Forward Error Correction Method Research Articles

Error performance analysis of forward error correction using convolutional encoding in the presence of (1/f) noise

Any communication scheme's principal goal is providing error-free data transmission. By increasing the rate at which data could be transmitted through a channel and maintaining a given error rate, this coding is advantageous. The message bits to be transmitted will gradually receive more bits thanks to the convolution (channel) encoder. At the receiver end of the channel, a Viterbi decoder is utilized in order to extract original message sequence from the received data. Widely utilized error correction approaches in communication systems for the enhancement of bit error rate (BER) performance are Viterbi decoding and convolutional encoding. The Viterbi decoder and convolution encoder rate for constraints with lengths of 2 and 6 and bit rates of 1⁄2 and 1⁄3 are shown in this study in the presence of (1/f) noise. The performance regarding the convolutional encoding/hard decision Viterbi decoding forward error correction (FEC) method affects the simulation outcomes. The findings demonstrate that the BER as function of signal to noise ratio (SNR) acquired for uncoded binary phase shift keying (BPSK) with the existence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is inferior to that acquired with the use of a hard decision Viterbi decoder.

VQProtect: Lightweight Visual Quality Protection for Error-Prone Selectively Encrypted Video Streaming.

Mobile multimedia communication requires considerable resources such as bandwidth and efficiency to support Quality-of-Service (QoS) and user Quality-of-Experience (QoE). To increase the available bandwidth, 5G network designers have incorporated Cognitive Radio (CR), which can adjust communication parameters according to the needs of an application. The transmission errors occur in wireless networks, which, without remedial action, will result in degraded video quality. Secure transmission is also a challenge for such channels. Therefore, this paper’s innovative scheme “VQProtect” focuses on the visual quality protection of compressed videos by detecting and correcting channel errors while at the same time maintaining video end-to-end confidentiality so that the content remains unwatchable. For the purpose, a two-round secure process is implemented on selected syntax elements of the compressed H.264/AVC bitstreams. To uphold the visual quality of data affected by channel errors, a computationally efficient Forward Error Correction (FEC) method using Random Linear Block coding (with complexity of ) is implemented to correct the erroneous data bits, effectively eliminating the need for retransmission. Errors affecting an average of 7–10% of the video data bits were simulated with the Gilbert–Elliot model when experimental results demonstrated that 90% of the resulting channel errors were observed to be recoverable by correctly inferring the values of erroneous bits. The proposed solution’s effectiveness over selectively encrypted and error-prone video has been validated through a range of Video Quality Assessment (VQA) metrics.

Residual packet loss rate analysis of 2-D parity forward error correction

To improve the robustness of video communications over IP networks against packet losses, numerous IPTV and broadcasting standards have adopted the 2D application-layer forward error correction (FEC) method presented in Pro-MPEG COP3. This method uses a two-dimensional encoding matrix in which redundant checksums for each row and each column of the data matrix are generated and transmitted with the data packets. The approach has been recently extended and applied to layered video streaming. But despite its wide adoption and importance, a formal analysis of the correction performance of the Pro-MPEG COP3’s 2D FEC method is still lacking. In this paper, we formulate and solve the problem using an abstract mathematical framework, which can be used also for some natural extensions of this method. We derive tight bounds on the residual packet loss rate as a function of the 2D FEC matrix dimensions, and the packet loss rate assuming that the losses are independently and randomly distributed. We then provide simple approximations on these bounds for low packet loss rates. The analysis leads to the observation that the addition of a single checksum packet to the Pro-MPEG COP3 method would lead to a significant reduction in residual packet loss rate. The expressions derived are validated experimentally using Monte Carlo simulations. We also apply the results to the case of packet losses occurring in bursts. Finally, we study the impact of the matrix dimensions on the performance of the 2D FEC method, leading to valuable recommendations to system designers.

