Gluten-free Cookie Formulation Research Articles

Exploitation of Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL Y-2311-1 xylanase in mulberry and rice flours-based gluten-free cookie formulation: Effects on dough properties and cookie characteristics.

Xylanases are mainly utilized in bakery industry for the hydrolysis of dietary fiber-based fractions. Their applications in gluten-free products have not been considered before. In the present study, the xylanase produced by Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL Y-2311-1 was utilized in a mulberry and rice flours-based gluten-free cookie formulation for the first time. Effects of various xylanase concentrations on gluten-free dough rheology and cookie characteristics were elucidated. Only rice flour-based cookie and only wheat flour-based cookie formulations were also prepared as comparison. Incorporation of xylanase into all cookie recipes resulted in softer cookie doughs with lower absolute stickiness. The hardness and absolute stickiness of the cookie doughs prepared by the mixture of mulberry and rice flours decreased by the addition of the enzyme into the formulation in a concentration-dependent manner. Enzyme concentrations above 100U/100g flour did not provide statistically significant further changes on gluten-free cookie doughs. Incorporation of xylanase into the cookie recipes resulted in increased baking loss and spread ratio in an enzyme concentration-dependent manner for all cookie types. Hardness values of both types of gluten-free cookies decreased by xylanase incorporation. Different effects on fracturability were observed depending on the cookie type and enzyme concentration. Enzyme concentration of 100U/100g flour provided mulberry and rice flours-based cookies with a more flexible and softer structure. No significant effects on color parameters of cookies were observed by xylanase incorporation.

Integral use of grape: Clarified juice production by microfiltration and pomace flour by freeze-drying. Development of gluten-free filled cookies

Viticulture is a millenary activity, with winemaking as its primary purpose. Traditionally, by-products have been discarded or underutilized. This study explored a comprehensive use of the grape, which are rich in simple carbohydrates, vitamin C, minerals, and phenolic compounds. A filtration process involving a filter and microfiltration with membranes was employed to clarify the fruit juice. This resulted in a clear, transparent juice with reduced sugar and protein content. Meanwhile, the main by-product, the pomace which is a mixture of skin, seeds, and stalks, also contains a high content of phenolic compounds and fiber, was freeze-dried. In this context, various hydrocolloids were studied for their effectiveness in producing a powder with the desired characteristics. The grape flour obtained was characterized and used in the formulation of gluten free cookies and their filling. The sweet filled cookies exhibited higher protein, vegetable fat, and fiber content than the control cookies and were well-received in sensory evaluations. Therefore, utilizing these flours in food formulations represents an excellent opportunity to valorize waste and enhance the value of the wine industry.

Formulation of Gluten-Free Cookies Utilizing Chickpea, Carob, and Hazelnut Flours through Mixture Design.

Legume flours, which offer high nutritional quality, present viable options for gluten-free bakery products. However, they may have an objectionable flavor and taste for some consumers. In this study, it was aimed to improve the gluten-free cookie formulation by incorporating carob and hazelnut flours to pre-cooked chickpea flour and to investigate the techno-functional properties of the formulated cookies. The flours used in the formulations were assessed for their chemical and physical properties. This study employed a mixture design (simplex-centroid) to obtain the proportions of the flours to be used in the cookie formulations. The rheological characteristics of the doughs and the technological attributes of the baked cookies were determined. The addition of the hazelnut and carob flours had the overall effect of reducing the rheological characteristics of the cookie doughs. Furthermore, the textural attribute of the hardness of the baked cookies decreased as the ratio of hazelnut flour in the formulations was raised. The analysed results and sensory evaluation pointed to a formulation consisting of 30% pre-cooked chickpea/30% carob/30% hazelnut flours, which exhibited improved taste and overall acceptability scores. A total of 16.82 g/100 g of rapidly digestible starch, 5.36 g/100 g of slowly digestible starch, and 8.30 g/100 g of resistant starch exist in this particular cookie. As a result, combinations of chickpea, hazelnut, and carob flours hold promise as good alternatives for gluten-free cookie ingredients and warrant further exploration in the development of similar products.

