Brands Of Formula Milk Research Articles

An Investigation of the Safety and Nutritional Adequacy of Infant Formulas Found in Nigeria

Introduction Human breast milk is most recommended for the feeding of infants. Infant formulas could be introduced due to a number of reasons relating to the health of the mother or of the baby.  Objective To assess the nutritional adequacy and safety of commonly sold infant formula milk brands in the Nigerian market.  Method An observational study was conducted in Plateau State Nigeria around the months of February – April 2023 where five (5) different brand of infant formulas where compared. These were chosen because they were the most commonly available formulas in the market. Macro and micronutrient content of each formula milk was carefully collected from the cans and documented. Also, a comparison was made between the selected infant formulas and the European Society for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrient (ESPGHAN) guidelines.  Results All included infant formula brands (SMA, Peak Baby, My Boy, NAN, and Lactogen) have their content within the optimal range as specified by the ESPGHAN. However, some formulas did not contain elements as fluoride and Niacin. Others are Aracidonic acid (AA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DNA) and Nucleotides.  Discussion Findings from this study revealed that all the included infant formula brands could be considered safe but not all are nutritionally adequate for infant feeding.  Conclusion There is a need re-evaluate the composition of infant formula brands commonly sold on the Nigerian market. This is necessary since the commonly available brands were not nutritionally adequate.

An Investigation of the Safety and Nutritional Adequacy of Infant Formulas Found in Nigeria

Introduction Human breast milk is most recommended for the feeding of infants. Infant formulas could be introduced due to a number of reasons relating to the health of the mother or of the baby.  Objective To assess the nutritional adequacy and safety of commonly sold infant formula milk brands in the Nigerian market.  Method An observational study was conducted in Plateau State Nigeria around the months of February – April 2023 where five (5) different brand of infant formulas where compared. These were chosen because they were the most commonly available formulas in the market. Macro and micronutrient content of each formula milk was carefully collected from the cans and documented. Also, a comparison was made between the selected infant formulas and the European Society for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrient (ESPGHAN) guidelines.  Results All included infant formula brands (SMA, Peak Baby, My Boy, NAN, and Lactogen) have their content within the optimal range as specified by the ESPGHAN. However, some formulas did not contain elements as fluoride and Niacin. Others are Aracidonic acid (AA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DNA) and Nucleotides.  Discussion Findings from this study revealed that all the included infant formula brands could be considered safe but not all are nutritionally adequate for infant feeding.  Conclusion There is a need re-evaluate the composition of infant formula brands commonly sold on the Nigerian market. This is necessary since the commonly available brands were not nutritionally adequate.

Formula milk brands marketing on Chinese social media Weibo - a content analysis.

Parents' feeding practices in the first 2 years of life have profound effects on children's survival, health and development throughout their lives. Decisions on how to feed infants and young children should be based on the best information and evidence, not influenced by commercial interests. China is the largest and fastest-growing market for formula milk products. Social media has emerged as a distinctive marketing avenue that can reach consumers directly. Weibo is one of the most popular Chinese social media platforms. This study examined four of the most popular milk formula brands' official Weibo accounts: Biotime, Mead Johnson, YiLi-Prokido, and Friso. What messages posted and what marketing practices and tactics are used by formula milk brands on Weibo. We manually downloaded all posts in the four accounts between 1 January and 31 December 2018. Based on previous studies, we developed a marketing practices coding framework and selected ten mutually exclusive categories for coding and analysing the posts. Among 2667 original posts analysed, 65% were from three dominant categories: user engagement (939/2667, 35.2%), parenting advice (516/2667, 19.3%), and celebrity endorsement (327/2667, 12.3%). Other categories included making pseudo-health or nutrition claims and portraying breastfeeding as a painful or problematic experience. Widespread marketing practices and tactics were found in the four examined Weibo accounts of formula milk brands. Monitoring and regulation of formula milk marketing on social media are urgently needed. Social media platforms should also be held accountable for protecting a supportive breastfeeding environment.

Effects of storage practices on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation of preterm formula milk.