Design and Implementation of FEC for CDMA System

In every wireless communication the data that is transferred is at a high risk of falling under the clutches of various types of disturbances termed as noise, there are various types of noises which are thermal noise, shot noise, IF noise, burst noise, avalanche noise etc. they occur due to a number of factors it can be due to temperature, device malfunctioning and frequency interference. Due to this, the data being transferred in the wireless communication channel gets corrupted resulting in data loss. This problem is rectified by employing FEC (Forward Error Correction) method on the data being transferred. This research focuses on the implementation of various FEC codes in CDMA system to study its detailed performance analysis with the help of MATLAB Software.

Diagonal XOR-Based FEC Method to Improve Burst-Loss Tolerance for 4K/8K UHDTV Transmission

Broadcasters are converting their live program production facilities to Internet Protocol (IP)-networks. The introduction of IP-networks has many possibilities such as cost reduction and remote production, and various efforts are underway. At present, the main issue is to consider the construction of equipment for 2K high definition television (HDTV), and it is expected that the introduction of higher speed 4K and 8K ultra-HDTV (UHDTV) will accelerate in the future. In video transmissions using high-speed signals, video degradation due to packet loss such as random loss and burst loss that occurs in the network-switch of a transmission path becomes a problem. In the case of 4K and 8K UHDTV transmissions, since the number of packets per unit time increases, this problem becomes more serious. Therefore, it is indispensable to apply quality compensation technology to achieve high-quality video transmission. Forward error correction (FEC) using erasure codes is a key compensation method for recovering lost packets at the receiving side in unidirectional transmission. In this paper, we propose an exclusive OR-based FEC method with improved burst loss tolerance. Using this method, we have developed a transmission device for uncompressed 8K UHDTV signals over IP-networks using 100-Gb/s Ethernet packets. Experimental and simulation results clarified that the proposed method can improve the number of recoverable packets at the time of burst loss to twice as many as the conventional Pro-MPEG FEC method.

An application layer forward error correction method of wireless network broadcasting communication for smart video surveillance system

Aiming at the wireless channel in which the state of video surveillance communication network changes dramatically, to ensure the video impact under a restricted channel bandwidth condition, an application layer forward error correction system for wireless video communication is proposed. This scheme is an improved forward error correction algorithm. The most appropriate redundancy amount is implemented for each FEC block by constantly altering the redundancy in FEC blocks. Firstly, the system describes and implements the optimum video transmission. Then, the RCPC code and Raptor code are used as forward error correction codes in physical layer and application layer respectively, in this way, the optimal system solution can be acquired. In the forward error correction technology, a feedback mechanism is then developed between the receiver and the sender, which will acknowledge that the receiver can extract the packet loss rate from the received speech signal in the current network state in real time, and then the packet loss rate will be transferred back to the sender by the feedback mechanism. The sender can modify the forward packet loss rate according to the packet loss rate. The error-correcting schema can help the next speech signal have the most appropriate forward error-correcting redundancy, reducing bandwidth waste, significantly improving the adaptability and efficiency of forward error-correcting technology in the wireless network. The simulation results show that the average video quality of the proposed scheme is 0.5–4 dB higher than that of the equal error protection scheme and the extended window unequal error protection scheme.

Enhancing Performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Based On Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) In Wireless Communication System

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the multicarrier transmission techniques used in wireless communication system. It has many benefits such as robust in channel fading and has high spectral density. The main objective of OFDM implementation in wireless communication system is to achieve less or zero Bit Error Rate (BER). However, OFDM design complexity, requirement and selection of the suitable modulation method are among the current issues. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the performance of OFDM in wireless communication by developing two OFDM based system designs. The transmitter, channel and receiver are designed based on OFDM system principles. Forward Error Correction (FEC) method is applied to reduce the BER. Both OFDM designs produce less BER with zero BER for the second OFDM design. The investigation study shows that the performance of OFDM can be enhanced by applying Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique. Zero BER can be achieved if the suitable modulation scheme is applied in the system. The developed designs are not complex, suitable to be applied for IEEE 802.11 standard. The BER performance can be influenced by the types of channels, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and various modulation schemes. Thus, this study can be used as a guidance to implement the OFDM in the current or future wireless communication system.

