Formulation Technology Research Articles

Processing and formulation technology of nutritional and functional food products by utilizing cheese and/or paneer whey: A critical review

Processing and formulation technology of nutritional and functional food products by utilizing cheese and/or paneer whey: A critical review

From Conventional to Cutting-edge: A Comprehensive Review on Drug Delivery Systems

: The essential need for efficacious conveyance of therapeutics to specific tissues or cells, refinement of drug formulations, and the scalability of industrial production drives the pre-sent-day demand for enhanced drug delivery systems (DDS). Newly devised drugs often exhibit suboptimal biopharmaceutical properties, resulting in diminished patient adherence and adverse side effects. The paramount importance of site-specific drug delivery lies in its capacity to facili-tate the targeted administration of diverse therapeutic agents, catering to both localized ailments and systemic treatments. Alongside targeted drug delivery strategies encompassing ligand-based targeting and stimuli-responsive systems, the advent of cutting-edge nanotechnologies such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles has marked a paradigm shift. Additionally, personalized medicines have emerged as a consequential facet of drug delivery, emphasizing the customization of treatment approaches. Researchers have explored an excess of methodologies in the advance-ment of these formulation technologies, including stimuli-responsive drug delivery, 3D printing, gene delivery, and various other innovative approaches. This comprehensive review aims to pro-vide a holistic understanding of the past, present, and future of drug delivery systems, offering in-sights into the transformative potential of emerging technologies.

Understanding of Polydopamine Formulation for Oral Therapeutic Delivery in Ulcerative Colitis Treatment

AbstractOral therapeutic delivery remains challenged by gastrointestinal tract (GI) barriers, which hinders the successful transition of therapeutic candidates into clinical treatments. Polydopamine (PDA), with its versatile ability to overcome GI barriers, offers a promising drug formulation technology to address the challenge. Nevertheless, many critical questions remain unanswered regarding the practicality of PDA‐based formulations. Building on the previous research, which tackled multiple physicochemical aspects, the current study aims to address another three outstanding issues, including the quantification of residual dopamine (DA) in PDA‐based formulations, the examination of these formulations stimulatory effects on colon tissue, and the potential anti‐inflammatory properties. To facilitate this investigation, a curcumin‐containing nanomedicine (CP@CCS) is prepared as a representative PDA‐based formulation. The results reveal a marked decrease of residual DA within the formulation. In the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), the formulation do not provoke the substantial contractions in colon tissue typically induced by DA. Furthermore, in vivo evaluation verified the supplementary anti‐UC benefits of PDA. These outcomes add evidence for the practicality of PDA‐based formulations in terms of safety and therapeutic efficacy. Finally, a conceptual framework is proposed for understanding the role of PDA in oral therapeutic delivery, thereby providing insightful directions for subsequent research.

Review on advanced drug delivery systems: innovations in formulation and delivery technologies

Advanced drug delivery systems (DDS) have transformed the pharmaceutical landscape, offering innovative solutions to enhance therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance. This review explores recent advancements in formulation technologies and delivery mechanisms, focusing on nanotechnology, polymeric systems, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and microparticle-based formulations. Nanotechnology has enabled the development of nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanocrystals that enhance drug solubility, stability, and targeted delivery. Polymeric drug delivery systems, including biodegradable polymers, offer sustained drug release, significantly improving chronic disease management and cancer therapy. SLNs and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) provide stable matrices for drug encapsulation, particularly for lipophilic drugs, while microparticle-based formulations offer controlled and sustained drug release, reducing dosing frequency and enhancing patient compliance. Furthermore, novel delivery mechanisms such as transdermal systems, oral controlled release systems, targeted drug delivery, and inhalable therapies have expanded the possibilities for non-invasive, patient-friendly drug administration. Challenges in scaling up production, regulatory approval, and long-term safety remain significant, but emerging technologies like nanobots and bioengineered tissues hold promise for the future of personalized medicine. As these advanced delivery platforms continue to evolve, they are poised to revolutionize drug delivery, offering more precise, effective, and patient-centric treatments.

Bioflavonoid Daidzein: Therapeutic Insights, Formulation Advances, and Future Directions.

