Forms Of Stratification Research Articles

Stratifikasi Sosial dalam Novel La Hami Karya Marah Rusli

This study aims to describe the social stratification in Sumbawa Island before the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 in the novel La Hami by Marah Rusli, which includes; (1) the form of social stratification in the novel La Hami by Marah Rusli (2) the cause of social stratification in the novel La Hami by Marah Rusli, (3) the impact of social stratification in the novel La Hami by Marah Rusli. This research is a literary research using a qualitative approach using a descriptive method whose data are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences, and the data source is taken in the novel La Hami by Marah Rusli. The data collection technique is done by reading and understanding the novel, marking data related to the research problem to gain a deeper understanding of the problem, and inventorizing (searching) the data. The results of this study are that there are three forms of social stratification (layers of society) consisting of a layer of nobles, a layer of people, and a layer of slaves. The noble layer is the highest layer in the life of the people on Sumbawa Island, this noble layer has a high position in the royal government system. The people's layer is the largest layer or called the mass of the people, they are independent but still under the sultanate government. The slave layer is a layer that must work for the royal mangkubumi, they are not free like the masses of the people. Factors causing social stratification in the novel La Hami by Marah Rusli are measures of wealth, measures of power, measures of honor and measures of knowledge. The impacts are social conflict and class endogamy.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE OF TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Recent years have seen a significant increase in the prominence and attention given to human rights discussions and debates. Moreover, a lot of world leaders continue to yearn for the successful and complete implementation of their vision of a just society. In a variety of settings, a number of academicians, philosophers, and leaders have disputed this idealistic notion of creating a just society. They argue that a number of stratifying factors, such as caste, class, economic status, and family values, have long caused division in our society. With the passage of time, this stratified society changed and started fining the minority that was less fortunate more and more. Similarly, a sizable segment of the populace referred to as the transgender community has been perceived as a disadvantaged facet of society as a result of various forms of social stratification and certain inherent genetic deficiencies. The transgender community has been unable to exercise even the most basic constitutional rights that are granted to every person under the countrys constitution because of ignorance and inferiority complex. Members of the community have also been socially and economically excluded from society and have been unable to access government aid programs due to the gap created by the discrimination inside the community. Furthermore, transgender people are inadvertently reduced to the status of second-class citizens in a society guided by the constitutional ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity because of a number of laws in the Indian context that only define Indian society in terms of male or female. The current study aims to comprehend the causes of the deprivations placed on transgender people in order to implement and formulate welfare measures specifically for the transgender community and enable its members to access constitutional and statutory mechanisms without facing any discrimination. It is imperative that we create practical measures immediately in order to lessen marginalization and make the transgender populations general socioeconomic growth a reality.

Empowering the religious minority: examining the mobilizing role of social media for online political participation in an Asian democracy

ABSTRACT Most current studies examining the mobilizing or reinforcing role of social media for political participation focus on gender and socioeconomic stratifications and are based in Western democratic societies. Attention to religious status as a form of social stratification concerning social media use for political participation, more so in non-Western settings, is nearly absent. This study, through survey data from India, investigates the roles of political interest, social media news use, and religious status in explaining online political participation gaps. Results show that individuals with higher political interest and frequent social media news use are likelier to engage in online political participation. Next, social media news use can moderate the relationship between political interest and online political participation, exacerbating the participatory gaps between politically interested and disinterested citizens. However, we also find that these relationships are further conditional upon the religious status of the citizens. Specifically, we observe that social media mobilizes politically interested members of religious minorities more than the majority group. The findings reveal the subtleties of the effects of social media on online political participation in a non-Western context. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of political engagement in the digital age.

Nairobi Street-Aesthetics: Distance and Proximity in the Aesthetics of Everyday Life in the Green City

This article looks at the relatively recent tendency to aestheticize life in Nairobi’s working-class and informal neighbourhoods in different forms of art and media. It focuses on two case studies – Steve Bloom’s photobook, Trading Places: The Merchants of Nairobi (2009) and the first issue of the Kenyan literary magazine Kwani? (2003). These are compared to the collectively performed poem ‘Mistaken Identity’ (2019) by a group of poets from the neighbourhood of Kayole, to show that the street aesthetics in the two cases rest on distance, while the meaning-making in the poem rests on proximity. Distance in this context takes several forms, such as the gap between socio-economic classes and actual physical distance, but I register it on the level of epistemology. The poem also articulates a form of epistemological proximity between, first, the forms of meaning-making that can be seen in both the text and the visual and performative components of the video, and, second, the place that is portrayed. Rather than arguing that proximity is preferable to distance as a basis of meaning-making, this article attempts to theorize the emergence of a specific aesthetic. This aesthetic presents itself as an aesthetic because the particular forms of social stratification and concomitant social distance between communities and neighbourhood (which have emerged in Nairobi since 2000) allow an economic, political and cultural elite to re-discover the city, which they experience as simultaneously strange and familiar.

