Forward Information Research Articles

Article Watch: December 2019

This column highlights recently published articles that are of interest to the readership of this publication. We encourage ABRF members to forward information on articles they feel are important and useful to Clive Slaughter, MCG-UGA Medical Partnership, 1425 Prince Ave., Athens, GA 30606, USA. Tel: (706) 713-2216; Fax: (706) 713-2221; E-mail: cslaught@uga.edu, or to any member of the editorial board. Article summaries reflect the reviewer's opinions and not necessarily those of the Association.

Yoshikatsu Sugiura's Contribution to the Development of Quantum Physics in Japan.

Previous research in the history of physics has led us to believe that Yoshio Nishina (1890-1951) virtually single-handedly imported quantum physics into Japan. However, there are first-hand accounts that Yoshikatsu Sugiura (1895-1960) also played an important role. Sugiura made his name in quantum chemistry with his contribution to the Heitler-London theory of the chemical bond. Yet, historians of physics have paid scant attention to him. This paper brings forward information on Sugiura from his letters, his scientific papers, and his own recollections until ca. 1930. By examining this material, the present paper studies Sugiura's accomplishments in Europe and his contributions to the development of quantum physics in Japan. We conclude that Sugiura was one of the most important physicists when it comes to the arrival of quantum physics in Japan. In addition, we assess why he has been under-appreciated in the history of physics in Japan. Our historical study on Sugiura suggests that, in addition to the position Nishina and his students rightfully occupy, there still are important unexplored aspects in the history of Japanese quantum physics.

IoT Based Solar Power Management Using Smart Switching

A small scale sun based power the board engineering for self-controlled Internet-of-Things hub is exhibited in this paper. So as to conquer the human blunders, physical work and cost diminishing in vitality utilization with more effectiveness for the power the executives’ framework, in this paper, we center for the most part on IoT's vitality checking. The proposed structure is to execute an exceptionally easy remote sensor system and convention for savvy vitality and web application prepared to do consequently perusing the component and forwarding information naturally for the control clients see their present vitality measure per use. Utilizing the framework, clients can know about the power use in their house to diminish the power consumption and price of utilization. This framework comprises the computerized vitality measure, ESP8266 Wi-Fi modem as well as the web requests for the board framework. ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is inserted in the system and execute the TCP/IP convention for the correspondences within the system. The trial output demonstrates that suggested framework runs great with proficiency, and is plausible to execute in viable uses for extremely minimal effort fabricate programmed vitality meter perusing.

Inventory and evaluation of publicly available sources of information on hazards and risks of industrial chemicals.

Regulatory authorities from developing countries have expressed a need for guidance in locating environmental, health and safety (EHS) information on industrial chemicals. In response, possible sources were identified via a search of the Internet using relevant terms and by soliciting suggestions from more than 200 knowledgeable stakeholders. This initially identified greater than 100 databases, 41 of which were chosen for further profiling and analysis based on their size and comprehensiveness. They were divided for analysis into three distinct groups: (1) data portals that provide information seekers with an efficient simultaneous search of multiple, third-party owned and maintained databases; (2) primary EHS information sources; and (3) databases that provide only EHS-type regulatory decisions but not raw data. Descriptive evaluations of each database were performed, including: (1) scope; (2) ease of access and use; (3) breadth and depth of EHS information available; (4) quality of the underlying information; and (5) procedures to keep the information current. We conclude that, although there exists EHS information to support screening level hazard and risk assessment for the majority of the highest production volume chemicals, information gaps for lower production volume chemicals persist, and Confidential Business Information claims for some chemicals can limit the information available to the general public. A lack of information on uses and exposures to chemicals, particularly in developing countries is especially challenging. Nevertheless, there are reasons (e.g. advances in regulations, marketplace pressures, and computational toxicology science) to be optimistic that going forward information gaps can be closed at an accelerated rate.