Bioflavonoids, are a diverse group of phytonutrients that are widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, grains, teas, and certain medicinal herbs. They are characterized by their antioxidant properties and play essential roles in plant biology, such as providing color to fruits and flowers, protecting plants from environmental stresses. Daidzein, a bioflavonoid classified under natural products, is sourced from plants like soybeans and legumes. It exists in forms such as glycosides and aglycones, with equol and trihydroxy isoflavone being key metabolites formed by gut bacteria. Known for its wide-ranging therapeutic potential, daidzein has shown effects on cardiovascular health, cancer, diabetes, skin conditions, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Its mechanisms include interaction with estrogen receptors, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and modulation of apoptosis and cell cycles. Recent advances in formulation technologies aimed at enhancing daidzein's bioavailability and efficacy are critically evaluated, including nanoparticle-based delivery systems and encapsulation strategies. Researchers have developed advanced formulations like nanoparticles and liposomes to enhance daidzein's solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. Considered a promising nutraceutical, daidzein warrants further exploration into its molecular actions and safety profile to fully realize its clinical potential. This review offers a succinct overview encompassing therapeutic benefits, chemical characteristics, historical uses, toxicology insights, recent advancements in delivery systems, and future directions for daidzein research.

Recent Advances in Biopesticide Formulations for Targeted Insect Pest Management: A Review

The increasing environmental and health concerns associated with the use of synthetic chemical pesticides have driven the need for alternative, eco-friendly pest management solutions. Biopesticides, derived from natural sources such as plants and microorganisms, offer a promising solution, as they are less toxic, decompose quickly, and target specific pests with minimal impact on non-target organisms. Recent advancements in biopesticide formulations, including nano pesticides, controlled release formulations (CRFs), hydrogels, polymer-coated granules, and tablets, are enhancing the effectiveness, stability, and environmental safety of these products. The integration of nanotechnology and controlled release systems in biopesticides is opening new avenues for sustainable agriculture. This review discusses the various biopesticide formulation technologies, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects.

Spontaneously Formed Ratio-Tunable Micro- and Nano-Capsule Coexist System for Precision and on-Demand Fungicide Delivery in Crop Leave.

Multiscale particle size functional pesticide carriers can provide more efficient protection for plants, but this protection is difficult to achieve via single-scale formulation technology. This study presents a novel one-step method for the preparation of lignin-based micro/nanocapsules with controllable proportions within a unified system. This strategy enables the adjustment of the proportion of nanocapsules to between 18.81% and 85.21%. The microcapsules (MCs) vary in diameter from 2 to 3µm, whereas the nanocapsules (NCs) span from 160 to 220nm, with an encapsulation efficiency exceeding 90%. An increased proportion of NCs in the system leads to faster release, heightened sensitivity to UV light, and enhanced penetration into the leaves. During Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici) infection, the NCs in the leaves interact with the defensive enzymes of the plant to quickly respond. Moreover, an optimal balance of MCs and NCs is key to effective fungicide use, not just a higher concentration of NCs. A 65:35 ratio of NCs to MCs ensures effective inhibition of P. capsici outside leaves and a rapid response to leaf invasion. This study enhances fungicide efficiency and advances the development of nanoresponsive fungicides to promote sustainable agricultural practices.

Complex formation and stabilization of Z‐isomer‐enriched astaxanthin esters derived from Haematococcus lacustris with water‐soluble carriers via spray drying