Extraction and characterization of starch from low-grade potatoes and formulation of gluten-free cookies containing modified potato starch

Potatoes are among the leading staple crops due to nutritional value and high demand. The undersized and damaged potatoes are considered low grade and mainly dumped as a waste or used in animal feed. The study aimed to extract starch from low grade potatoes, its modification to improve the starch properties and formulation of gluten free cookies using modified starch (MS). The starch was extracted from low-grade potatoes of three varieties known as Asterix, Kruda and Mosaic, using the water steeping method. The native starch (NS) was modified using lintnerization and repetitive autoclaving. MS contains high amylose content which is associated with health benefits. NS and MS were characterized for amylose content, color attributes, granular morphology, water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis. Gluten-free cookies were formulated by adding potato NS and MS. The cookies were characterized by sensory evaluation, proximate and textural analysis. The starch yield extracted from three different varieties of potatoes i.e. Asterix, Kruda, Mosaic was 11.53%, 11.32% and 11.24%, respectively. The amylose content of potato starch was significantly (p < 0.05) increased for all varieties (33.61–37.74%) after modification of NS, which was in the range of 25.71–26.60% for different potato varieties. The granules of MS were observed as amorphous structures in comparison to NS granules with smooth surfaces. The addition of MS significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the hardness of the cookies in comparison to NS. Overall, no significant difference was observed in the sensory attributes of control, NS and MS containing cookies. Therefore, in comparison to other dietary fibers, MS can be used as a functional ingredient in food products without compromising the texture and sensory attributes.

The effect of stevia powder on the quality of gluten-free cookies

The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of stevia powder on the quality of gluten-free cookies with a complete replacement of sugar in the recipe. The cookies were made from a mixture of rice and corn flour (40/60). Margarine or vegetable oil were used as fat components. Stevia powder was used in different amounts: 1.0; 2.0; 3.0%. Cookies quality were assessed by organoleptic indicators, physical characteristics (diameter, thickness), moisture, swelling, strength on the structure analyzer "Structurometer ST-2". When completely replacing sugar with stevia powder in various amounts, margarine cookies were comparable in size to sugar cookies, while increasing moisture, but reducing swelling and strength values. Replacing the fat component with vegetable oil resulted in the formation of a flatter, more brittle cookie, with pronounced brittleness, which was reflected in its strength, both in cookies with sugar and with stevia. The use of guar or xanthan gum in the formulation of gluten-free cookies with stevia and vegetable oil made it possible to obtain softer cookies, increased their thickness, as well as moisture and swelling, stabilized the strength, which became comparable before the addition of stevia powder. An increase in the amount of gum over 1% led to large changes in cookie quality indicators, and depended on the type of gum, which was more pronounced when using xanthan gum. The main criterion for the quality of gluten-free cookies with stevia powder in the amount of 1.0% was the minimum specific sweetness

Soybean bran as the fat replacer in gluten-free cookie formulation: Physicochemical properties and sensory profiles

Soybean bran (SB) partially replaced fat (30%?50%) in a gluten-free cookie formulation. Dough properties, physical (cookie dimension and weight loss), textural (hardness and fracturability), colour and sensory parameters, as well as nutritional profiles were evaluated to characterize full-fat (FFC) and fat-reduced cookies (FRC). Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the fat reduction in cookie formulation at 30% maintained the sensory properties of the FFC. Furthermore, it was revealed that the fat replacement using SB at 30% resulted in the fat-reduced value-added gluten-free cookies in terms of dietary fibre and minerals. A daily portion of the 30% FRC meets 11.87% and 18.04% of dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for dietary fibres, 26.50% of DRIs for calcium, 35.71% and 46.88% of DRIs for magnesium and 65.43% and 83.61% of DRIs for manganese, for male and female adults, respectively.

