Combustion Of Fossil Fuels Research Articles

GLOBAL WARMING: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF CAUSES, IMPACTS, AND SOLUTIONS

Global warming is one of the most critical environmental challenges facing humanity today, characterized by a significant increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the primary anthropogenic causes of global warming, including industrialization, deforestation, and changes in land use patterns. The burning of fossil fuels—such as coal, oil, and natural gas—for energy production and transportation has led to a dramatic rise in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. This surge in CO2 concentrations has intensified the greenhouse effect, trapping more heat within the Earth's atmosphere and contributing to the overall rise in global temperatures. In addition to carbon dioxide, other potent greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide, released from agricultural practices and industrial processes, exacerbate the warming effect. The expansion of industrial agriculture has significantly increased methane emissions, while synthetic fertilizers contribute to higher levels of nitrous oxide. Deforestation driven by agricultural expansion and urban development further diminishes the Earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide, releasing stored carbon and altering local climate patterns. The impacts of global warming are extensive, affecting ecosystems, weather patterns, and human societies worldwide. Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities, while changing precipitation patterns lead to more frequent and severe droughts and floods. This paper also discusses the interconnected nature of these factors and their complex feedback systems that amplify global warming effects. To address this multifaceted challenge, the paper proposes a comprehensive approach that includes transitioning to renewable energy sources, enhancing energy efficiency across all sectors, implementing sustainable land use practices, and fostering international cooperation through policy initiatives such as the Paris Agreement. Understanding these intricate relationships is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate and adapt to the challenges posed by global warming, ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.

Deactivation Mechanism of Spent TiO2-Based Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Catalysts and State-of-the-Art Recycling Technologies.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) make up a group of gases that are mainly formed during the combustion of fossil fuels at high temperatures. NOx contributes to environmental degradation by forming acid rain and enhancing global warming. Exposure to air with a high concentration of NOx can aggravate respiratory diseases, particularly asthma. The elimination of NOx in practical applications mainly proceeds through selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 to harmless N2 and H2O. One practical issue of the SCR process is the deactivation of TiO2-based SCR catalysts. In addition, growing numbers of spent SCR catalysts present a serious waste-management challenge for recyclers at end of life. It is therefore crucial to disclose the deactivation mechanism of the spent TiO2-based NH3-SCR catalysts and propose effective recycling technologies for waste valorization. Here we outline the catalyst deactivation pathways for TiO2-based SCR catalysts and critically review methods of improving the direct sustainability of spent catalysts, in areas such as direct regeneration and recovery of spent catalysts. Through this review, the challenges, solutions, and future strategies for handling spent SCR catalysts are clarified for future studies of application on an industrial scale.

Ovule and seed development of crop plants in response to climate change

The ovule is a plant structure that upon fertilization, transforms into a seed. Successful fertilization is required for optimum crop productivity and is strongly affected by environmental conditions including temperature and precipitation. Climate change refers to sustained changes in global or regional climate patterns over an extended period, typically decades to millions of years. These shifts can result from natural processes like volcanic eruptions and solar radiation fluctuations, but in recent times, human activities—especially the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions—have accelerated the pace and scale of climate change. Human-induced climate change impacts the agricultural sector mainly through global warming and altering weather patterns, both of which create conditions that challenge agricultural production and food security. With food demand projected to sharply increase by 2050, urgent action is needed to prevent the worst impacts of climate change on food security and allow time for agricultural production systems to adapt and become more resilient. Gaining insights into the female reproductive part of the flower and seed development under extreme environmental conditions is important to oversee plant evolution, agricultural productivity, and food security in the face of climate change. This review summarizes the current knowledge on plant reproductive development and the effects of temperature and water stress, soil salinity, elevated carbon dioxide, and ozone pollution on the female reproductive structure and development across grain legumes, cereal, oilseed, and horticultural crops. It identifies gaps in existing studies for potential future research and suggests suitable mitigation strategies for sustaining crop productivity in a changing climate.