Stratifikasi Sosial dalam Novel Pasar Karya Kuntowijoyo

This study focuses on the social stratification system of Javanese society using Koentjaraningrat's theory which states that Javanese society is divided into four groups, namely dharai (nobles), priyayi (bureaucrats), wong dagang (traders) and wong cilik (little people, small people). This study aims to describe: (1) the forms of social stratification in Kuntowijoyo's novel Pasar, (2) the factors causing social stratification in Kuntowijoyo's novel Pasar, and (3) the impact of social stratification in Kuntowijoyo's novel Pasar. This type of research is a qualitative research using descriptive methods with content analysis techniques. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that indicate social stratification in Kuntowijoyo's novel Pasar. The data collection technique is reading and understanding the novel, marking data related to research problems to gain a deeper understanding of the problem, and take inventory (search) data. Validation of the data in this study using triangulation techniques. or merchants (traders), and wong cilik (ordinary people). The factors that cause social stratification in Kuntowijoyo's novel Pasar are wealth, power, honor, and knowledge. The impact is social conflict and competition.

Between Caste and Occupation: Issues of Sweeper Community in Kashmir

Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by occupational ranking, intermarrying and ritual hierarchy. The hierarchy here includes disparities in status and access to goods and services. This disparity is mainly found among lower castes like sweepers. Sweepers belong to the lowest rung regarding caste and occupation from Kashmir to Kanyakumari. They use long-handled brooms and carts to sweep roads, gardens, marketplaces and other public places. This study attempted to review the existing literature to exhibit caste and occupation-based issues of this particular community in Kashmir. A systematic review methodology was espoused, and the relevant literature was searched through key databases, such as Google Scholar, Project Muse, PubMed, JSTOR and ScienceDirect, for this review paper by combining the keywords. The systematic review revealed that in Kashmir, the sweeper community was at the bottom of the caste and occupational structure. This mechanism institutionalizes the transmission of unclean work from generation to generation, and it was still a structural flaw that maintained inequality against the sweeper community. The people of this community are found educationally backward, socially ostracized and economically inferior. The upper castes typically forbid these people from entering their homes, whereas living amidst this community is deemed unpleasant. The process of caste mobility, such as Sayyidization, similar to Sanskritization and Ashrafization, is evident among the members of the sweeper community.

Performing whiteness: Central and Eastern European young people’s experiences of xenophobia and racialisation in the UK post-Brexit

ABSTRACT The state-induced anti-immigration environment and the normalisation of xenophobia in political and media discourses have led to the increased othering of European migrants in the UK through new forms of social stratification, especially since the Brexit Referendum of 2016. For young people who migrated to the UK as children from Central and Eastern Europe, Brexit has represented a major rupture in the process of their identity formation, adding new insecurities in the context of increasingly uncertain rights. Based on a survey with 1,120 young people aged 12–18 who identified as Central or Eastern European migrants, followed by focus groups and case studies, we report on young migrants’ everyday experiences of xenophobia and racialisation. We explore the coping and resistance strategies young people used to integrate themselves in these racialized hierarchies. Drawing on insights from emergent theories of racialisation and whiteness, we add new evidence on the direct consequences of these experiences of marginalisation on young people’s sense of belonging and their own attitudes towards other ethnic groups.

ANALISIS STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DALAM PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT DI KENAGARIAN SITUJUAH GADANG

This research used the Qualitative Approach the informan of this research are niniak mamak of Kenagarian Situjuah Gadang, the social leader, the community who have social status in that village. The Supporting data has taken from the office of Wali Nagari, the stratification of the informant purposively. The data collected by observation, interview and documentation study. To know the vaildity of data the researches used triangulation technique and technique of analysis data by analysing qualitative data that begin from data reduction, presenting data and make the conclution. The result of this research an is follow: 1) the form of social stratification of the community, 2) The role of social stratification in the community development has been that changed in their community life in Kenagarian Situjuah Gadang. The change was backed up by leading, the need of the community and government in globalization era with various need and problem. Meanwhile the village in a concept of heritage tradition (traditional heritage) is a unit of social organization which was governed by penghulu group, that was barned from homogen farming community and simple, so they cannot able to face democracy and otonomy the community of Kenagarian Situjuah Gadang had been pismed with the stratification/koel that are : social stratification of culture, structure social stratification, social politic stratification. They have the mission and vision in the development of the whole community.