AbstractTo enhance the water solubility and bioavailability of astaxanthin esters, inclusion complexes of Z‐isomer‐enriched astaxanthin esters with water‐soluble carriers were prepared using a spray drying technique. A food‐grade Haematococcus alga extract was used as the source of astaxanthin esters, and the Z‐isomerization was performed via direct heating of the extract. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) were used as water‐soluble carriers. The effects of spray drying conditions on the encapsulation efficiency of astaxanthin esters in the carriers and the total Z‐isomer ratio of encapsulated astaxanthin esters were investigated, and the physical properties and storage stability of the resulting composites were evaluated. Under optimum spray drying conditions, efficient production of highly water‐soluble Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin esters was achieved in both carriers: >95% encapsulation efficiency and >55% total Z‐isomer ratio. The physical properties, such as surface morphology and particle size distributions, of the resulting particles differed significantly between PVP and HP‐β‐CD. Storage tests demonstrated that the formulated Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin esters were highly stable. Our findings will contribute to the practical applications of Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin materials.Practical Applications: The formulation technology developed in this study has the potential to address the industrial challenges of using astaxanthin, that is, low water solubility and low bioavailability. Furthermore, the low storage stability of astaxanthin Z‐isomers, which hinders their industrial use, can be solved simultaneously. The resulting Z‐isomer‐rich astaxanthin powders are expected to be used in a wide range of applications, including nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and animal feeds.

Unlocking the Potential of Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Formulation Strategies and Technologies in the Field of Pharmaceutics

: The creation of innovative drug delivery systems to enhance therapeutic effectiveness, safety, and patient compliance has resulted in considerable developments in pharmaceutics in recent years. The most recent formulation techniques and technologies are reviewed in this article to improve medication distribution and accomplish specific therapeutic goals. : This article thoroughly summarizes the most recent formulation techniques and technologies used to enhance medication delivery and provide specific therapeutic effects. It discusses the variety of medication delivery methods, including nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, and dendrimers, and explores the application of nanotechnology and biotechnology in drug delivery. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the significance of targeted drug delivery systems and their capacity to cross biological barriers including the blood-brain barrier and tumor microenvironment. : The review also addresses the challenges faced in developing and commercializing drug delivery systems and suggests potential solutions to overcome them. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the role of computational modeling and simulation in designing and optimizing drug delivery systems. : Overall, this review paper offers insightful information for pharmaceutics researchers, scientists, and practitioners that will help in the creation of novel drug delivery systems that improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

Formulation challenges associated with microbial biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture and paths forward

AbstractSustainable increase in agriculture productivity is confronted by over‐reliance and over‐use of synthetic chemical fertilizers. With a market projection of $5.02 billion by 2030, biofertilizers are gaining momentum as a supplement and, in some cases, as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers can improve the nutritional supply to the plant and simultaneously can improve soil health, reduce greenhouse emissions, and hence directly contribute towards environmental sustainability. Plant growth‐promoting microbes (PGPMs) are particularly receiving significant attention as biofertilizers. They are widely known for their ability to improve plant growth via increasing nutrient availability and use efficiency. However, except for a few successful cases, the commercialization of PGPM‐based inoculants is still limited, mainly due to lack of field efficacy and consistency. Lack of effective formulation technologies that keep microbial inoculants viable during storage, transport and field application is considered one of the key factors that drive inconsistent efficacy of microbial biofertilizers. In this review, we identify current challenges associated with the application and formulation of microbial inoculants. We propose future paths, including advancement in formulation technologies that are potentially efficient, eco‐friendly and cost‐effective. We argue that to enhance the global adoption of biofertilizers, new innovations based on transdisciplinary approaches are indispensable. The emerging framework should encompass a robust quality control system at all stages. Additionally, the active partnership between the academic and industry stakeholders will pave the way for enhanced global adoption of microbial fertilizers.

Chasing New Cancer Treatments: Current Status and Future Development of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is expected to be a promising next-generation cancer treatment. In 2020, Japan, which has led the research on this treatment modality, was the first country in the world to approve BNCT. The boron agents that have been clinically applied in BNCT include a caged boron compound (mercaptoundecahydrododecaborate: BSH) and a boron-containing amino acid (p-boronophenylalanine: BPA). In particular, the BPA preparation Steboronine® is the only approved drug for BNCT. However, the problem with BPA is that it is poorly retained in the tumor and has very low solubility in water. This cannot be overlooked for BNCT, which requires large amounts of boron in the tumor. The high dosage volume, together with low tumor retention, leads to reduced therapeutic efficacy and increased physical burden on the patient. In the case of BSH, its insufficient penetration into the tumor is problematic. Based on drug delivery system (DDS) technology, we have developed a next-generation boron pharmaceutical superior to Steboronine®. Our approach involves the redevelopment of BPA using innovative ionic liquid formulation technology. Here, we describe previous boron agents and introduce our recent efforts in the development of boron compounds.

