Forms Of Similarity Research Articles

Maximizing reusability of learning objects through machine learning techniques

Maximizing the reusability of learning objects through machine learning techniques has significantly transformed the landscape of e-learning systems. This progress has fostered authentic resource sharing and expanded opportunities for learners to explore these materials with ease. Consequently, a pressing need arises for an efficient categorization system to organize these learning objects effectively. This study consists of two primary phases. Firstly, we extract metadata from learning objects using web exploration algorithms, specifically employing feature selection techniques to identify the most relevant features while eliminating redundant ones. This step drastically reduces the dataset’s dimensionality, enabling the creation of practical and useful models. In the second phase, we employ machine learning algorithms to categorize learning objects based on their specific forms of similarity. These algorithms are adept at accurately classifying objects by measuring their similarity using Euclidean distance metrics. To evaluate the effectiveness of learning objects through machine learning techniques, a series of experimental studies were conducted using a real-world dataset. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed machine learning approach surpasses traditional methods, yielding promising and efficient outcomes for enhancing learning object reusability.

Parliaments and their Evolution

Abstract This paper aims to open a new path for the comparative cross-historical and cross-cultural analysis of deliberating or deciding assemblies. For this purpose, it makes use of a wide concept of parliament, in contrast to the conventional narrow one which focuses on democratic elections and a free mandate. The essay starts with an overview of the large variety of “parliamentarianisms” across history and culture, and then points out the shortcomings of the “historically flat” legislative research conducted to date. It goes on to show how the use of non-biological evolutionary theory can enhance comparative historical research on institutions. Finally, it is demonstrated how “institutional morphology”, which draws a distinction between no fewer than five different forms of similarity, can be fruitfully used for empirical research into parliaments in particular, and institutions in general.

How Are We Similar? Group Level Entitativity in Work and Social Groups

Entitativity is essential for individuals to experience a grouping of people as a “group.” However, entitativity is primarily studied at the individual level. If it is truly a fundamental component of group outcomes and processes, it should be considered a group-level construct. We establish that group members can share entitativity perceptions. We propose that entitativity develops in work and social groups through different self-categorization processes. Social groups can take advantage of top-down processes to establish similarity of goals and characteristics. Workgroups use both top-down and bottom-up processes with differing effects on these two forms of similarity. We propose that shared entitativity affects individual level attitudes and behavior. Results support our theoretical model. Shared entitativity explains between 2% and 11% of outcome variance in workgroups and 3% to 14% of the outcome variance in social groups. Shared similarity relates to shared entitativity differently for social and workgroups. Shared entitativity is theoretically and practically important for successful groups.

Local Similarity Theory of Convective Turbulent Layer Using “Spectral” Prandtl Mixing Length and Second Moment of Vertical Velocity

Abstract Approximations of the turbulent moments of the atmospheric convective boundary layer are constructed based on a variant of the local similarity theory. As the basic parameters of this theory, the second moment of vertical velocity and the “spectral” Prandtl mixing length are used. This specific choice of the basic parameters allows us to consider the coefficient of turbulent transfer and the dissipation of kinetic energy of the Prandtl turbulence theory as the forms of the local similarity. Therefore, the obtained approximations of the turbulent moments should be considered as natural complementation to the semiempirical turbulence theory. Moreover, within the atmospheric surface layer, the approximations of the new local similarity theory are identical to the relations of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). Therefore, the proposed approximations should be considered as a direct generalization of the MOST under free-convection conditions. The new approximations are compared with the relations of the known local similarity theories. The advantages and limitations of the new theory are discussed. The comparison of the approximations of the new local similarity theory with the field and laboratory experimental data indicates the high effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Manipulations of List Type in the DRM Paradigm: A Review of How Structural and Conceptual Similarity Affect False Memory.

