was not isolated but integral to the broader project of national cleansing, laying bare the patriarchal foundations of Czechoslovak society. State policies, including the differential treatment of mixed marriages, reinforced a male‐dominated ethos. By stripping Germans of their citizenship and legal protections, Czech authorities fostered a climate of impunity, allowing a wave of sexual violence to persist through the ‘German transfers’. The article sheds light on this dark chapter, exposing how rape was used to reaffirm Czech men's dominance in the nation's postwar rebirth.

Investigating Gender-Based Stereotypes in Advertisement Landscape: A Multimodal Analysis of an Indian Town

Abstract This study examines the prevalence of gender stereotypes in outdoor advertising within an Indian satellite town, focusing on the portrayal of women and men in stereotypical gender roles. Images of outdoor advertisements were collected from the busy streets and subjected to purposive sampling for analysis. The analysis was done with critical discourse analysis and multimodal discourse analysis. The results reveal a clear endorsement of men in powerful and high-status positions, while women are consistently depicted as objects and confined to traditional roles as homemakers. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance of addressing gender issues, not only for cultural understanding but also for recognizing the pervasive influence of gender-based social conditioning, which undermines the foundation of an equitable society.

Value orientations of youth and the formation of cultural memory in the region (On the example of the Chechen republic)

The article analyzes the characteristics of the Chechen youth, their value attitudes and roles in the formation of cultural memory. The methodological framework covers theoretical and methodological areas of research of two social phenomena that are important signs of the changing world at the beginning of this millennium: cultural memory and the attitude of the younger generation towards it. The analysis of these phenomena is studied on the example of a specific region as a social space at a certain stage of socio-public transformation, where the foundations of traditional society with the prevalence of vertical connections continue to play an important role. At the same time, young people have a special place in the perception and transformation of values, experiencing at the same time a great influence of globalization and information technologies. The empirical basis of the study was socio-demographic data on the Chechen Republic, quantitative and qualitative methods of surveying the youth of the republic: an online survey was conducted among students (N = 92) aged 19-24 years and in-depth interviews among young people (N = 21), whose average age was 30 years. Additional materials were data from the database of surveys and focus groups collected in recent years. The results of the study showed that the transformation of cultural memory in the region is influenced by both structural factors, primarily demographic, migration dynamics, socio-economic living conditions of the population, etc., and cultural and institutional factors that determine the value attitudes of various segments of the population, the discourses prevailing in the society, attitudes to history, politics, etc. The value landmarks of young people play an important role in the formation of the cultural memory of the Chechen society and act as means of stabilizing and renewing the society. A key feature of the Chechen society is a respect towards elders. The succession of values is under threat of breaking intergenerational ties and subject to an unprecedented information aggression. The issues of an objective attitude to history, developing a position on the modernization of the society are acute.

Economic Aspects of the Development of Civil Society Institutions in the Late Imperial Period on the Example of the Smolensk House of Diligence

The study of the history of charity makes it possible to more accurately identify the initial period of the creation of the foundations of civil society in Russia. The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of the Smolensk House of Diligence as an example of charitable practice in the Russian Empire of the late XIX – early XX century. Using a specific example, the author examines the history of the creation and development of houses of diligence in the regional plane, their role in public life and their influence on the formation of basic narratives of civil society in the imperial reality of that period. Special attention is paid to the analysis of economic aspects within the framework of the Smolensk House of Diligence and their role in the formation of new principles of “non-pedigree” communication in the society of post-reform Russia. The study allows the author to conclude that the study of projects such as the activities of charitable societies through the prism of economic history makes it possible to more fully assess them in the context of the power aspirations of local social groups and the importance of these actors in the formation of civil society in the late Imperial period.

ЧЕХИЯДАҒЫ ҚАЙТА ӨРЛЕУ ӘДЕБИЕТІНІҢ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

The article is devoted to understanding the significance of Renaissance literature in the Czech Republic. Humanistic activity, which originated in the Czech Republic, occupies an important place in the history of the Slavic Renaissance. In the XV century, hatred of papal domination and the struggle for independence intensified in the Czech Republic, where the activities of the Hussites flourished. Czech literature of this era had didactic and religious content. The economic development of the state has changed the situation of cities. Nevertheless, this allowed Italian humanism to become more widespread. The Hussite movement played an important role in the struggle against foreign domination and feudal arbitrariness. But since this act was shrouded in a religious veil, the patriotic psalms were also in a religious spirit, they were performed accompanied by music. The struggle of the Hussites against the Catholics and the reform movements of this period cannot distinguish the main features of the Czech literature of the Renaissance. The main features of the Renaissance are vividly manifested in world culture, based on the foundations of ancient society, in art reflecting the achievements of the body and soul, depicting the joys of life. The first stage of the development of Czech humanism corresponds to the period when Petrarch was in Prague (1356). Since that time, interest in the "new style" of Italian poetry begins to manifest itself. The article also argues that the historical and political events taking place in Czech society during that period also had a great influence on the development of literature.