Key Challenges, Influencing Factors, and Future Perspectives of Nanosuspensions in Enhancing Brain Drug Delivery.

Many brain diseases pose serious challenges to human life. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are common neurodegenerative diseases that seriously threaten human health. Glioma is a common malignant tumor. However, drugs cannot cross physiological and pathological barriers and most therapeutic drugs cannot enter the brain because of the presence of the Blood-brain Barrier (BBB) and Bloodbrain Tumor Barrier (BBTB). How to enable drugs to penetrate the BBB to enter the brain, reduce systemic toxicity, and penetrate BBTB to exert therapeutic effects has become a challenge. Nanosuspension can successfully formulate drugs that are difficult to dissolve in water and oil by using surfactants as stabilizers, which is suitable for the brain target delivery of class II and IV drugs in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). In nanosuspension drug delivery systems, the physical properties of nanostructures have a great impact on the accumulation of drugs at the target site, such as the brain. Optimizing the physical parameters of the nanosuspension can improve the efficiency of brain drug delivery and disease treatment. Therefore, the key challenges, influencing factors, and future perspectives of nanosuspension in enhancing brain drug delivery are summarized and reviewed here. This article aims to provide a better understanding of nanosuspension formulation technology used for brain delivery and strategies used to overcome various physiological barriers.

Enhanced Solubility and Increased Bioavailability with Engineered Nanocrystals

Abstract: The exploration of nanocrystal technology is currently receiving significant attention in various fields, including therapeutic formulation, clinical formulation, in-vivo and in-vitro correlation research, and related investigations. The domain of nanocrystals in pharmaceutical delivery has received significant interest as a potential solution for the difficulties associated with medications that have low solubility. The nanocrystals demonstrate promise in improving solubility and bioavailability, presenting a potential resolution to significant challenges. Significantly, nanocrystals have exhibited efficacy in the context of oral administration, showcasing prompt absorption due to their quick breakdown, hence fitting with the requirements of medications that necessitate fast commencement of action. In addition, the adaptability of drug nanocrystals encompasses several methods of administration, including oral, parenteral, ophthalmic, cutaneous, pulmonary, and targeted delivery modalities. The observed consistency can be ascribed to the increased solubility of nanocrystals of the medicine, which effectively counteracts the influence of food on the absorption of the drug. Surface modification tactics have a significant influence on insoluble medicines by enhancing hydrophilicity and reducing plasma protein adsorption on the crystal surface. The surface properties of nanocrystals are modified through the utilization of specific surfactants and polymers, which are subsequently incorporated into polymer solutions via high-pressure homogenization procedures. This article encompasses an examination of the drug distribution mechanism, the nanocrystal formulation technology, the therapeutic applications, the potential future developments, and the challenges associated with the solubility and bioavailability of tailored nanocrystals, as discussed in this article. Consequently, it possesses the capacity to provide guidance for future investigations pertaining to nanocrystal technology.

Evaluation of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Survival and Growth in Aquaculture Systems with Different Feed Types

Proper feeding is crucial for promoting fast and healthy growth in fish, contributing to increased overall production. However, access to high-nutritional feed is not always feasible. Utilizing locally available ingredients presents a potential solution to this challenge. Consequently, this research aims to assess the impact of locally available feed ingredients on the growth and production of tilapia (O. niloticus) in Liberia. Three types of fish feed were prepared, namely Africa Rice fish feed (diet 1), soybeans fish feed (diet 2), and Gbarnga fish feed (control), each with distinct compositions. These feeds were evaluated to determine their effects on the growth and production performance of tilapia fish for the duration of 31 weeks. Fifty fish with an initial body weight of 12 g each were stocked in each hapa net. Data on survival rate (%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and growth (g) were collected and compared. The growth results revealed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) among the three selected fish feed types. Diet 1 exhibited a higher average mean weight of 1521.67 g per 92 fish followed by the control with an average mean weight of 1315.56 g per 88 fish, while diet 2 demonstrated comparatively lower growth, 1164.44 g per 96 fish. Survival rate and FCR, however, exhibited no significant differences. Notably, the cost of food supplies, particularly proteins, may constrain farmers' access to feed processing and formulation technology. Consequently, the findings of this study are expected to address challenges related to feed formulation and processing, providing valuable insights for the enhancement of fish farming practices.