Preterm formula milk (FM) is often prepared in advance, potentially affecting nutritional quality. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), important for brain and immune system function, are prone to lipid peroxidation, which correlates with comorbidities of prematurity. The effects of clinical storage practices on LCPUFA content and lipid peroxidation of preterm FM were investigated. UK liquid and powder preterm FM (2017) (from two manufacturers) were subjected to routine storage conditions (liquid: refrigeration ≤10h; powder: weekly preparation in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and refrigeration ≤24h for 4 weeks). LCPUFA content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) content were analysed. Storage did not significantly decrease LCPUFA content. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition recommended LCPUFA intake, whereas in utero accretion rates could not be achieved with both FM brands (liquid and powder). Lipid peroxidation was evident on opening, with 6× higher levels in powder. No effect of ≤10-h refrigeration on peroxidation was seen in liquid FM. In powder FM, it increased over refrigeration (HNE opening: 6.5-9.7µgmL-1 versus day 28, 24h: 16.6-36.5µgmL-1 ) with a significant interaction between storage time and refrigeration (P=0.015), with higher HNE at 4h on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 (all P<0.05). The results suggest that preterm FM and storage conditions do not support in utero accretion rates for LCPUFAs. Although the results suggest different susceptibility of liquid and powder FM to peroxidation upon refrigeration, they are too preliminary to make specific recommendations. We suggest minimising storage time of fresh and prepared powder FM, wherever possible.

Devam Sütü Tercihinde Etkili Faktörlerin ve Pazar Liderlerinin Marka Kişiliklerinin Analizi

The preference of formula milk to be used for reinforcement in case of inadequate breast feeding is on the agenda of many families in the world and in our country. The subject of this study is to demonstrate the preference of mothers in the formula milk and the factors that pediatricians consider when recommending formula milk to mothers and how the brand personalities of market leaders are perceived by pediatricians and mothers. Two separate focus group studies were conducted with mothers and pediatricians residing in Istanbul, followed by a survey which was applied to 175 mothers and 125 doctors. As a result of the study, it has been found that formula milk brands are preferred by mothers and pediatricians for different reasons and market leader brands have serious differences in terms of perceived brand personality.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomic Comparison of Breast Milk and Organic and Traditional Formula Milk Brands for Infants and Toddlers.

In recent years, new formula milk (FM) products based on milk from farms that strictly adhere to the "organic farming" practices became available. However, little is known about the differences in nutritional profile of these organic formulae with respect to traditional ones. We comprehensively evaluated the metabolite profiles of FM with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic analysis. Five commercial brands of organic and nonorganic formula liquid milk for infants (0-12 months) and toddlers (1-3 years) were analyzed, together with human milk (HM) samples. Proton NMR (1H NMR) spectroscopy mapped molecular characteristics of FM linked to different production techniques, and identified differences between FM and HM samples. We performed a metabolic fingerprint analysis using multivariate and univariate statistical techniques. A clear distinction is found among different commercial brands of the FM samples. In addition, several differences in metabolomic profiles of FM have been found in comparison with HM for the first time. Notably, it was possible to identify, both in the formulations for toddlers and for infants, metabolites that vary in concentration between the formulae produced with milk obtained according to organic farming techniques, and those produced using nonorganic milk. In particular, organic and nonorganic formulations are differentiated by the levels of glucose, methionine, o-phosphocholine, butyrate, hippurate, creatine, and dimethyl sulfone. Importantly, the HM appeared to differ from both organic and nonorganic brands in a context of metabolites. These findings inform efforts to design FM in ways that closely mimic HM, and guide research to differentiate organic and traditional FM.

Health risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 in infant formula milk in IR Iran

In this study, two accurate, precise, selective and sensitive methods were developed for determining aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in infant formula milk using immunoaffinity column clean-up followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The validated methods were used for determination of AFM1 in 29 samples of 6 different infant formula milk brands and the risk of AFM1 in infants aged zero to 6 months old was assessed using cancer risk, Margin of Exposure (MOE) and Hazard Index (HI). Only one sample (3.4%) was contaminated with AFM1. Although the results showed that MOE values for the mean and median exposure to AFM1 was <10,000 in infants, the additional cancer risk due to mean and median exposure to AFM1 in infant <6 months were 0.00010 and 0.00012 additional cases per year per 105 individuals, respectively, which indicates no health concern. In addition, HI values for the mean and median exposure to AFM1 for infants were quite below one which indicates no health concern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on risk assessment of AFM1 in infant formula milk consumed by Iranian infants <6 months old, presenting a low risk for the evaluated groups.

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) after its bioconversion from aflatoxin B1 in animal liver becomes the part of milk while heavy metals get entry into milk and milk products during handling in the supply chain. Aflatoxin M1 and heavy metals being toxic compounds are needed to be monitored continuously to avoid any ailments among consumers of foods contaminated with such toxicants. Thirteen commercially available infant formula milk (IFM) brands available in Pakistani markets were analyzed for the quantitative determination of AFM1 and heavy metals through ELISA and atomic absorption spectrophotometer, respectively. AFM1 was found positive in 53.84% samples while 30.76% samples were found exceeding the maximum EU limit i.e. 0.025 μg/kg for AFM1 in IFM. Heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were found below the detection limits in any of the sample, whereas the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) ranged between 45.40-97.10, 29.72-113.50 and <0.001-50.90 μg/kg, respectively. The concentration of Fe in all the tested brands was found in normal ranges while the concentrations of Zn and Ni were found exceeding the standard norms. Elevated levels of AFM1, Zn and Ni in some of the tested IFM brands indicated that a diet completely based on these IFM brands might pose sever health implications in the most vulnerable community i.e., infants.