Медиатизированный дискурс православного студенчества об РПЦ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the modern Orthodox conservative mediatized discourse among student bloggers on the Telegram messenger platform. The relevance of the study lies in the lack of development of both the topic of mediatization of Orthodoxy and the topic of studying Orthodox conservatism in modern sociology. The study of this phenomenon in the work took place through the prism of a conceptual approach, which received the name "mediatization of religion" in scientific sociological literature. The scientific problem is that studies of the mediatization of Orthodoxy are no longer a new field, but their number is still small. A large number of religious groups that are currently forming and functioning are outside the field of view of researchers. The figurative approach, which took shape in the German school of studying mediatization, was chosen as the research method. The figurative approach re-actualizes the concept of “figuration” by Norbert Elias and considers modern communicative figuration in media through four components: communicative practices, media ensemble, frame of relevance and constellation of actors. The communicative figuration of modern Orthodox conservatism in the Telegram messenger was taken as the basis of our study, since this platform provides opportunities for discussion on social and theological issues. The purpose of the article is to describe this communicative figuration through its four components. In this regard, the objectives of the study were: a description of the context of formation and features of the modern stage of studying the mediatization of Orthodoxy; a characteristic of the 4 components of the communicative figuration of modern Orthodox conservatism among young people. The empirical part of the study was based on a series of expert, semi-structured interviews with the authors of Telegram channels included in the youth category and who are students of higher educational institutions. In total, 30 interviews were collected from March to August 2024, of which 5 were selected for the article. The results of the study demonstrated that at the moment there is a constellation of actors of modern Orthodox conservatism, in the youth pole of which a group of students can be distinguished. Orthodox conservative students build their own identity, based on the Orthodox tradition, but only in the form of moral prescriptions. They are practically not integrated into the existing structures of the Russian Orthodox Church. The frame of relevance of the communicative figuration of Orthodox conservatism considers Orthodoxy as an integral part of modern Russian culture and humanitarian science. But in the frame, there is also an opposition to liberalism, including church liberalism, which occurs on issues of the foundations of society.

Ethnicity, Violence and Binary oppositions: Frames of the Wadi Salib Events in the Israeli Press from a Postcolonial Perspective

AbstractThis article analyzes the frames of the Wadi Salib events in the postcolonial perspective. The aim of this article is to show how to take historic events and analyze them according to a new perspective in media research. The events of Wadi Salib were a series of street demonstrations and riots that took place in 1959 in the Wadi Salib neighborhood of Haifa at Israel. The events were a social revolt against ethnic and socio‐economic discrimination. This article uses the grounded theory method and the framing method in order to examine the coverage techniques used by three major newspapers—Yedioth Aharonoth, Haaretz, and Maariv.The findings show three main frames. The first was the assignment of blame. The second was the frame of ethnicity. The third framing pointed to binary oppositions. The conclusion is that these frames pointed that the demonstrators are dangerous felons with criminal records who will use any means to subvert the foundations of society, while the police and the government are the defenders of the public against those insurgents.

Membuka Akses Generasi Zenial Dengan Meningkatkan Literasi dan Keterampilan Investasi Melalui Pembentukan Galeri Edukasi

Generation Z has great potential to change the economy, but low literacy and investment skills can hinder their ability to achieve financial independence and manage their finances effectively. Therefore, the aim of this service is to provide literacy related to finance and investment to help them manage their finances wisely, fundamentally change their views on finances, and enable them to make smarter investment decisions and build a more stable and financial future. sustainable. The methods used in this service include the establishment of an Education Gallery which is designed to provide information, training and resources related to financial literacy and investment. This gallery will hold various activities such as seminars, Focus Group Discussions, as well as provide educational material that is easily accessible and understood by generation Z. The targeted output of this service is increasing the level of literacy and investment skills among generation Z. With the hope that after participating in this program, generation Z will be able to understand the concept of financial management, the basic concepts of investment, understand the risks and opportunities in investing, and be able to make better financial plans for their future. Thus, through innovative and sustainable approaches such as the establishment of the Education Gallery, this community service aims to make a significant contribution in improving the welfare and financial sustainability of generation Z, as well as strengthening the economic foundation of society as a whole, This can be seen from the results of the post-test of participants after taking part in the training, their understanding of investment has increased.