Patient-Centric Long-Acting Injectable and Implantable Platforms─An Industrial Perspective.

The increasing focus on patient centricity in the pharmaceutical industry over the past decade and the changing healthcare landscape, driven by factors such as increased access to information, social media, and evolving patient demands, has necessitated a shift toward greater connectivity and understanding of patients' unique treatment needs. One pharmaceutical technology that has supported these efforts is long acting injectables (LAIs), which lower the administration frequency for the patient's provided convenience, better compliance, and hence better therapeutical treatment for the patients. Furthermore, patients with conditions like the human immunodeficiency virus and schizophrenia have positively expressed the desire for less frequent dosing, such as that obtained through LAI formulations. In this work, a comprehensive analysis of marketed LAIs across therapeutic classes and technologies is conducted. The analysis demonstrated an increasing number of new LAIs being brought to the market, recently most as aqueous suspensions and one as a solution, but many other technology platforms were applied as well, in particular, polymeric microspheres and in situ forming gels. The analysis across the technologies provided an insight into to the physicochemical properties the compounds had per technology class as well as knowledge of the excipients typically used within the individual formulation technology. The principle behind the formulation technologies was discussed with respect to the release mechanism, manufacturing approaches, and the possibility of defining predictive in vitro release methods to obtain in vitro in vivo correlations with an industrial angle. The gaps in the field are still numerous, including better systematic formulation and manufacturing investigations to get a better understanding of potential innovations, but also development of new polymers could facilitate the development of additional compounds. The biggest and most important gaps, however, seem to be the development of predictive in vitro dissolution methods utilizing pharmacopoeia described equipment to enable their use for product development and later in the product cycle for quality-based purposes.

Supercritical Fluids: An Innovative Strategy for Drug Development.

Nanotechnology plays a pivotal role in the biomedical field, especially in the synthesis and regulation of drug particle size. Reducing drug particles to the micron or nanometer scale can enhance bioavailability. Supercritical fluid technology, as a green drug development strategy, is expected to resolve the challenges of thermal degradation, uneven particle size, and organic solvent residue faced by traditional methods such as milling and crystallization. This paper provides an insight into the application of super-stable homogeneous intermix formulating technology (SHIFT) and super-table pure-nanomedicine formulation technology (SPFT) developed based on supercritical fluids for drug dispersion and micronization. These technologies significantly enhance the solubility and permeability of hydrophobic drugs by controlling the particle size and morphology, and the modified drugs show excellent therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, pathological scarring, and corneal neovascularization, and their performance and efficacy are highlighted when administered through multiple routes of administration. Overall, supercritical fluids have opened a green and efficient pathway for clinical drug development, which is expected to reduce side effects and enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Use of Poly(vinyl alcohol) in Spray-Dried Dispersions: Enhancing Solubility and Stability of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras.

PROTACs, proteolysis targeting chimeras, are bifunctional molecules inducing protein degradation through a unique proximity-based mode of action. While offering several advantages unachievable by classical drugs, PROTACs have unfavorable physicochemical properties that pose challenges in application and formulation. In this study, we show the solubility enhancement of two PROTACs, ARV-110 and SelDeg51, using Poly(vinyl alcohol). Hereby, we apply a three-fluid nozzle spray drying set-up to generate an amorphous solid dispersion with a 30% w/w drug loading with the respective PROTACs and the hydrophilic polymer. Dissolution enhancement was achieved and demonstrated for t = 0 and t = 4 weeks at 5 °C using a phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8. A pH shift study on ARV-110-PVA is shown, covering transfer from simulated gastric fluid (SGF) at pH 2.0 to fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) at pH 6.5. Additionally, activity studies and binding assays of the pure SelDeg51 versus the spray-dried SelDeg51-PVA indicate no difference between both samples. Our results show how modern enabling formulation technologies can partially alleviate challenging physicochemical properties, such as the poor solubility of increasingly large 'small' molecules.