Maximization of Underwater Sensor Networks Lifetime via Fountain Codes

The severe nature of underwater channel poses a great challenge for prolonging underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) lifetime and achieving a reliable communication performance. Traditional approaches to improve the reliability such as automatic repeat request (ARQ) negatively affect the network lifetime (NL) due to energy dissipation caused by ARQ retransmission. A forward error correction (FEC) technique called fountain codes (FCs) can solve the energy efficiency problem of ARQ by transmitting both the original packet and some redundant packets to ensure a targeted reliability with few or no retransmissions. In this paper, we investigate performances of both traditional ARQ- and FC-based FEC methods in terms of NL, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and frame error rate (FER) for UASNs. In this context, we abstract energy dissipation characteristics of conventional ARQ- and FC-based FEC method at the link-layer. We propose an integer linear programming (ILP) framework that maximizes the NL, which is operated on top of developed link-layer energy consumption models. Our results reveal that FC-based FEC methods can prolong the NL at a minimum of 16% while end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and FER can be reduced at least by 11%, 14%, and 9% as compared to classical ARQ, respectively.

Designing VHDL to Simulate the Error Correction of Hamming Code

The role of error detection and error correction for the data bit by the receiver is very important because the sender does not need to repeat the transmissions. Thus, the speed and reliability in transmitting data information can be maintained. This study aims to implement simulation the Forward Error Correction (FEC) method in verifying and correcting data errors received by using simulation. To support FEC method, study utilizes visual basic software so that it can be used as one of the quasi-experimental modules in the data communication laboratory. The Forward Error Correction (FEC) method is a method that can correct data errors in the receiver. This method uses simulated Hamming codes on the computer so that the detection and correction process can be clearly demonstrated on the monitor screen. This simulation can be used as a quasi-experimental module in a data communication laboratory. The simulation results show that the Hamming code (17, 12) codec has been running as expected.

Low complexity forward error correction for CELP-type speech coding over erasure channel transmission

One of the well-known problems of Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP)-type codec is its vulnerability to a frame erasure. When a frame is erased, the inter-frame dependency introduced by the Long Term Prediction causes a desynchronization of the Adaptive Codebook (ACB) which introduces in its turn an error propagation through the correctly received frames. In this paper, we propose a media-specific Forward Error Correction (FEC) method using a Pitch-Pulse Codebook (PPCB)-based approach to model the ACB contribution for voiced frame (frame onset) determined under Zero Crossing Rate constraint. The PPCB uses a single pulse optimized by Multipulse Maximum Likelihood Quantization algorithm to model the pitch-like contribution at the encoder side while the quantized version of that pulse will be sent as FEC information to resynchronize the ACB at the decoder side after a frame erasure. Through this approach a noticeable improvement of the synthesis speech quality is achieved under adverse channel conditions with the advantage of low computational complexity while the legacy bit-rate of the codec is kept unchanged.

Unequal Luby Transform Based on Block Weight Shift (ULT-BWS) for Error Resilient Video Transmission

In this paper, we propose an unequal Luby transform (LT) based on block weight shift (ULT-BWS) method as an unequal forward error correction method to minimize video distortion over packet-lossy ne...

Improving the BER Performance of M-FSK in a Noisy Multipath Rayleigh, and Rician Fading Channels Using Reed-Solomon Forward Error Correction Method

This paper focuses on the application of Reed-Solomon Error Correction Code evaluation technique on the Bit-Error-Rate performance of M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (M-FSK) in noisy multipath Rayleigh and Rician fading channel. The detection and correction of the received information errors from the multipath fading channel was done using the Forward Error Correction (FEC) technique. The message is encoded and decoded using the error-correcting Reed-Solomon Codes were employed to encode and decode the message. The entire model based design, modelling and simulation was done using MATLAB/SIMULINK. It was observed that the BER performance of M-FSK with RS codes improved greatly compared to M-FSK system without error correction. Decrease of BER performance was observed as the length of codeword symbols (n) increase at constant code rate and error correcting capability. The redundancy increases as code rate decreases leading to an improved Bit-Error-Rate performance. The improvement of the BER of M-FSK by using Reed-Solomon error correction code was achieved.