Mobility management in content-centric networking

The content-centric networking depends on a forwarding information base (FIB) to forward Interest towards providers and utilizes reverse paths in a pending Interest table (PIT) to send Data back to consumers. If consumers change their locations, reverse paths may disrupt and consequently content-centric communications fail. If providers change their locations, each relevant content router (CR) has to update FIB. This may lead to content-centric communication disruption and FIB pollution. Taking these issues into account, we propose a provider and consumer mobility support scheme and aim to improve the Interest and Data delivery rates. The proposed provider handover algorithm supports the provider mobility by updating FIB in a unicast way. Since only the previous CR and serving CR are involved in updating FIB, the handover is achieved without FIB pollution. As a result, the provider handover cost and latency are reduced and the Interest delivery rate is improved. The proposed consumer handover algorithm supports the consumer mobility by updating PIT in a unicast way. Based on the updated PIT, Data can be sent back to consumers even if they change their locations. Since consumers retrieve Data via one communication process, the Data delivery rate is improved and the retransmission of Interest is avoided. Compared with the existing solution, this scheme reduces the handover cost and latency by nearly 72% and 51% respectively, and increases the delivery rate by nearly 11.5%.

Optical memory architectures for fast routing address look-up (AL) table operation

Today, the increasing demand for fast routing processes has turned the address look-up (AL) operation into one of the main critical performance operations in modern optical networks, since it conventionally relies on slow-performing AL tables. Specifically, AL memory tables are comprised of content addressable memories (CAMs) for storing a known route of the forwarding information base of the router, and random access memories (RAMs) for storing the respective output port for this route. They thus allow for a one-cycle search operation of a packet’s destination address, yet they typically operate at speeds well below 1 GHz, in contrast with the vastly increasing optical line rates. In this paper, we present our overall vision towards light-based optical AL memory functionalities that may facilitate faster router AL operations, as the means to replace slow-performing electronic counterparts. In order to achieve this, we report on the development of a novel optical RAM cell architecture that performs for the first time with a speed of up to 10 Gb s−1, as well as our latest works on multi-bit 10 Gb s−1 optical CAM cell architectures. Specifically, the proposed optical RAM cell exploits a semiconductor optical amplifier-Mach–Zehnder interferometer in a push-pull configuration and deep saturation regime, doubling the speed of prior optical RAM cell configurations. Error-free write/read operation is demonstrated with a peak power penalty of 6.2 dB and 0.4 dB, respectively. Next, we present the recent progress on optical CAM cell architectures, starting with an experimental demonstration of a 2-bit optical CAM match-line architecture that achieves an exact bitwise search operation of an incoming 2-bit destination address at 10 Gb s−1, while the analysis is also extended to a numerical evaluation of a multi-cell 4-bit CAM-based row architecture with wavelength division multiplexed outputs for fast parallel memory operations at speeds of up to 4 × 20 Gb s−1. Finally, we present a comparative study between electronic and optical RAMs and CAMs in terms of energy and speed and discuss the further challenges towards our vision.

Research on Information Fusion Method of Millimetre Wave Radar and Monocular Camera for Intelligent Vehicle

The forward traffic environment cannot be fully perceived by a single sensor or multiple homogeneous sensors in the driving condition. Therefore, it is necessary to fuse the heterogeneous sensors to realize the mutual cooperation and compensation. Aiming at the advantages and disadvantages of different vehicle sensors, millimeter wave radar and monocular camera are selected as vehicle sensors to perceive the forward information. Firstly, the coordinate relationship between the sensors is calculated and sensor coordinates are mapped into the same vehicle coordinate system. Secondly, target information from the sensors are processed in parallel. Thirdly, in the case of time and space synchronization of two kinds of signals, the signals are processed by the matching algorithm of Global Nearest Neighbor (GNN) and the two matched targets are combined into one by the weighted average method. Finally, the unmatched targets and matched targets are tracked to determine the final state by Extended Kalman Filter(EKF) algorithm. Results in real car environment reveal that the fusion method can make up the deficiency of single sensor and improve the recognition rate of target.