The use of list-learning paradigms to explore false memory has revealed several critical findings about the contributions of similarity and relatedness in memory phenomena more broadly. Characterizing the nature of “similarity and relatedness” can inform researchers about factors contributing to memory distortions and about the underlying associative and semantic networks that support veridical memory. Similarity can be defined in terms of semantic properties (e.g., shared conceptual and taxonomic features), lexical/associative properties (e.g., shared connections in associative networks), or structural properties (e.g., shared orthographic or phonological features). By manipulating the type of list and its relationship to a non-studied critical item, we review the effects of these types of similarity on veridical and false memory. All forms of similarity reviewed here result in reliable error rates and the effects on veridical memory are variable. The results across a variety of paradigms and tests provide partial support for a number of theoretical explanations of false memory phenomena, but none of the theories readily account for all results.

On boundaries of attractors in dynamical systems

Fractal geometry is one of the beautiful and challenging branches of mathematics. Self similarity is an important property, exhibited by most of the fractals. Several forms of self similarity have been discussed in the literature. Iterated Function System (IFS) is a mathematical scheme to generate fractals. There are several variants of IFSs such as condensation IFS, countable IFS, etc. In this paper, certain properties of self similar sets, using the concept of boundary are discussed. The notion of boundaries like similarity boundary and dynamical boundary are extended to condensation IFSs. The relationships and measure theoretic properties of boundaries in dynamical systems are analyzed. Self similar sets are characterized using the Hausdorff measure of their boundaries towards the end.

‘Different’ and ‘distinct’ as markers of otherness

The present study seeks to offer an understanding of how high-end hotel websites produce privilege, creating a sense of belonging and entitlement for their 4/5-star guests. The experience of tourism is intrinsically linked to embracing otherness, and as a reflection of this, hotel websites offer a characterization of cultural otherness in an attempt to make it resonate with the potential expectations of a socioeconomically privileged client. The study considers the question of what elements of experience of otherness the website will address, relying on a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective and drawing on Bourdieu’s notion of habitus as related to lifestyle, difference and distinction. Specifically, the words different and distinct are addressed in this study as markers of otherness and privilege. Based on Fairclough’s sociocultural approach, and specifically on Halliday’s transitivity system, the use of these words in clause construction patterns yields an understanding of how specific representations of reality revolving around the idea of otherness are built up. The research is corpus-driven and qualitative, its conclusions also offering some insight as to how hotel websites recreate forms of in-group similarity

Analogical Arguments: Inferential Structures and Defeasibility Conditions

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the structure and the defeasibility conditions of argument from analogy, addressing the issues of determining the nature of the comparison underlying the analogy and the types of inferences justifying the conclusion. In the dialectical tradition, different forms of similarity were distinguished and related to the possible inferences that can be drawn from them. The kinds of similarity can be divided into four categories, depending on whether they represent fundamental semantic features of the terms of the comparison (essential similarities) or non-semantic ones, indicating possible characteristics of the referents (accidental similarities). Such distinct types of similarity characterize different kinds of analogical arguments, all based on a similar general structure, in which a common genus (or rather a generic feature) is abstracted. Depending on the nature of the abstracted common feature, different rules of inference will apply, guaranteeing the attribution of the analogical predicate to the genus and to the primary subject. This analysis of similarity and the relationship thereof with the rules of inference allows a deeper investigation of the defeasibility conditions.

Religious Dynamics and Marital Dissolution: A Latent Class Approach

ABSTRACTPast research on religious homogamy has struggled to distinguish whether religiosity or homogamy has a stronger impact on preventing a marital dissolution. To rectify this problem, I use a latent class approach to compare couples with various forms of partner religiosity and similarity. Based on 707 newlywed couples from the Marriage Matters survey (1998–2004), I discovered four latent classes: “holy” couples (both partners are highly religious), “nonattending” couples (both partners identify as religious but don’t regularly attend services), “unbalanced” couples (the wife is religious but the husband is not), and “secular” couples (both partners are not religious). Findings indicate that holy, nonattending, and unbalanced couples experience less odds of divorce compared with secular couples, suggesting that religiosity in a variety of forms is more important than partner similarity in avoiding divorce.