Harnessing the Sun’s Power to Turn Water Into Fuel

Today, pretty much everyone knows that burning fossil fuels is bad for the environment, and that new approaches are needed to provide environmentally friendly energy resources for the world’s growing population. One promising solution involves producing “green” hydrogen fuel, by using interesting materials called photocatalysts to break apart water molecules—H2O—into hydrogen and oxygen, using the energy of sunlight. This process is called photocatalytic water splitting, and it is an exciting area of research. In this article, we will describe our photocatalytic water splitting system, which involves coating large glass sheets with water-splitting materials, assembling them into panels, adding water, shining light on them, and collecting the hydrogen that is produced. Although our initial outdoor experiments are very promising, there is still important work to be done. We will explain some of the challenges that must be overcome before this strategy can be used to produce power on a large scale.

Seismic performance of compressed earth block walls reinforced with common reeds

Compressed earth block (CEB) is a sustainable and cost-effective option for eco-friendly constructions. The blocks are produced without burning fossil fuels and have low embodied energy. The abundance of its constituents, including clay and sand, is another merit. However, the susceptibility of CEB constructions against seismic forces is still considered a prominent hindrance to their widespread acceptance. The study aims to improve the in-plane seismic performance of CEB walls by using common reeds as a natural reinforcing material. For this purpose, seven wall panels with dimensions of 1000×900×120 mm3 were constructed. Seismic loading was simulated using an incrementally increasing lateral cyclic displacement combined with a constant vertical stress of 0.3MPa. The results are discussed in terms of the hysteresis load-displacement responses, displacement ductility, energy dissipation, and stiffness degradation. Based on laboratory experiments, the strength and lateral displacement of the reinforced specimen with four vertical reeds were increased by 44% and 76%, respectively, compared to the non-reinforced ones. Ultimately, Seismic assessments and damage indexes of the tested walls indicated that the in-plane seismic performance of CEB walls could be significantly improved by using vertical sand-coated reeds.

Identification of Mass Transfer Mechanisms inside an Industrial Electrochemical Cell for CO2 to Formate Conversion through 2D Transient Modeling