Nitric oxide and light co-regulate glycine betaine homeostasis in sunflower seedling cotyledons by modulating betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase transcript levels and activity

ABSTRACTGlycine betaine (GB), an osmolyte, is produced in chloroplasts by the action of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) on its precursor betaine aldehyde. The present work highlights the significance of nitric oxide (NO) in GB homeostasis as a long-distance salt (120 mM NaCl) stress-elicited response. In light-grown seedling cotyledons, both the activity and transcript levels of BADH are much higher than in dark-grown seedlings irrespective of salt stress. Significantly high accumulation of GB in dark-grown seedling cotyledons indicates its preferential mobilization from cotyledons to other plant parts in light-grown seedlings. NO donor application (diethylenetriamine) maintains high BADH activity in light, although in dark it is brought down marginally. BADH levels are maintained high in light than in dark in respective treatments. Reversal of the effect of NO donor on age-dependent GB content, BADH activity, and transcript levels by NO scavenger (diethyldithiocarbamate) further demonstrates the impact of NO on GB homeostasis in light- and dark-grown seedlings in an age-dependent manner, major modulation being observed in 4-d-old seedlings. The present work, thus, provides new information on co-regulation of GB homeostasis by NO and light. It also puts forward new information of GB–NO crosstalk in maneuvering salt stress sensing as a long-distance response in seedlings.

Modeling and simulation of information dissemination model considering user’s awareness behavior in mobile social networks

With the rapid development of mobile sensing devices and Internet technology, any user can publish, comment, or forward information through social platforms. Meanwhile, while speeding up the speed and scope of information dissemination, it is difficult to distinguish the authenticity and reliability of the information. Users’ ability to discriminate information depends on their conscious behavior and knowledge level. According to the level of user awareness, the population can be split into five different states when information is generated. In order to know the evolution trend of information over time, a novel information dissemination model in mobile social networks based on the traditional SIR model is proposed in this work, which can be called SEIRD. From the theoretical point of view, the basic reproduction number R0 and equilibrium of the proposed model are given. We also analyze the local and global stability of the rumor-free equilibrium. Furthermore, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, a series of numerical simulations experiments and results analysis are given. Moreover, the impacts of different parameters of the proposed model are carried out.

Article Watch: September 2019

This column highlights recently published articles that are of interest to the readership of this publication. We encourage ABRF members to forward information on articles they feel are important and useful to Clive Slaughter, MCG-UGA Medical Partnership, 1425 Prince Avenue, Athens, GA 30606, USA. Tel: (706) 713-2216; Fax: (706) 713-2221; E-mail: cslaught@uga.edu, or to any member of the editorial board. Article summaries reflect the reviewer's opinions and not necessarily those of the Association.

Hardware accelerator for FIB lookup in named data networking

Packets are identified by names in Named Data Networking (NDN). Names in NDN are hierarchically structured, and are consisted of one or more components. Packet forwarding in NDN router involves the matching of name prefixes using the component-based longest prefix match. Unlike fixed-length IP address, names can have variable-length and can be fairly long with over 100 bytes. Moreover, size of the forwarding information base (FIB) in NDN can be much larger than the IP forwarding table. Memory requirements, I/O bottleneck, and incremental updates to the FIB are the major concerns in the design of hardware FIB lookup engine. An offset-based lookup table organization is employed to optimize the memory spaces of the lookup tables. Name components are inputted to the lookup engine on-demand in order to reduce the I/O requirements. The proposed method allows incremental updates to the data structures without interrupting the on-going lookup operations. For proof of concept, our method is implemented on a virtex-7 FPGA, and the lookup engine can achieve 98.6 million searches per second.

Two Advantages of the Negligence Rule Over Strict Liability when the Parties are Risk Averse

AbstractWhen parties are risk-averse and therefore take out insurance, the efficiency of a tort rule depends on how well the insurance contracts govern incentives, risk allocation and transaction costs under the rule. This article presents two overlooked or discarded advantages of the rule of negligence over strict liability, which appear when insurance contracts are incomplete due to ex-ante transaction or ex-post verification costs. One advantage arises because of a legal impediment under strict liability: insurers cannot exempt coverage for all acts of simple negligence. Instead, the insurer must, at a cost, precisely specify each act for which coverage is excluded. Such specification can be prohibitively costly when there are many acts and many contingencies. These transaction costs, or the inefficient risk allocation associated with a deductible, are avoided under the negligence rule, where under idealized conditions the injurer can simply take due care and need not take out insurance. The other advantage of the negligence rule is that it provides incentives for the victim to bring forward information about the injurer’s acts. The victim has little incentive to convey such information under strict liability, whereas the victim’s insurer may elicit it, e. g. by not covering the victim’s loss fully.