Metabolite profiles of formula milk compared to breast milk

Breast milk (BM) feeding is the gold standard in neonate nutrition. When BM is not available it can be substituted or integrated with commercial formula milk (FM) usually sold under different brands and formulations. In this work, the low-molecular-weight hydrophilic compounds in milk were studied by gas chromatography electronic impact mass spectrometry (GC–MS), comparing eight different FM brands with BM samples. With the aid of multivariate statistical data analysis, a marked variability among FM brands, especially driven by the presence of prebiotics in their formulation, was highlighted. Quali-quantitative differences were found between FM and BM. Orotic acid and isomaltulose were found exclusively in FM, while phenylalanine and tyrosine levels were high in two FM brands. Moreover, higher levels of malic acid, sugars (glucose, fructose and galactose), and mannitol were detected in FM. On the other hand, BM showed a higher amino acid content. In conclusion, GC–MS proved to be a very sensitive analytical technique for the study of FM, highlighting metabolite differences among FM brands, and between FM and BM, that may have a possible strong impact on neonatal nutrition.

Child Feeding Practices in Families of Working and Nonworking Mothers of Indonesian Middle Class Urban Families: What Are the Problems?

This study aims to explore the feeding practices in families of working and nonworking mothers with children (aged 12–36 months) of different nutritional status and types of domestic caregiver in Indonesian urban middle class families. It was designed as a qualitative multiple case study. Mothers and caregivers from 26 families were interviewed in depth, and caregivers were categorized as family and domestic-paid caregivers. The result suggested that offering formula milk to young children was a common practice, and there was a high recognition and familiarity toward a range of formula milk brands. Mothers reported challenges in encouraging their children to eat, and in some cases they appeared to lack knowledge on overcoming their child's feeding problem. The findings suggested the need to address the child feeding problems experienced by mothers in order to overcome the double burden of child nutrition in Indonesia.

Factors influencing consumer’s purchase decision of formula milk in Malang City

Various brands of formula milk offered by many companies make mothers having under five year old children difficult to make decision to buy formula milk. The purposes of this study were to analyze the simultaneous and partial effects of culture, social, personal, psychological, product and price variables on buying decision of formula milk, and to analyze the variables having dominant influence on the purchasing decisions of formula milk at Malang City. This study was conducted at Lowokwaru, Kedungkandang, Blimbing, Sukun and Klojen Districts of Malang City from November to December 2012. The method used for this study was an explanatory survey method using questionnaires to collect data from 120 mothers having under five year old children consuming formula milk that were selected by an accidental sampling method. Data of respondents were measured using Likert Scale that ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). A multiple linear regression model was used to predict the effects of culture, social, personal, psychological, product and price variables on purchasing decision. The results showed that the six variables simultaneously affected significantly the purchasing decision of formula milk at Malang City. The six variables contributed 83.5% of the variation in formula milk purchasing decision. Partially, culture, social, personal, psychological, and product variables positively influenced the purchasing decisions of formula milk, while price variables did not significantly influence the purchasing decision of formula milk. Culture variable was the most dominant variable influencing purchasing decision of formula milk.

Nosocomial diarrhoea in relation to sanitation state: a study in Tikrit, Iraq

A cross-sectional hospital-based study of 259 children aged < 5 years was carried out in Tikrit, Iraq, to identify the prevalence of nosocomial diarrhoea and sources of contamination in the ward environment. Nosocomial diarrhoea was diagnosed in 84 children (32.4%). Children with diarrhoea were more likely than unaffected children to be bottle-fed, given unboiled water, to have unclean food containers and contaminated bed sheets. Three out of 5 brands of formula milk (unopened cans) were contaminated. Three-quarters of medical staff and employees had contaminated hands. Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter spp. were the most commonly identified microorganisms. A greater emphasis on personal hygiene, improved care practices and promotion of breastfeeding is recommended.

Human breast milk provides better antioxidant capacity than infant formula.