Since the dawn of the industrial revolution, the Earth's atmosphere has experienced a gradual increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, leading to the trapping of solar energy and consequent global warming. This shift in climate dynamics carries significant consequences, including heightened levels of secondary pollutants in urban areas and an increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters. To address these pressing environmental challenges, there is a widespread global inclination toward adopting sustainable technologies and reducing CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions [1,2]. However, the primary source of CO2 emissions remain the combustion of fossil fuels, which is expected to persist as the dominant energy source for the foreseeable future. It is driven by extensive usage across various sectors, notably in the chemical industry and transportation. Despite growing awareness of the need to curb greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to viable alternatives in these sectors presents formidable challenges. Factors such as entrenched infrastructure, economic dependencies, and technological barriers complicate the shift away from fossil fuels, highlighting the complexity of the transition toward sustainable solutions [1,3]. The emergence of CO2 electrolyzers, which can be powered by various energy sources including renewable options like solar power, can redefine the production of chemicals, reducing our reliance on fossil fuels in this sector and thereby mitigating CO2 emissions. This shift offers a promising solution to address global warming problems. These devices facilitate the conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals through electrochemical processes, specifically the electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction (CO2RR), thus aiding emission reduction and integrating renewable energy into global infrastructure. However, scaling this technology to industrial levels reveals significant hurdles. Achieving consistent reaction rates across the whole cell's surface area, optimizing current distribution, and addressing challenges related to CO2 mass transfer are critical considerations. Among these challenges, maintaining electrochemical performance over time emerges as the most important factor. Industrial-scale implementation is further complicated by the inherent complexity of operational modes, expanded surface areas, and intricate flow paths. Consequently, adopting a model-based approach becomes paramount. Leveraging computational models allows for comprehensive analysis and optimization of large-scale CO2 electrolysis systems, helping to understand system dynamics and to refine pivotal components such as gas diffusion electrodes. Advancing CO2 electrolyzer technology holds significant importance for both academic research and industrial applications in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions [4,5]. In this study, we present a two-dimensional transient-state multiphase Gas Diffusion Electrode (GDE) model, which describes mass and heat transfer, electrochemical kinetics, aqueous-phase reactions, and species concentrations within the total flowing electrolyte volume in the system over time. Our study focuses on the conversion of CO2 to formate due to its industrial significance and commercial viability. We provide experimental validation of the model using results obtained from an industrial cell, specifically the first industrial 1526 cm² electrochemical cell. This represents a significant advancement, with a 60-fold increase from the largest three-compartment electrolyzer reported to date [6]. Subsequently, we apply the model to predict the scalability of the GDE and assess the impact of key parameters on system performance. We observe that electrolyzers with greater heights exhibit significantly stronger reactions at the same current density. Moreover, the model effectively captures the pH time dependency at various points in the GDE and aids in identifying the stability and evolution of the chemical species composing the GDE. It also accurately represents variations in carbonate and bicarbonate production, as well as the decrease of hydroxide over time in the catholyte. Furthermore, in the context of stability, we numerically investigate the impact of catalyst degradation over time on system performance. [1] Konderla, Vojtěch. "Numerical modelling of a gas diffusion-based CO2 electrolyser with flowing catholyte." (2022). [3] Kibria, Md Golam, et al. "Electrochemical CO2 reduction into chemical feedstocks: from mechanistic electrocatalysis models to system design." Advanced Materials 31.31 (2019): 1807166. [3] Smith, Wilson A., et al. "Pathways to industrial-scale fuel out of thin air from CO2 electrolysis." Joule 3.8 (2019): 1822-1834. [4] Yang, Ziming, et al. "Modeling and upscaling analysis of gas diffusion electrode-based electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction systems." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9.1 (2020): 351-361. [5] Gawel, A., et al., Electrochemical CO2 reduction-the macroscopic world of electrode design, reactor concepts & economic aspects. IScience, 2022. [6] Fink, A.G., et al., Scale‐up of Electrochemical Flow Cell towards Industrial CO2 Reduction to Potassium Formate. ChemCatChem: p. e202300977. Figure 1

Advancements in Understanding Beryllium Contamination: Novel Insights Into Environmental Risk Assessment

ABSTRACTBeryllium (Be), a lightweight metal with significant industrial applications, poses notable environmental and health risks due to its toxicity and persistence, and widespread use, particularly in the mechanical, aerospace, and electronics sectors. It is commonly alloyed with other heavy metals to enhance material properties. The primary environmental pathways for Be release include emissions from coal and fossil fuels combustion, as well as the incineration of solid wastes. Once introduced into the natural environment, primarily Be associated with soil particles and sediments, particularly in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This review examined the pathways through which Be enters the environment, including atmospheric deposition, industrial discharge, and leaching from natural geologic deposits. The paper highlights the bioavailability and mobility of Be in soil and water systems, emphasizing the geochemical and physical factors influencing its persistence and potential for bioaccumulation. Risk appraisal methodologies are evaluated, with a focus on human exposure routes, including inhalation of airborne particulates and ingestion of contaminated water and food. The toxicological impacts on human health are critically analyzed, detailing both acute and chronic effects, such as respiratory diseases and carcinogenicity. This review evaluates existing regulatory frameworks and remediation strategies, assessing their efficacy in mitigating environmental contamination and exposure to Be. By integrating interdisciplinary research, this paper provides an in‐depth understanding of the environmental behavior and toxicology of beryllium, offering insights that can inform robust policy frameworks and shape future research directions.