Article Watch: July 2019

This column highlights recently published articles that are of interest to the readership of this publication. We encourage ABRF members to forward information on articles they feel are important and useful to Clive Slaughter, MCG-UGA Medical Partnership, 1425 Prince Avenue, Athens, GA 30606, USA. Tel: (706) 713-2216; Fax: (706) 713-2221; E-mail: cslaught@uga.edu, or to any member of the editorial board. Article summaries reflect the reviewer's opinions and not necessarily those of the Association.

The Shared Reflective Practice of Co-Planning an Undergraduate Education Course between Online and Face-To-Face Teacher Educators

The current paper presents a reflective account of two teacher educators, from different instructional modalities, co-planning an undergraduate face-to-face education course. Wenger’s writing around communities of practice provided the theoretical underpinning for the reflections put forward and contextual information regarding how the co-planning transpired. From a critical standpoint, observations and reflections related to the communication, challenges (and successes), and pedagogical decision-making between education colleagues are considered. Three central challenges are explored through the reflective lens: length of course between modalities, norming and autonomy, and scheduling between teacher educators to co-plan throughout the academic face-to-face semester. The qualitative nature of the study provides thick and rich detail pertaining to the shared reflections of the two teacher educators. The paper concludes with recommendations surrounding the continued exploration of how the instructional modality plays part in the co-planning process. Keywords: Teacher educators, modalities, higher education, co-planning, reflective practice

The Shared Reflective Practice of Co-Planning an Undergraduate Education Course between Online and Face-To-Face Teacher Educators

The current paper presents a reflective account of two teacher educators, from different instructional modalities, co-planning an undergraduate face-to-face education course. Wenger’s writing around communities of practice provided the theoretical underpinning for the reflections put forward and contextual information regarding how the co-planning transpired. From a critical standpoint, observations and reflections related to the communication, challenges (and successes), and pedagogical decision-making between education colleagues are considered. Three central challenges are explored through the reflective lens: length of course between modalities, norming and autonomy, and scheduling between teacher educators to co-plan throughout the academic face-to-face semester. The qualitative nature of the study provides thick and rich detail pertaining to the shared reflections of the two teacher educators. The paper concludes with recommendations surrounding the continued exploration of how the instructional modality plays part in the co-planning process. Keywords: Teacher educators, modalities, higher education, co-planning, reflective practice

Novel Cooperative MAC Aware Network Coding Under Log-Normal Shadowing Channel Model in Wireless Body Area Network

Cooperative communications exploit intermediate nodes in order to forward information and they have been used as a successful method in combating channel fading and enhancing network performance. Network coding combines several data packets to be sent, and it is very useful in minimizing network redundancy and improving the overall throughput and energy efficiency. Therefore, combining the cooperative communications and network coding allows the relay node to help other nodes while serving its own traffic concurrently. In this paper, a novel Two Master Nodes – Cooperative Network Coding (TMN-CNC) protocol is proposed, based on the IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA policy under log-normal shadowing channel model, for the wireless body area network (WBAN). The design objective of the TMN-CNC is to increase throughput and maximise energy efficiency. The numerical results show that the TMN-CNC can enhance network performance under general conditions compared to direct transmission IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA and incremental conventional cooperative communication (iCCC). In order to achieve this, it has been shown that the energy saving of the TMN-CNC is 60% compared to direct transmission IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA and 50% compared to iCCC.

Otak dan Akal dalam Ayat-Ayat Neurosains

Neuroscience is simply the science that specifically studies Neurons (nerve cells). These nerve cells make up the nervous system, both the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nerves (31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of head nerves). Nerve cells themselves are no longer the smallest unit of nerve cells, the smallest unit of nerve cells (neurons) in synapses, which are the meeting points of two nerve cells that move and forward information (neurotransmitters). At the level of molecular biology, the smallest units are like genes (genetic studies). Generally, neuroscientists focus on nerve cells in the brain. In the Qur'an, the mind has a noble position. It was proven that the word "reason" in the Qur'an is mentioned in large numbers. The word "reason" in the Qur'an is mentioned 49 times. All of them are in the form of 'muilāri' (a verb that indicates the present and the future), except for the one in the form of 'māḍī (a verb denoting the past). Although the Qur'an does not mention "reason" in its form as "a certain part of humanity" (جوهرا مستقلا فى النفس), which is the source of birth for all rational actions, but the Qur'an refers to "reason" in its meaning as " activities using reason '(عملية التعقل), i.e. calls to use reason as a path to truth (التعقل), think (التفكر), pay attention (النظر), understand and learn (التفقه), take wisdom and lessons from each event (الاعتبار), etc.