Modelling of Convolutional Encoders with Viterbi Decoders for Next Generation Broadband Wireless Access Systems

Channel coding is known to be a form of modifying or scrambling a message between the source and the receiver so that the message is not corrupted before it is received; or in some cases known, the message may contain error. There are different forms of scrambling a message and detecting the error in the case there is one. The first is to request the message again called Automatic Repeat request (ARQ) and the other is to correct the message before getting to the destination Forward error correction (FEC). This research paper presents a system on the Convolutional encoding and the Viterbi decoding which is a Forward error correction method and the system was modelled using Matlab with special consideration for next generation broadband wireless access system.

Layer‐based RED‐FEC (L‐RED‐FEC) method for wireless scalable video streaming

A layer-based random early detection (RED) forward error correction (FEC) method for scalable video streaming over wireless networks is proposed. The proposed method determines the FEC rate in accordance with the layer-based error propagation effect as well as network traffic load. Furthermore, a packet importance model based on layer information of scalable video coding (SVC) has been developed for efficient FEC assignment considering the video quality. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values compared with the conventional FEC schemes under various network conditions.

Error-resilient multi-view video coding using Wyner-Ziv techniques

In this paper, a Wyner-Ziv (WZ) coding based error-resilient scheme is proposed for multi-view video transmission over error-prone channels. At the encoder, the key frames of the odd views are protected by WZ encoding to generate the auxiliary bit-stream alongside the multi-view video coded bit-stream. At the decoder, error-concealed multi-view decoded frames are used as the side information (SI) for WZ decoding. Based on the study on the characteristics of multi-view video coding (MVC) and the propagating behavior of channel errors, a recursive model to estimate the transmission distortion is developed in the transform domain, in which the channel-induced distortion takes into consideration both motion and disparity compensation. With the proposed model, we propose a rate control strategy for WZ encoding to infer the minimum bit rate so as to correct the SI errors. The WZ bit rate estimation method exploits the correlation between the original bit-planes and the SI bit-planes as well as the bit-plane interdependency. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed error-resilient scheme outperforms Reed Solomon based forward error correction method by about 1.1 dB and outperforms the adaptive intra refresh algorithm by approximately 1.6 dB at the packet loss rate 10 %.

Packet-Level Layer-Based Interleaving Unequal Forward Error Correction (LIU-FEC) for Robust Wireless Scalable Video Transmission

To improve the error resilience and video quality over wireless networks, we propose a novel packet-level layer-based interleaving unequal forward error correction (LIU-FEC) method. First, a scalable layer-based interleaving architecture is proposed for improving the efficiency of FEC from successive packet losses in variable channel conditions. The interleaved transmission across different scalable layers can efficiently disperse the consecutive packet losses into different scalable layers. Second, a closed form FEC assignment solution is proposed for minimizing video quality degradation using simple layer-based error propagation metric in hierarchical prediction structure. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm offers higher PSNR values in various channel status, compared to the conventional FEC algorithm.