Formulation of Gluten-Free Cookies with Enhanced Quality and Nutritional Value

Gluten-free (GF) products are indispensable for people with celiac disease because till date the only treatment is to follow a GF diet. Besides this, nowadays, people are more interested in following a healthy diet, so they are looking for nutritious food. Nine gluten-free formulations were developed: control (C1-100% rice flour and C2-100% quinoa flour) and samples with quinoa flour (87%) and with the addition of pea protein powder, pumpkin seed protein powder, coconut flour, aronia powder, carrot powder, tomatoes powder and ginger powder with a concentration of 13%, respectively, to show that quinoa flour is nutritionally richer than rice flour. Quinoa flour had a higher content of protein (12.23%), fiber (6.80%), ash (1.66%) compared to rice flour, which had 7.20% protein, 2.20% fiber and 0.60% ash. All supplemented cookies had higher levels of protein, fat and ash. The sensorial analysis showed that the best acceptance besides C1 was for S3_coconut, S4_aronia and S6_tomatoes cookies. Aronia cookie was the darkest and hardest sample. Besides C1 and C2, the softest sample was S6_tomatoes, while S3_coconut was the lightest. Gluten-free (GF) products are indispensable for people with celiac disease because till date the only treatment is to follow a GF diet. Besides this, nowadays, people are more interested in following a healthy diet, so they are looking for nutritious food. Nine gluten-free formulations were developed: control (C1-100% rice flour and C2-100% quinoa flour) and samples with quinoa flour (87%) and with the addition of pea protein powder, pumpkin seed protein powder, coconut flour, aronia powder, carrot powder, tomatoes powder and ginger powder with a concentration of 13%, respectively, to show that quinoa flour is nutritionally richer than rice flour. Quinoa flour had a higher content of protein (12.23%), fiber (6.80%), ash (1.66%) compared to rice flour, which had 7.20% protein, 2.20% fiber and 0.60% ash. All supplemented cookies had higher levels of protein, fat and ash. The sensorial analysis showed that the best acceptance besides C1 was for S3_coconut, S4_aronia and S6_tomatoes cookies. Aronia cookie was the darkest and hardest sample. Besides C1 and C2, the softest sample was S6_tomatoes, while S3_coconut was the lightest.

Fermented rice-bran by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Nutritious ingredient in the formulation of gluten-free cookies

Rice bran is rich in protein, lipid and other nutrients. The objective was to evaluate the effect of rice flour and rice bran fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in gluten free cookies formulation, as well to characterize them for their physicochemical and antioxidant properties, sensory and microbiological. The formulations were elaborated with different levels of rice bran fermented (25 g, 50 g and 100 g, or 7.08%, 14.16% and 28.33%, respectively) besides rice flour, control (without it) and other ingredients. The proximate composition, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity, sensory analysis and shelf life were determined in formulations. The use of fermented-rice bran show to be a potential substitute for wheat flour in cookie making. All formulations presented higher protein level, phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity, and shelf life was 90 days. The cookies also presented good sensory attributes and acceptability by the consumer, highlighting the formulation of 25 g fermented-rice bran. The use of rice bran fermented by S. cerevisiae proved to be a potential alternative as an ingredient in the preparation of gluten-free cookies.

Sensory profiling and mapping of gluten‐free cookies made from blends Cardaba banana flour and starch

Sensory profiling of gluten-free (GF) cookies made from cardaba banana flour and starch blends were evaluated using trained panelists/assessors. The sensory attributes used to separate the cookie samples were appearance, aroma, taste, and texture/crispiness of the cookies. Sensory mapping (internal and external preference mapping) was evaluated using multidimensional scaling of data obtained using a 9-point hedonic scale. Analysis of the panelists revealed the rating of the cookie samples was not affected by the aroma attribute. The result of internal preference mapping revealed that the first three principal components extracted accounted for 71% of the total variation. External preference mapping shows that the potential for predicting assessors overall acceptability of the cardaba banana cookies using five sensory descriptors which drove the preference of some of the five assessors’ clusters. The formulation of GF cookies is feasible and the result obtained may facilitate the marketability of GF food that is comparable to conventional cookies in sensorial attributes. Practical applications Understanding the sensory profiling and consumer preference of gluten-free cardaba banana cookies using internal and external preference mapping are key to the development of cookie sample that will achieve success in the marketplace. Results obtained in this research were discussed with relevance to the production of cookies that not only meet consumer requirement but also compared favorably with conventional cookies.