The Integration of Economic, Environmental, and Social Aspects by Developing and Demonstrating an Analytical Framework That Combines Methods and Indicators Using Mavumira Village as a Case Study

Access to electricity is a crucial factor in boosting the economic, environmental, and social development of developing nations. This study presents a framework that combines and integrates indicators and methods to determine the most sustainable solution for off-grid electrification, focusing on the Mavumira village in Mozambique. The framework covers various methods including input–output, life cycle assessment based on SimaPro, and HOMER. Data for the analysis were obtained from the literature, the HOMER database, and the ecoinvent database. Our results show that renewables are the most sustainable solutions compared to diesel-only options as they can lower the cost of electricity by 20%, create approximately 26 more local jobs, reduce about 77% of greenhouse gas emissions caused by burning fossil fuels, and have higher values of HDI than diesel-only options. Using the MCDA (TOPSIS method), we found that the future renewable scenario ranked highest with a closeness value of one, while the diesel-only option ranked third and fourth on a ranking scale from 1 to 4. This study concludes with future research directions for applying the framework to other case studies using different renewable technologies like wind, hydropower, and biomass in villages with similar characteristics to Mavumira. The novelty of this study lies in applying various methods and indicators to analyze the sustainability of an implemented project for the current and future scenarios. Additionally, the framework presented in this study would assist policymakers in selecting the best energy alternatives for rural electrification.

Changes in properties of thermal insulations under certain environmental effects

AbstractSaving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a priority for the construction sector. Heating of buildings requires the burning of fossil fuels, which can be significantly reduced by insulating the building envelope. Nowadays, the thermal insulation of buildings is essential. There are several important, well-known data about most thermal insulation materials, but there is only negligible information about the change of their properties under installation conditions or if they are already exposed to additional stresses due to structural failures and damages. This study aimed to examine the changes in properties of three common thermal insulation materials when installed in a flat roof or facade and exposed to excess moisture due to the damage of waterproofing or façade and/or when exposed to direct strong sunlight.

Advocating for planetary health is an essential part of advocating for children's health.

Burning of fossil fuels along with deforestation and ecological disruption have led to the warming of the Earth and climate change. Children are especially vulnerable to adverse health effects of climate change associated changes in the air, soil, and water as their organs are still developing, have a faster breathing rate, higher per pound ingested and inhaled exposures, and greater relative body surface area. To protect this vulnerable population, health care professionals need to play a leading role. In 2015, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) updated their original 2007 Global Climate Change and Children's Health policy statement (again updated in 2024) stating that, "failure to take prompt, substantive action would be an act of injustice to all children." Health care professionals need to educate themselves and their patients of the health risks posed by climate change and incorporate climate change counseling into their practice. They also need to go beyond the framework of the healthcare system and work collaboratively with communities, corporations, and governments to advocate for policies and solutions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The health and wellbeing of future generations rests upon the actions we take today. IMPACT: Summarizes the adverse effects of increased anthropogenic activity and burning of fossil fuels on planetary and human health Details the increased vulnerability of children to environmental assaults and their long-term effects Provides guidance and resources to health care professionals to empower them to act as advocates for systemic and structural changes that protect children's health.

Exploring the Interactions of Climate Change, Freshwater Supply, and Environmental Balance

Climate change has far-reaching implications for global freshwater availability and environmental balance. The increase in greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels has triggered global climate change, affecting precipitation patterns, glacier melt and sea level rise. Parts of the United States are experiencing significant changes in precipitation patterns, with some areas experiencing frequent storms and others experiencing more prolonged droughts. Accelerated glacier melt is leading to fewer water sources during the dry season, and sea level rise is threatening coastal freshwater resources, triggering saltwater intrusion and a decline in freshwater quality. Wildfires in California are an important consequence of climate change, severely affecting freshwater resources and environmental balance. Wildfires lead to reduced water resources, impacting agricultural water use and irrigation infrastructure, and affecting water quality through increased sediment and pollutant loads. The 2018 Camp Hill Fire contaminated local water sources, and the rebuilding process has increased demand for water resources, exacerbating resource constraints. Global warming has lengthened wildfire seasons and increased fire intensity, leading to increased pressure on freshwater resources. By analyzing the impacts of climate change on freshwater resources, this paper hopes to draw public attention to environmental protection and provide a reference for gradually optimizing ecosystems and creating a healthy living environment.