Social Stratification

No society is classes or without strata. Social stratification is part and parcel of social life. Every society defines a means of categorizing each person into a particular social group. The placement of each individual in turn determines his value, as defined by the larger society: hence, the greater role of society in defining every person’s value. Differences in values and statuses of individual engender stratification in the society. If social stratification affected only such matters as who gets elected as president or who becomes the chief executive officer, separate chapter might not be dedicated to its discussion. But social stratification does much more: it results in some members of society benefiting greatly and others suffering. We shall discuss the characteristics of social stratification, forms of social stratification, and social stratification in India.

Does Caste-based Social Stratification Moderate the Relationship Between Social Capital and Life Satisfaction? Evidence from India

This study examined if India’s caste system, a form of social stratification that divides different social groups into ranked categories, moderates the relationship between social capital and life satisfaction. Using data extracted from the International Social Survey Programme’s module on Social Network and Social Resources (N = 909), we conducted Principal Component Analysis and identified two distinct components of social capital – formal and informal. Using Multiple Hierarchical Regression, we examined the relationship between social capital (formal and informal) and life satisfaction, and it was found to be significant. We also found that the relationship is different for different castes. Average life satisfaction was lowest among the middle castes (Other Backward Classes), and not the lower castes (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes). Formal social capital was found to positively contribute to life satisfaction across all the caste categories, but heavy informal social capital was observed to reduce life satisfaction among upper castes.

Localizing diasporic digital media practices: Social stratification and community making among Somali women living in Rome

In this article, I inquire into the relationship between digital media practices, community making and forms of social stratification among Somali women living in Rome. Drawing on a critical approach to the study of ‘digital diaspora’, I use theories of ‘field’ and ‘capitals’ as analytical tools to examine the impact of different positionings assumed by Somali women within the local community on forms of diasporic networking through digital means. The relationality between offline and online reality is exposed, unpacking women’s positioning and roles through an intersectional approach sensitive to age, class, literacy and gender dynamics. This reveals internal fractures or forms of solidarity shaping the landscape of the local field of Somali digital diaspora.

Gender differences in years of remaining life by living arrangement among older Singaporeans.

The online version of this article contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-020-00594-3.

Цифровизация как моделирующая система социальной стратификации

The article analyzes new forms of social stratification generated by the processes of digitalization of all aspects of modern society. The article describes the ontology, ideology, and mythology of the digital society. The mechanism and immanent logic of the impact of digitalization processes on the social structure of society are analyzed. The article considers the specifics of a number of new social strata that arise as a result of the implementation of digital technologies in the processes of social construction of reality. Various models of social stratification are discussed.

Social stratification and housing wealth inequality in transitional urban China

ABSTRACT As the Chinese economy continues to transform, housing wealth has gradually become the single largest asset in most urban households. At the same time, housing wealth inequality has worsened, and housing stratification has become a major form of social stratification in the country. However, there is no empirical evidence of temporal changes in housing wealth inequality and their implications on social stratification. Pooling three waves of survey data from the 1995, 2008, and 2013 iterations of the Chinese Household Income Project, we present a dynamic image of housing wealth inequality in urban China. The results suggest that housing wealth inequality decreased initially and increased later. To further illustrate how housing wealth is stratified by social groups, we conducted regression analyses and structural tests, which revealed three main results: the education level of the household head has an increasingly positive impact on housing wealth inequality; a household head with superior occupational status generally has an advantage in terms of possession of housing wealth with no evidence that this advantage diminishes during the transitional period; and income has a significant, positive impact on housing wealth, and this effect exhibited an increasing trend over time. These results imply that the temporal changes in housing wealth inequality exacerbated the social stratification in transitional urban China. Highlights This study explores the temporal changes of housing wealth inequality in urban China. Housing inequality decreased and then increased during the transitional period. Both education and income have increasingly positive impacts on the housing inequality. The advantages of the superior occupational status haven’t diminished. These temporal changes exacerbated the social stratification in China.

Development of Entrepreneurship During the Nep Years: Innovation, Forms, Technologies

This paper is concerned with studying the evolution of entrepreneurship during the NEP (New Economic Policy) years and the establishment of new forms of social stratification in Russia. The authors discuss the specifics of entrepreneurship, its scope and sources of capital accumulation in 1921-1925. The proportions of public sector vs. private entrepreneurial enterprises in 1923 are profiled. The evolution of entrepreneurship in urban and rural areas in 1925-1926 is described.