Gluten-free cookies elaborated with buckwheat flour, millet flour and chia seeds

Abstract The aim of this study was to obtain an optimized gluten-free cookie formulation using alternative flours. For this, a 22 central composite rotatable design (CCRD), with varying concentrations of millet flour (MF) and chia seeds (CS), on a base of buckwheat flour (BF), was used. Control cookies were elaborated with 100% wheat flour (WF). The cookies were characterized for texture and other physical tests and by scanning electron microscopy of their internal structure. The response surfaces for the quality parameters of the cookies showed that the higher the proportion of MF used in the formulations, the lower the height and the greater the diameter, expansion factor, and hardness of the cookies. The addition of up to 10% CS showed no influence on the responses. The optimum point was defined as that with diameter, expansion factor, thickness, and hardness closer to the control cookie: 7.5% CS, 40% MF, and 52.5% BF. The substitution of wheat flour by buckwheat flour, millet flour, and chia seeds can be considered a suitable alternative for the preparation of gluten-free cookies.

In vitro large intestine fermentation of gluten-free rice cookies containing alfalfa seed (Medicago sativa L.) flour: A combined metagenomic/metabolomic approach

Alfalfa seed flour (ASF) at different inclusion levels (0% as control, 30% and 45% w/w) was used to prepare rice flour-based gluten-free (GF) cookies (CK). Samples underwent a simulated in vitro digestion and fermentation process. The comprehensive changes in the phenolic profiles were evaluated during 48 h of fermentation by means of untargeted UHPLC-QTOF mass spectrometry followed by multivariate statistics. Furthermore, the modifications in microbial profile and the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were investigated. Cookies presenting 30% (30-CK) and 45% (45-CK) ASF possessed the greater total phenolic content when compared to the control, being 0.42 and 0.56 mg/g versus 0.15 mg/g, respectively. The orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis, applied to untargeted metabolomics-based data, showed a clear modulation of the profile in phenolic metabolites over time (from 8 up to 48 h of in vitro fermentation). In this regard, the in vitro fermentation of 30-CK and 45-CK resulted in the maximum increase in lignans and phenolic acids, whose bioaccessibility at 24 h of in vitro fermentation was 16.2% and 12.2%, respectively. In addition, the metagenomic sequencing approach allowed to identify in Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Streptococcaceae the most represented bacterial populations during the in vitro fermentation. A greater total SCFA production (p < .05) was recorded overtime for all ASF-enriched cookies when compared to the control. Therefore, ASF proved to be an excellent alternative to common non-wheat cereal flours (such as pseudocereals or legumes) for improving possible health-promoting properties in GF cookie formulation.

Influence of Flour Particle Size Distribution on the Quality of Maize Gluten-Free Cookies.

The objective of the present study was to analyse the influence of particle size distribution of maize flour in the formulation of gluten-free cookies. Different cookie formulations were made with three distinct maize flour fractions obtained by sieving (less than 80 µm; between 80 and 180 µm; greater than 180 µm). Cookies dimension, texture and colour were evaluated. Flour hydration properties and cookie dough rheology were also measured. Overall, an increase in maize flour particle size decreases the values of water holding capacity (WHC), swelling volume and G’ (elastic modulus) for the doughs. An increase in average particle size also increases diameter and spread factor of the cookies but decreases their hardness. A higher percentage of thick particles is more effective to reduce cookie hardness, but a certain percentage of thinner particles is necessary to give cohesion to the dough and to allow formation of the cookies without breaking. Cookies with a larger diameter also presented a darker colour after baking.

Fiber concentrates from raspberry and blueberry pomace in gluten-free cookie formulation: Effect on dough rheology and cookie baking properties.