Current hydrogen production methods and their economic and environmental analysis

As global temperatures continue to rise due to the extensive use of fossil energy sources, concerns about the environment continue to deepen. Accelerating the energy transition is a major trend, and countries are continuously increasing the proportion of clean energy in the energy supply. Hydrogen energy is one of the most promising clean energy sources and a hot research topic in various countries. Hydrogen production is a key step in the use of hydrogen energy, this paper focuses on the current mainstream hydrogen production methods including electrolysis of water, solar decomposition of water, biomass hydrogen production, nuclear technology, steam methane reforming, coal gasification, methane pyrolysis, etc. And the economic and environmental benefits of each method. According to studies, the mainstream method of producing hydrogen today involves burning fossil fuels, and more recent methods—like the electrolysis of water—need a lot more testing and development before they can be used extensively. The implementation of CCS or CCUS technology can considerably lower the carbon emissions of the hydrogen production process when it comes to hydrogen produced from fossil fuels, but doing so will result in higher energy costs and hydrogen production costs. This paper is expected to support future research directions and help governmental decision-making in the energy transition.

CH4 and CO emission estimates for megacities: deriving enhancement ratios of CO2, CH4, and CO from GOSAT-2 observations

Abstract Enhancement ratios among trace gases co-emitted by combustion of fossil fuels vary with emission sources and their combustion efficiency. We used column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2), methane (XCH4), and carbon monoxide (XCO) from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite-2 (GOSAT-2), a unique satellite that observes them simultaneously with the same field of view, to derive the enhancement ratios (ΔXCO/ΔXCO2, ΔXCO/ΔXCH4, and ΔXCH4/ΔXCO2) for the 40 most populous cities in the world. These enhancement ratios were used to evaluate the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). For cities where the difference in the 2015 EDGAR CO emissions between the latest versions (v6.1 and v5.0) was 30% or less, the GOSAT-2 ΔXCO/ΔXCO2 ratios and EDGAR (v6.1/v7.0) CO/CO2 emission ratios were in good agreement (correlation coefficient of 0.65). For ∼70% of the cities where the difference of CO emissions exceeded 30%, the EDGAR CO/CO2 emission ratios using v6.1 CO emissions were in better agreement with the GOSAT-2 ΔXCO/ΔXCO2 ratios than those using v5.0 CO emissions, indicating that v6.1 CO emissions were improved over v5.0 emissions. However, for the remaining cities, the version upgrade may have reduced the CO emissions too much. The CH4 and CO emissions for each city were then estimated from the ΔXCH4/ΔXCO2 and ΔXCO/ΔXCO2 ratios, respectively, by reference to the CO2 emissions from the Open-data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC) or EDGAR. Compared to our estimates using the ODIAC (EDGAR) CO2 emissions, the EDGAR v7.0 CH4 and v6.1 CO emissions were underestimated for 74% (57%) and 76% (53%), respectively, of all cities where results were available. For several cities where emissions were estimated using in situ observations and ground-based remote sensing observations, our results were in reasonable agreement with these results. The implication is that satellite-derived enhancement ratios can provide informative constraints on anthropogenic emissions in megacities.

Design and Application of Joule Heating Processes for Decarbonized Chemical and Advanced Material Synthesis.

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations keep increasing at intensifying rates due to rising energy and material demands. The chemical production industry is a large energy consumer, responsible for up to 935 Mt of CO2 emissions per year, and decarbonization is its major goal moving forward. One of the primary sources of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the chemical sector is associated with the production and use of heat for material synthesis, which conventionally was generated through the combustion of fossil fuels. To address this grand challenge, Joule heating has emerged as an alternative heating method that greatly increases process efficiency, reducing both energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In this Review, we discuss the key concepts that govern these Joule heating processes including material selection and reactor design, as well as the current state-of-the-art in the literature for employing these processes to synthesize commodity chemicals along with advanced materials such as graphene, metal species, and metal carbides. Finally, we provide a perspective on future research avenues within this field, which can facilitate the widespread adoption of Joule heating for decarbonizing industrial processes.