REPRESENTASI STRATIFIKASI MASYARAKAT JAWADALAM NOVEL GADIS PANTAI KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER

This study aims to describe the representation of Javanese social stratificationin Pantai Gadis novel by Paramoedya Ananta Toer, which includes: (1) the formof social stratification of the Javanese community, (2) the causes of of the Javanese community, and (3) the impact of the socialstratification of the Javanese community. This research is a qualitative studyand descriptive methods. Based on the analysis of the data obtained; (1) theform of social stratification in Javanese society is the division of aristocraticgroups (Ndra), priyayi (bureaucrats), and the underprivileged (ordinary people)because they are influenced by factors of power or rank, (2) the causes ofJavanese stratification are several one factor is wealth, power and povertybecause in general the cause is from a person's economic factors, and (3) theimpact of social stratification of the Javanese community one of which isdiscriminatory from various parties both upper and lower classes, then existence of ethnocentrism (boasting of one's own culture ), it means that theculture it has is good and must be numbered while other cultures do not, andthe last one is social conflict, many social conflicts occur because of the 2previous impacts, namely discrimination and ethnocentrism, social conflictsoccur because of inner turmoil towards individuals.Keywords : form of stratification, cause of stratification, and effect ofstratification

‘Good enough’ access: digital inclusion, social stratification, and the reinforcement of class in the Philippines

ABSTRACTDigital inclusion should be understood in ways beyond access and must take into consideration class formation, the stratification of information, and structural systems of power. Although Philippine telecoms have continually developed products and services for the working poor, the question of what kinds of access persists. This article examines the different ways Filipinos are able to be digitally connected through prepaid mobiles, inexpensive internet access such as Pisonet, and as labourers in information technology-business process outsourcing (IT-BPO) companies. I argue that what is taking place is a ‘good enough’ access that reinforces existing class structures and raises new questions regarding inclusion. While there are increasingly new ways for Filipinos to be connected, digital inclusion also reveals new forms of social stratification, not simply between the ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ but rather, from the uneven access that is dictated by one’s accumulation of economic and cultural capital.

Stratifikasi Sosial dalam Budaya A’matoang Masyarakat Turatea Kabupaten Jeneponto

This study aims to describe the culture of A'matoang and the form of social stratification in A'matoang Culture of Turatea people of Jeneponto Regency. Technique of taking informant which used in this research is Purposive sampling based on criterion which have been determined by researcher. Number of informants as many as 15 people aged 25-60 years. Data collection techniques used observation, interview, documentation and participatory methods. The result of the research shows that: (1) A'matoang culture is a series of marriage process, has meaning giving or giving in the form of goods such as clothes, sarong, songkok and veil to mother-in-law to the father-in-law of the men. (2) The form of social stratification in A'matoang cultures of society includes the large number and luxury of pa'matoang which means high social status, whether it is measured from the wealth possessed or from the nobility or karaeng lineage.Keywords: Stratification, Culture, A'matoang

Reconstruction of social ideology through the power of music: Case study of Suntaraporn band, Thailand

During 1939–1942 (2482–2485 BE), Thailand was governed by a junta led by Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram. Numerous traditional cultures were redefined based on the “Thai-ness” policy. Suntaraporn was the most outstanding band sponsored by the Thai government. On one hand, the band was used as a State apparatus for instilling the “Thai-ness” ideology. On the other hand, it created development discourses of civilization, modernity, and cultural discrimination. This article: 1) investigated the discourse of Suntaraporn's music and the establishment of social stratification in Thai society, and 2) illustrated the cultural power of music as a social-ideological mechanism to increase State power over the Thai people.Documentary research was applied to identify the historical development, forms, and values appreciated in Suntaraporn's music. Social exclusion leading to a new form of social stratification was investigated. The author adopted semiotic analysis by focusing on the aesthetic level. To identify perception, cognition, interpretation, and reception history, the socio-cultural roles of Suntaraporn's music were highlighted as: 1) the establishment of modern Thai music as a symbol of new class differentiation, and 2) the role of music as a social mechanism to increase State power over the life of commoners.

Overeducation: Concept, theories, and empirical evidence

AbstractThe educational expansion experienced in most advanced economies in the past few decades has triggered a thriving debate on overeducation. Research on overeducation has traditionally been addressed from an economic perspective, mainly focusing on wage returns to extra years of education. More recently, the sociological literature has contributed to overeducation research by identifying individual characteristics that help us to differentiate overeducated from non‐overeducated workers. Moreover, the sociological perspective has explored more in depth the role of educational and labour market institutions in assessing overeducation incidence and duration across countries. These contributions have eased the path to frame overeducation as a form of social stratification, rather than as an inefficient educational investment in economic terms. The present article reviews the economic literature on overeducation and incorporates the sociological perspective, understanding overeducation as a disadvantageous form of employment.