Research on Low Speed Serial Links Transmission Optimization Technology

In order to overcome the low speed serial links of the bandwidth low, easy to produce decline, low rate of transmission characteristics, This paper design a transmission optimization system, In the system, this paper proposes a forward error correction and data compression transmission optimization combined method, Transmission optimization technology in recent years has been widely used in the field of network communication. Transmission optimization technology has been shown to improve the utilization rate of bandwidth, improve transmission efficiency. In this paper, the transmission optimization of the forward error correction technology has carried on the simulation test, And the analysis of experimental data were compared before and after the optimization, The experimental results show that the proposed transmission optimization method for low speed serial links the data transmission efficiency has been obviously increased . Transmission Optimization Technology Transmission optimization techniques include forward error correction, data compression, and adaptive protocol of three parts, combined guarantee bad message transmission efficiency in transmission environment. This paper mainly studies the transmission on the wireless communication channel environment serial links optimization techniques. Bandwidth Compression Technology. Bandwidth compression is transmitted through compression technology after traditional smaller packets, such as real time transmission of packets is more than the number of packets before compression, so as to realize the goal of improving transmission speed. Bandwidth compression technology is not really to data compression, because the network of packet size and length size has strict rules, if the size of the data has changed, and is also change his nature. So the true meaning of bandwidth compression is part of the data in other ways to replace, including cache corresponding not change information data or with short data instead of long, Then after receiving inverse substitution process, complete the purpose of saving bandwidth. The most commonly used three kinds of compression algorithm: Huffinan coding, dictionary coding and arithmetic coding [.

Performance of Turbo Product Code in Wimax

IEEE 802.16 is a standard for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) air interface. 802.16e supports mobile broadband wireless access, which is an additional feature over its predecessors, which support fixed wireless access. Binary Convolutional Turbo Coding (CTC) is used as mandatory Forward Error Correction method in 802.16e. In this paper the performance of a simple and efficient optional coding scheme namely Turbo Product Code (TPC) is proposed for 802.16e system and is compared with CTC.

SIMULASI KINERJA FORWARD ERROR CONTROL CODING UNTUK SATELIT MIKRO PENGINDERAAN JARAK JAUH

Micro satellite application for remote sensing in this time has been expanded and particularly supported by growth of electronics component that low power and small size. Large amount of image data, less of contact time and limited satellite’s power obliges of efficiency mechanism design to assured data satellite communication is accepted properly by earth station. Various of scenario of data transmissions on micro satellite have been developed in order to ensure all data that taken by payload can be delivered and accepted by station earth truly. Forward Error Control Coding or Forward Error Correction method is mechanism that added redundancy bit to delivery data with a purpose to improve error correction of received data. FEC performance can be known by compare of different value of Eb/N0 needed for Bit Error Rate (BER) in common without FEC. In this research conducted simulation performance FEC Reed Solomon by undertaking change of beet amount per symbol, code length and code ability in repairing symbol error. Simulation Result shows getting smaller code rate that used then ever greater code reinforcement. The simulation using forward error control coding Reed Solomon for data transmission remote sensing results code RS(255,223) have best performance with coderate 0,874 and coding gain 3,4dB on value of BER 10-4. Keywords: Reed Solomon, QPSK, 16-QAM, Remote sensing

Peer-to-Peer Multimedia Streaming with Guaranteed QoS for Future Real-time Applications

Peer-to-Peer multimedia streaming is expected to grow rapidly in the near future. Packet losses during transmission are a serious problem for streaming media as they result in degradation of the quality of service (QoS). Forward Error Correction (FEC) is a promising technique to recover the lost packets and improve the QoS of streaming media. However, FEC may degrade the QoS of all streaming due to the increased congestion caused by the FEC overhead when streaming sessions increase. Although streaming media can be categorized into live and on-demand streaming contents, conventional FEC methods apply the same FEC scheme for both contents without distinguishing them. In this paper, we clarify the effective ranges where each conventional FEC and Retransmission scheme works well. Then, we propose a novel FEC method that distinguishes two types of streaming media and is applied for on-demand streaming contents. It can overcome the adverse effect of the FEC overhead in on-demand streaming contents during media streaming and therefore reduce the packet loss due to the FEC overhead. As a result, the packet loss ratios of both live and on-demand streaming contents are improved. Moreover, it provides the QoS according to the requirements and environments of users by using layered coding of FEC. Thus, packet losses are recovered at each end host and do not affect the next-hop streaming. The numerical analyses show that our proposed method highly improves the packet loss ratio compared to the conventional method.