Experimental research on the bubble dynamic characteristics during carbon capture in the novel prepared functionalized porous ionic liquids

Porous ionic liquids have received widespread attention as one of the novel CO2 absorbers to reduce CO2 produced by the combustion of fossil fuels. Based on this, the CO2 capture experiments are conducted in ionic liquids ([TEP][MIm] and [TEP][FA]), and the porous ionic liquid (ZIF-8/[TEP][MIm]). The dynamic characteristics of CO2 bubbles in different concentrations of ZIF-8/[TEP][MIm] liquid are researched. The results show that the CO2 capture capacity of the aqueous solution with a concentration of [TEP][MIm] of 20 wt% reaching 2.06 mol/mol ILs. The optimal addition amount of ZIF-8 in the porous ionic liquid using the ethylene glycol as a cosolvent is 1.0 g/100 g, and the maximum CO2 capture amount is about 2.22 mol/mol. Furthermore, the aspect ratio and cross-sectional ratio of CO2 bubbles generated by the four nozzles decrease with the increase of ZIF-8 and [TEP][MIm] concentrations, and the difference between the extreme values of CO2 equivalent diameter under experimental conditions is about 0.513 cm. In addition, the Eo number decreases with the rise of CO2 bubble, and the maximum different value is about 2.94. This work explores the dynamic characteristics of CO2 bubbles in ZIF-8/[TEP][MIm] within a bubbling tower, aiming to optimize the CO2 capture process and provide a valuable reference for advancements in the carbon capture, utilization, and storage technology.

The contribution of tropical forests to climate change mitigation. Biomass estimation techniques a necessary tool in their assessment

Climate change is a global problem caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This leads to indicators of climate change like increased flooding, sea level rise, and water stress. Tropical forests play a crucial role in mitigating climate change through photosynthesis, storing large amounts of carbon in their biomass. Two methods, destructive and non-destructive, are commonly used to estimate the biomass of tropical forests. There are five components of biomass in these ecosystems, with most of it found aboveground. Belowground biomass is estimated based on aboveground biomass. About 50 % of the dry biomass in forest ecosystems is carbon. Allometric equations are used to estimate biomass and volume based on tree diameter and height. Different equations have been developed for different species and locations. Carbon stocks in forest ecosystems are present in both aboveground and belowground parts.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Evaluation of a Horizontal-axis Wind Turbine with a Bionic Blade

With the world's energy supply becoming increasingly scarce, wind power is gaining popularity as a clean source of renewable energy which is good for the environment. Thus, it is an alternative to burning fossil fuels such as coal, which may have an environmental impact during operations due to the emissions of unwanted gases. Wind turbines are the devices used to produce power by moving a turbine's propeller-like blades around a rotor, which spins a generator that generates energy as air passes through them. However, existing wind turbines still suffer from low conversion efficiencies. Therefore, in this current study, the bionic blade design has been used to enhance the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine utilizing a computational simulation approach while seeking to improve its efficiency. The blade profile of the model used was based on the NACA 0012 airfoil with the modified angle of attack. The hybrid shear stress transport (SST) k-omega was used as the turbulence model. The computational procedures involved the use of various inlet velocities while maintaining a constant rotational speed. The results show that the bionic design was found to improve the overall performance of the standard NACA0012 blade design. Moreover, both power and torque coefficient outputs increase as the tip speed ratio (TSR) increases. However, the torque decreases as the TSR increases. In terms of power coefficient, the highest conversion efficiency was about 28% and it was achieved at 3.7 TSR.