Human milk contains all of the constituents that are required for the optimal growth and development of a neonate. It supports the development of brain, immune, and physiological systems. This study aimed to consider the significance of breast milk in preventing oxidative stress by comparing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in breast and formula milk for premature infants, demonstrating the relationship between TAC in breast milk and postnatal age in days. The Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) method was used to spectophotometrically measure of TAC in breast and formula milk. One hundred and fourty (n = 140) lactating mothers agreed to participate in the study. TAC was also measured in two brands of formula milk (n = 80). The Range of TAC in human breast milk was 234.27-1442.31 μM and in two formula was 160.04-630.92 μM. The average TAC was significantly higher in breast milk (642.94 ± 241.23 μM) compared to formula milk (280.986 ± 100.34 μM) p < 0.0001. The TAC of breast milk was increased with some nutritional parameter such as increased consumption of cheese, vegetables, fruits, bread and nuts. Infants' height at the birthday was directly correlated with antioxidant capacity of breast milk, whilst a reversed correlation was observed between TAC in breast milk and infant age. Based on our results, it is concluded that the TAC of breast milk is varied and affected by nutrition. It is alo observed that TAC is significantly higher in breast milk than formula, which means that breast milk provides better antioxidant potency than infant formula.

Comparison of the Nutritional Values of Follow-on Formulae Available in Italy

If breast milk is not available during complementary feeding, 'follow-on' formula milk ensures a balanced intake of nutrients and is undoubtedly more suitable for infants than cows' milk. Formula milk provides a lower intake of proteins and saturated fats and a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fats, iron and zinc than cows' milk. In particular, delaying the introduction of cows' milk until the end of the first year of life, or even until after the second year, appears to play a fundamental role in the prevention of iron deficiency anaemia. It may also prevent excess weight gain and obesity and the development of immunoallergic symptoms, and may be important for neurobehavioural development. More than 30 varieties of follow-on formula milk are currently available in Italy alone. This review outlines the nutritional differences between breast, formula and cows' milks, and compares different brands of formula milk.

Determination of oxidative status in breast and formula milk

Aim: To investigate to what extent formula milk and stored breast milk, commonly used in hospitals, could be pro‐oxidant sources for newborn babies. Methods: We determined total anti‐oxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation products, such as lipid peroxides, TBARS and conjugated dienes, in fresh and stored (at ‐20°C) samples of breast milk and in different brands of formula milk. Results: There were notable differences in the oxidation parameters in several brands of formula milk, particularly concerning the levels of lipid peroxides and total antioxidant capacity. No difference was found in the mean total antioxidant capacity between formula and breast milk, even if the vitamin content is much higher in formula milk than in breast milk. On the contrary, all the considered lipid peroxidation products were higher in human milk (HM) than formula milk (FM), and lipid peroxides were much higher in HM stored at ‐20°C. Many differences were found between different formula milks. Conclusion: There was a conspicuous formation of lipid peroxides in HM stored at ‐20°C, which was probably caused by an increased presence of free fatty acids due to lipoprotein lipase activity during storage. Unexpectedly, even fresh HM had a higher concentration of lipid peroxidation products when compared to FM. This could be ascribed to the higher susceptibility of HM to degradation during analysis because of manipulation and light exposure. However, it is also interesting that the high content of lipid peroxides did not correspond to a low total antioxidant capacity in either breast or formula milk. This could signify that such levels of lipid peroxidation products might be present naturally in milk and HM after expression is subject to a strong peroxidation either at room temperature or at ‐20°C.

Determination of oxidative status in breast and formula milk

To investigate to what extent formula milk and stored breast milk, commonly used in hospitals, could be pro-oxidant sources for newborn babies. We determined total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation products, such as lipid peroxides, TBARS and conjugated dienes, in fresh and stored (at -20 degrees C) samples of breast milk and in different brands of formula milk. There were notable differences in the oxidation parameters in several brands of formula milk, particularly concerning the levels of lipid peroxides and total antioxidant capacity. No difference was found in the mean total antioxidant capacity between formula and breast milk, even if the vitamin content is much higher in formula milk than in breast milk. On the contrary, all the considered lipid peroxidation products were higher in human milk (HM) than formula milk (FM), and lipid peroxides were much higher in HM stored at -20 degrees C. Many differences were found between different formula milks. There was a conspicuous formation of lipid peroxides in HM stored at -20 degrees C, which was probably caused by an increased presence of free fatty acids due to lipoprotein lipase activity during storage. Unexpectedly, even fresh HM had a higher concentration of lipid peroxidation products when compared to FM. This could be ascribed to the higher susceptibility of HM to degradation during analysis because of manipulation and light exposure. However, it is also interesting that the high content of lipid peroxides did not correspond to a low total antioxidant capacity in either breast or formula milk. This could signify that such levels of lipid peroxidation products might be present naturally in milk and HM after expression is subject to a strong peroxidation either at room temperature or at -20 degrees C.