Review on Recent Development in Opioid Abuse-Deterrent Formulation Technologies and Regulatory Expectation

Chronic pain occurs as a result of several diseases and ailments. The problem of improper utilization of vital opioid medication has been a topic of substantial discourse during the last two decades, in conjunction with its application for the extended-term control of persistent pain. Abuse-deterrent formulations play a crucial role in comprehensive methods to manage the risks associated with opioids. These formulations diminish the allure and narcotic properties of opioids by restricting their capacity to be assimilated by the body. This diminishes the appeal and incentives for misusing altered opioid prescriptions, and also poses challenges in extracting the opioid substance for utilization in alternative manners. This article examines various regulatory measures, projected prerequisites for the licensing of abuse-deterrent formulations, and current activities aimed at producing opioid abuse-deterrent formulations as potential remedies to combat the opioid abuse pandemic. Considering the seriousness of the global opioid problem, it is crucial for various regulatory entities to come together to safeguard society from the opioid pandemic. This involves implementing a thorough policy on prescribing opioid medications to patients, conducting evaluations to determine the likelihood of addiction, and increasing efforts to approve only opioid drugs that are specifically tailored to prevent abuse.

Current Drug Delivery Strategies to Design Orally Dissolving Formulations to Target Tuberculosis: A Futuristic Review

Abstract: All the standard anti-tubercular drugs, well established as standard therapy, are preferentially available in formulations compliant with the young adult population. However, their use in the paediatric and geriatric populations is confronted with issues, such as a high likelihood of incorrect dose administration due to practices like dosage form fracture and splitting. This may lead to drug resistance due to misuse and in-accurate dosage administration, the most dreaded and difficult-to-treat stage of tuberculosis. : Poor patient compliance and adherence are major issues with the conventional line of therapy. This burden may be more significant in resource-constrained settings, necessitating the creation of simple formulations that are both geriatric and child-friendly. An extensive literature survey has been conducted in this study using databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, and Research Gate, with a focus on specific research works on oro-dispersible films, tablets, and wafer technology loaded with anti-tuberculosis drugs from 2022 to 2010. : Mouth dissolving formulation technology is a very novel approach in the arena of tuberculosis therapy. This may pave the way for future researchers to develop different mouth dissolving formulations to treat both pulmonary and extra-tuberculosis. This review paper has summarized all the formulation approaches alongside the present state of the art in tuberculosis therapy using mouth dissolving formulations.

A SU6668 pure nanoparticle-based eyedrops: toward its high drug Accumulation and Long-time treatment for corneal neovascularization.

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is one of the common blinding factors worldwide, leading to reduced vision or even blindness. However, current treatments such as surgical intervention and anti-VEGF agent therapy still have some shortcomings or evoke some adverse effects. Recently, SU6668, an inhibitor targeting angiogenic tyrosine kinases, has demonstrated growth inhibition of neovascularization. But the hydrophobicity and low ocular bioavailability limit its application in cornea. Hereby, we proposed the preparation of SU6668 pure nanoparticles (NanoSU6668; size ~135nm) using a super-stable pure-nanomedicine formulation technology (SPFT), which possessed uniform particle size and excellent aqueous dispersion at 1mg/mL. Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cell membrane vesicle (MSCm) was coated on the surface of NanoSU6668, and then conjugated with TAT cell penetrating peptide, preparing multifunctional TAT-MSCm@NanoSU6668 (T-MNS). The T-MNS at a concentration of 200µg/mL was treated for CNV via eye drops, and accumulated in blood vessels with a high targeting performance, resulting in elimination of blood vessels and recovery of cornea transparency after 4 days of treatment. Meanwhile, drug safety test confirmed that T-MNS did not cause any damage to cornea, retina and other eye tissues. In conclusion, the T-MNS eye drop had the potential to treat CNV effectively and safely in a low dosing frequency, which broke new ground for CNV theranostics.