Raspberry and blueberry pomace, by-products from fruit juice industry, were dehydrated to obtain fruit fiber concentrates and valorized as ingredients in gluten-free (GF) cookies formulation. The aim was to evaluate the effect of substituting 30% (w/w) of GF flour mixture with different ratios of blueberry/raspberry fiber concentrates (0/30, 15/15, and 30/0) on rheological properties of cookie dough and cookie baking quality. Generally, the incorporation of the fiber concentrates increased the elastic and the viscous moduli thus producing harder doughs and consequently firmer cookies in comparison to the control. Although having similar total, soluble and insoluble fiber content, blueberry fiber concentrates were characterized with higher water absorption capacity and consequently yielded cookies with more rigid dough structure, higher water loss during baking, lower cookie thickness, higher spread ratio, more dense inner structure, and increased cookie hardness than those containing raspberry fiber concentrates. Enrichment of GF cookies with raspberry and blueberry fiber concentrates resulted in products with dietary fiber content higher than 6 g per 100 g, thus making them candidates for bearing "high fiber" nutrition claim. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Currently available GF bakery products mostly lack dietary fibers (DFs) and other important nutrients, because they are usually manufactured from refined flour and/or starches. As the products with long shelf-life, very popular in daily diet of almost all consumer profiles, cookies could represent good matrices for the addition of functional ingredients, such as DFs. In this paper, GF cookies were enriched with the fiber concentrates recovered from blueberry and raspberry pomace. Application of these fiber sources enabled recycling of fruit processing industry by-products into novel, "high fiber" GF product with improved nutritive profile.

Optimization of antioxidant activity, textural and sensory characteristics of gluten-free cookies made from whole indian quinoa flour

The present study deals with optimization of the process parameters for formulation of gluten-free cookies from quinoa flour. The levels of major ingredients and process conditions were varied to determine their effect on responses (color, spread factor, hardness, antioxidant activity and overall acceptability) defining consumer acceptance of cookies. Response surface methodology was used to optimize levels of ingredients and process conditions and the selected variables had a dominant effect on responses. Increase in fat and sugar content increased spread factor and decreased the hardness of cookies, while an increase in baking temperature and time decreased spread factor and increased hardness. The optimized values obtained for independent variables i.e. fat content, sugar content, baking temperature and baking time were 41.83%, 33.95%, 181 °C and 18 min, respectively. Experimentally determined values for responses were color 53.05 spread factor 7.16, hardness 47.05, antioxidant activity 20.67 (% DPPH inhibition) and overall acceptability 7.61. Results obtained from this study validate the production of functional and acceptable gluten-free cookies made from quinoa.

Effect of Pre-Treatment on Selected Nutrient Profile and Functional Properties of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Flour and Development of Gluten Free Quinoa Cookies

Recent awareness and interest in health and wellness has shifted focus on healthy eating and lifestyle changes among people. Baked products are consumed by all age group people and the consumer demand is increasing towards gluten free products mainly due to the prevalence of celiac disease. Utilization of quinoa flour in the making of cookies has its beneficial and nutraceutical properties and its gluten free nature makes it an excellent snack for celiac disease patients. The objective of the current study is to understand the impact of pre-treatments- dry roasting and germination- on the nutritional and functional properties of quinoa flour and to formulate and assess the cookies prepared from the pre treated quinoa flour. Quinoa seeds were washed and subjected to pre-treatments- roasting and germination. Proximate and functional properties were analyzed for plain, roasted and germinated quinoa flour. Quinoa cookies were prepared using plain, roasted and germinated flour. Physical parameters of the cookies were assessed. Cookies were subjected to sensory analysis. There was a significant difference in the proximate composition and functional properties of the untreated, roasted and germinated quinoa flour. Sensory analysis of the cookies revealed that all the samples ranked similar for all the attributes. The study reveals that there is a possibility for the formulation of gluten free cookies using a pseudo cereal like quinoa which has good nutritional and sensory profile.

Applying Simulation Method in Formulation of Gluten-Free Cookies

At present time priority direction in the development of new food products its developing of technology products for special purposes. These types of products are gluten-free confectionery products, intended for people with celiac disease. Gluten-free products are in demand among consumers, it needs to expand assortment, and improvement of quality indicators. At this article results of studies on the development of pastry products based on amaranth flour does not contain gluten. Study based on method of simulation recipes gluten-free confectionery functional orientation to optimize their chemical composition. The resulting products will allow to diversify and supplement the necessary nutrients diet for people with gluten intolerance, as well as for those who follow a gluten-free diet.