High-performance machine-learning-based calibration of low-cost nitrogen dioxide sensor using environmental parameter differentials and global data scaling

Accurate tracking of harmful gas concentrations is essential to swiftly and effectively execute measures that mitigate the risks linked to air pollution, specifically in reducing its impact on living conditions, the environment, and the economy. One such prevalent pollutant in urban settings is nitrogen dioxide (NO2), generated from the combustion of fossil fuels in car engines, commercial manufacturing, and food processing. Its elevated levels have adverse effects on the human respiratory system, exacerbating asthma and potentially causing various lung diseases. However, precise monitoring of NO2 requires intricate and costly equipment, prompting the need for more affordable yet dependable alternatives. This paper introduces a new method for reliably calibrating cost-effective NO2 sensors by integrating machine learning with neural network surrogates, global data scaling, and an expanded set of correction model inputs. These inputs encompass differentials of environmental parameters (such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure), as well as readings from both primary and supplementary low-cost NO2 detectors. The methodology was showcased using a purpose-built platform housing NO2 and environmental sensors, electronic control units, drivers, and a wireless communication module for data transmission. Comparative experiments utilized NO2 data acquired during a five-month measurement campaign in Gdansk, Poland, from three independent high-precision reference stations, and low-cost sensor data gathered by the portable measurement platforms at the same locations. The numerical experiments have been carried out using several calibration scenarios using various sets of calibration input, as well as enabling/disabling the use of differentials, global data scaling, and NO2 readings from the primary sensor. The results validate the remarkable correction quality, exhibiting a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.9 concerning reference data, with a root mean squared error below 3.2 µg/m3. This level of performance positions the calibrated sensor as a dependable and cost-effective alternative to expensive stationary equipment for NO2 monitoring.

تقييم تأثير نفاذية صخور المكمن في حقن الغاز وتحسين عامل استخلاص النفط بواسطة برنامج Eclipse

This paper examines on the effect of the reservoir rock permeability on gas injection by using reservoir simulation. This task will be performed by using reservoir simulation software (Eclipse). This injection interacts with CO2 to create conditions favorable for oil recovery. The main target of this project is to investigate the effect of the reservoir rock permeability on gas injection and the optimum injection rate to get the optimum recovery. The problems statement of this study is: As the oil and gas in a formation is produced, the hydrocarbons remaining in the reservoir may become trapped because the pressure in the formation has lessened, making production either slow dramatically or stop altogether. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures. Examples of greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change include carbon dioxide and methane. The result of effect of the reservoir rock permeability on gas injection by using reservoir simulation shows that with the increase in the permeability of reservoir rock, the rate of gas production increases. The greater the permeability of rocks, the rate of water production increases, which is a direct method relationship between water production and permeability. We note after this evaluation that the cumulative oil, water, and gas production increases with the increase in rock permeability. Keywords: Reservoir Rock Permeability: Gas Injection: Reservoir Simulation “ECLIPSE Software”.

Long-term effects of air pollution on daily outpatient visits for allergic conjunctivitis from 2013 to 2020: a time-series study in Urumqi, China.

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of outdoor air pollution and allergic conjunctivitis and population-based lagged effects of air pollution. We included data on six major air pollutants, PM10, PM2.5, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3), and 3325 allergic conjunctivitis outpatient visits in Urumqi, northwest China, from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2020. We developed quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression models with distributed lagged nonlinear models (DLNM), and single and multi-pollutant models were constructed to investigate single-day and cumulative lagged effects in detail. Our results confirmed that elevated PM10 and NO2 levels are significantly associated with increased allergic conjunctivitis outpatient visits with lags of 2 and 3 days respectively, and subgroup analyses further suggest that the effects of PM10 and NO2 on allergic conjunctivitis are more pronounced during the warm season. Women are more sensitive to PM10 exposure and the effect of air pollution on allergic conjunctivitis is influenced by age (e.g., infancy and older people). Our work provides the first time-series study in Urumqi, the world's furthest inland city from the ocean. Further implementation of specific outdoor air pollution controls such as the burning of fossil fuels like coal, as well as special population protection policies remain necessary. Multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are needed.