Islamic Perspective and Socio-Cultural Aspects of Pre-Marital Medical Test in Sokoto Metropolis

The foundation of an egalitarian society is rooted in the family system, and a healthy marital atmosphere is needed to achieve the objective of marriage. Pre-marital medical test plays a vital role that cannot be overemphasized, particularly in limiting the spread of some infectious diseases, such as sickle cell, HIV, thalassemia, etc. However, the fact that some resistance was relatively recorded on the pre-marital medical tests among people in the Sokoto metropolis does not mean it has no place in Islam. The study intends to assess the level and attitudes of Muslims of Sokoto State towards the pre-marital test. The paper specifically examines the extent to which the pre-marital medical test is observed in the metropolis and the societal perception of it from the Islamic perspective, bearing in mind that preserving human life is among the significant goals of Shari'ah in Islam. Hence, the paper discovers less patronage of pre-marital medical tests by people in the Sokoto metropolis, which many attributed to ignorance of their existence and poor perception of them. The paper underpins the importance of having these tests by would-be couples before marriage as well as the position of Islam on them so that people in the state can embrace them accordingly. The paper adopted a qualitative survey where interviews were conducted with individuals and the researchers purposively selected participants. In conclusion, the study highlighted some of the importance of pre-marital medical tests among the Muslim Ummah.

A Review of the Impacts of Industrial Revolutions in World History

The late 18th and early 19th centuries were undoubtedly the most significant periods of technological advancements and social transformations in human history. The Industrial Revolution began in Europe and England, during which society transformed from a traditional agrarian society to a modern industrialized society. Key developments include technological innovations such as steam engines and textile machinery, which added momentum to this important transformation by increasing efficiency in factory production and changing production processes. This study examines significant developments, including the origins of the Industrial Revolution and its impact on modern society. It mainly focuses on technological innovation and change during the Industrial Revolution, including economic transformation and social change. This paper analyzes historical literature to explain how these changes laid the foundation for modern industrial society and how these findings explain the connection between technological progress, economic transformation, and social transformation, providing valuable insights for the development of industrial practice. It concludes that the legacy of the Industrial Revolution continues to influence current industrial policies and practices, emphasizing the importance of innovation, economic adaptability, and social responsibility in stimulating sustainable industrial growth.

ANCIENT ROOTS TO MODERN SOCIETY: INDIAS SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

Indias social transformation is a journey marked by the interplay of ancient traditions and modern influences. This paper explores the evolution of Indias social fabric from its early Vedic roots to its current standing as a dynamic and diverse society. The analysis delves into the enduring impact of religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions on contemporary social structures, highlighting how these ancient legacies have shaped the modern Indian ethos. By examining key historical milestones, such as the contribution of empires, colonialism, and the independence movement, the study reveals the complex ways in which India has navigated the challenges of modernity while preserving its rich heritage. The discussion also addresses the ongoing struggles and adaptations within Indian society, including caste dynamics, gender roles, and the quest for social equity, emphasizing the continuous process of negotiation between tradition and modernity. Through this exploration, the paper aims to provide a nuanced understanding of Indias social transformation, underscoring the nations ability to adapt and innovate while remaining rooted in its ancient cultural wisdom.Indias social transformation encompasses changes in various societal aspects, including institutions, structure, culture, and philosophy. The goals of social transformation in India are evolutionary in strategy but revolutionary in content. Leaders of the Indian independence movement understood that social structure, history, and tradition form the foundation of society, setting the parameters for social reform plans, objectives, and methods.

A Reusable Past. Opportunities for the Utilization of Industrial Heritage in Salgótarján, Hungary

AbstractIndustrial heritage is not just the industrial landscape, buildings, and material objects, but also the highly complex cultural heritage created by industrial society, with many unique features. The former industrial towns of East-Central European countries have little memory of their early capitalist industrial past, and their socialist legacy is mostly seen as an unwanted and unwelcome burden. Industrial heritage preservation in Hungary was also adversely affected by the ideology of de-industrialization in the late 1980s, and this was compounded by struggles over the politics of memory. Salgótarján, as the seat of Nógrád County, is a city with county rights that has one of the worst social and economic indicators in the country, with dozens of slums, many of them on former industrial sites. The number of sites suitable for greenfield investment in the valley town is low, while the proportion of under-utilized brownfields is high. The real turning point in the development of the settlement was the opening of the mines and the mining boom in the second half of the 19th century. The opening of the mines was soon followed by the construction of larger industrial plants: the steel mill, the hollow-glass and later flat-glass factory, and the ironworks (stove factory). Initially, skilled workers were recruited from abroad, which laid the foundations for a unique society, as much of the population had no ties to the settlement, or even to Hungary—only to the work and their employer. The industrial society of Salgótarján formed a well-defined local community with a sense of identity. The management of the companies and factories, the network of workers' welfare institutions, the managed leisure programs and facilities, and of course the built environment of the colonies played a major role in all this. Under state socialism, the factories continued to operate with an artificially inflated workforce, and after the political regime change in 1989, the privatized plants closed down with dramatic abruptness, leading to social trauma and high unemployment in the settlement. The preservation and presentation of industrial heritage is also important for the city's identity while the built environment is undergoing a radical transformation, which is why buildings that are deemed worthy of preservation should be given a new function as soon as possible so that they may remain an integral part of the settlement.