A high-throughput wireless-powered relay network with joint time and power allocations

This paper studies how to maximise the throughput for a wireless-powered relay network where an unreliable direct link exists between a source node and a destination node. Our idea is to optimally combine time allocations (for different relay activities) and power allocations (for the relay to forward different frames) based on a harvest-store-consume (HSC) model. With the HSC model, the network may operate in a direct transmission (DT) mode or a cooperative transmission (CT) mode to transmit one frame. Accordingly, the relay may either harvest energy from the radio-frequency signals in the direct link in DT mode, or harvest energy and forward information in CT mode, where the energy harvested in both modes is stored temporarily before it is consumed for information relaying. Moreover, in our CT mode, the relay distributes the energy to the transmissions of multiple consecutive frames by taking time-varying wireless channel conditions in a time period into account in order to achieve the best throughput performance. We formulate a deterministic optimization problem and a stochastic programming problem under the assumption of full channel state information (CSI) and causal CSI, respectively. Both problems optimally determine DT or CT modes for each frame transmission. In the CT mode, the problems also decide the time-switching (TS) ratios and the transmit power at the relay. Our formulated problems are intractable due to the energy distribution at the relay between multiple frames. This intractability is addressed by dynamic programming techniques which decompose the problems into two tractable subproblems: an outer problem, and an inner problem. By solving the two subproblems, we propose the joint TS operation and power allocation algorithms for the two original formulated problems. The proposed algorithm for causal CSI is an online algorithm with low complexity, while the proposed algorithm for full CSI is offline and provides a benchmark for the online algorithm.

The discursive portrayals of Indonesian Muslims and Islam in the American press: A corpus-assisted discourse analysis

Numerous studies across disciplines on how western media portray Muslims have been conducted in different geopolitical and cultural contexts. However, we still lack research into media constructions of Muslims from a particular country, including Indonesia, which is the most populous Muslim nation. This study aims to analyse the linguistic representation of Indonesian Muslims and Islam in two corpora of American newspapers published in two different five-year periods (2002-2006 and 2012-2016) by using corpus-assisted discourse analysis framework. Keyword, collocation and concordance analyses were employed to reveal dominant discourses of Indonesian Muslims. It was also enriched by critical discourse studies’ commitment to analysing social and political contexts. Some of the findings corroborate and reinforce the results of previous studies on media depictions of Muslims in general, in that the dominant discourses around Islam and Muslims are related to terrorism, fundamentalism, conflict and violence. However, this study also brings forward additional information, including a shift in the discourse. Dominant discourses around Indonesian Muslims in the American newspapers have witnessed a slight change over the 15 year-period from terrorism and extremism to radicalism only. What might be highlighted is that there are extremely few positive media portrayals of either Muslims in general or Indonesian Muslims.

OpenCache: A lightweight regional cache collaboration approach in hierarchical-named ICN

Information-centric networking (ICN) names contents instead of end-nodes and enables in-network caching to reuse those named packets, thus improving the efficiency of content delivery. On-path caching is an inherent feature in ICN, which caches contents along the path from providers to consumers, while off-path caching is not directly supported and its maintenance normally requires non-trivial overhead. In this paper, we propose a lightweight regional cache collaboration approach, called OpenCache, to sharing popular cached data among small-range caches with least cache information exchanges, especially for hierarchical-named ICN. Different from other available solutions, OpenCache enables collaborators to exchange aggregated hierarchical names (i.e., prefixes), instead of data structures summarized from separated and specific data names, to fundamentally reduce the collaborating cost of communication and maintenance. In addition, our approach exploits forwarding information base (FIB) to selectively relay Interest packets to nearby collaborative routers for low-cost data retrieval. Theoretical analyses and extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate our scheme and the results show that OpenCache can reduce packet latency in retrieving data by about 38% compared to original ICN while its additional collaborating overhead is only around 15% of other schemes. Our approach explores the feasibility of lightweight collaboration with aggregation of hierarchical names.