Optimization of Gluten Free Cookies from Red and White Sorghum Flours

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of red/white sorghum flours in the development of gluten free cookies. A Box Behnken design involving guar gum (GG), baking powder (BP) and water added to a given formulation and red/white sorghum flours as categorical variable, was used to obtain the optimal gluten free cookie formulation. Resulting cookies were subjected to sensory evaluation being flavour, fragility and crispiness evaluated responses. After that, the optimal formulation was obtained being GG and BP significant variables whereas sorghum flour did not showed statistical significance. Also proximal composition, total phenols and antioxidant activity as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) sequestering activity were evaluated in optimized red (RSC) and white (WSC) sorghum cookies. In spite of being total polyphenols contents of RSC (280±1.83 mg tannic acid equivalents./100 g) higher than that from WSC (73±1.91 mg tannic acid equivalents /100 g), evaluated DPPH scavenging activity was important in both cookies. Consuming a portion (30g) of them would provide a DPPH scavenging capacity of 572 mg and 544 mg ascorbic acid equivalent from RSC and WSC, respectively, which could be compared to the one provide from a 100 g portion of strawberries. Resulting sorghum cookies would contribute to a more diverse and nutritious diet for celiac people.

Antioxidant Capacity, Mineral Content and Sensory Properties of Gluten-Free Rice and Buckwheat Cookies.

Light buckwheat flour was used to substitute rice flour at the level of 10, 20 and 30% to produce gluten-free cookies. The substitution of gluten-free cookie formulation with light buckwheat flour contributed to the significantly higher mineral content, especially magnesium, potassium, iron and copper, in comparison with the control rice cookies (p<0.05). Gluten-free cookies made with rice flour and buckwheat flour exhibited significantly higher total phenolic and rutin content, scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH•), antioxidant activity and reducing power than the control cookies (p<0.05). Comparing all evaluated sensory properties, cookies containing 20% of light buckwheat flour had the most acceptable sensory properties. The obtained results of principal component analysis showed that the cookies with 20 and 30% buckwheat flour had better antioxidant and sensory properties in comparison with other two cookie samples.

Rice and buckwheat flour characterisation and its relation to cookie quality

Formulations of gluten-free cookies based on rice and buckwheat flour in three different ratios, 90/10, 80/20 and 70/30, were developed. The aim of this research was to characterise physicochemical properties of buckwheat and rice flour as raw materials in gluten-free cookie formulation and its relationship with final product quality. Chemical and electrophoretic analyses indicated that gluten-free flours exhibited similar protein/starch ratio and more narrow protein molecular weight range in comparison to wheat flour. On contrary, mean particle size of rice and buckwheat flour was higher in comparison to wheat flour, while the damage starch content was lower. The gluten-free cookies were prepared at pilot scale and their colour and sensory attributes were compared to wheat‐containing sample. Combination of rice as the brightest flour and buckwheat as the darkest has yielded the cookies of non‐significant difference in lightness in comparison to wheat cookie. On contrary, gluten-free flours and cookies showed significantly lower yellowness values than their wheat‐containing counterpart. Increase in the amount of buckwheat flour resulted in a decrease in cookie yellowness. Moreover, raise in buckwheat flour content from 10 to 20% resulted in an increase in sensory scores for flavour, rupture and chewiness. Scanning electron micrographs revealed cohesive structure of gluten-free cookies indicating adequate raw material selection, component ratio, as well as processing conditions.

Optimization Of Fiber Rich Gluten-Free Cookie Formulation By Response Surface Methodology

Most of the commercial gluten free products are nutritionally inferior when compared to gluten containing counterparts as manufacturers most often use the refined flours and starches. So it is possible that people on gluten free diet have low intake of fibre content. The foxtail millet flour and copra meal are gluten free and have high fibre and protein contents. The formulation of fibre rich gluten free cookies was optimized by response surface methodology considering independent process variables as proportion of Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour in mixed flour, fat content and guar gum. The sugar, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonates and water were added in fixed proportion as 60, 1.0, 0.4 and 20% of mixed flour weight, respectively. Optimum formulation obtained for maximum spread ratio, fibre content, surface L-value, overall acceptability and minimum breaking strength were 80% foxtail millet flour in mixed flour, 42.8 % fat content and 0.05% guar gum.