On different forms of self similarity

Fractal geometry is mainly based on the idea of self-similar forms. To be self-similar, a shape must able to be divided into parts that are smaller copies, which are more or less similar to the whole. There are different forms of self similarity in nature and mathematics. In this paper, some of the topological properties of super self similar sets are discussed. It is proved that in a complete metric space with two or more elements, the set of all non super self similar sets are dense in the set of all non-empty compact sub sets. It is also proved that the product of self similar sets are super self similar in product metric spaces and that the super self similarity is preserved under isometry. A characterization of super self similar sets using contracting sub self similarity is also presented. Some relevant counterexamples are provided. The concepts of exact super and sub self similarity are introduced and a necessary and sufficient condition for a set to be exact super self similar in terms of condensation iterated function systems (Condensation IFS’s) is obtained. A method to generate exact sub self similar sets using condensation IFS’s and the denseness of exact super self similar sets are also discussed.

Member differentiation and group tasks: More than meets the eye.

Analyzing how various forms of member similarity and difference affect group performance is a worthwhile task. I argue that the authors' analysis would be improved by distinguishing between subjective and objective forms of member differentiation and by utilizing a different typology of group tasks.

Meaningful Complexity: Goethe’s Concept of Similarity

Meaningful Complexity:Goethe’s Concept of Similarity Johannes Endres1 (bio) My following considerations will explore the relationship between complexity and similarity. Both concepts have been highlighted in recent scholarship as pivotal in various respects, and they are crucial to a number of discourses that refer to these notions for different reasons and to different ends. The concepts’ modern careers are closely tied to a shift in epistemological and aesthetic thought, which harks back to the origin of our ideas of scientific progress and a functional differentiation of arts and sciences. This significant transition, which for the most part took place in the eighteenth century, not only engendered new standards of scientific and aesthetic judgment, but also led to unprecedented notions of complexity and similarity. In order to demonstrate the connectedness of both concepts and to underline their relevance to scientific and aesthetic discourses, I will outline first an adequately complex understanding of complexity. I draw from systems theory, which the above-mentioned, paradigmatic changes made available. In a second step, I will discuss the concept of analogy as a similarity-based reasoning prominent in the eighteenth century as a rhetorical device that allowed epistemology and aesthetics to be linked—as was the case with Alexander Baumgarten’s idea of aesthetic perception as analogous to the operations of reason. At the same time, a critical revision of the concept of analogy prepared the separation of both ideas—as can be seen in Kant’s limitation of analogical reasoning to a regulatory function. Finally, an analysis of Goethe’s use of analogy and related ideas, including “family resemblance” (Familienähnlichkeit), will demonstrate that concepts of similarity and dissimilarity have been utilized to intermittently reduce and increase [End Page 466] complexity, a fact that is equally relevant to Goethe’s scientific work and to his seminal thoughts on the representational mode of the arts. As we will see, thinking based on similarity cannot be called insufficiently complex (‘undercomplex’). It is not the case, as Tversky and Kahneman allege, for example, that similarity settles for surface resemblances while overlooking deep difference (“Judgment;” Tversky, “Features;” Kahneman, Thinking). Nor can similarity be forced onto some continuum between simplicity and complexity, where complexity designates a desirable good to which simplicity is a vicious ‘other’. Rather, complexity is a given, and our discourses exhibit it to greater or lesser degrees without ever being absolutely simple or complex, because simplicity is not a state, but—at least at times—a term of praise or blame. Thus, I do not present it here as an independent characteristic of a discourse or its object. The concept of similarity, as it seems, allows leaving such misconceptions behind, since it has, throughout the intellectual history of similarity, always been seen as a relational term, even when it was looked at as an inept means of problem-solving. But similarity has hardly ever meant a perfect match of two of more objects (which would be considered ‘identity’), nor has it been the opposite of dissimilarity: “The forms of the words similarity and dissimilarity suggest that one is the negative of the other, which is absurd, since everything is both similar and dissimilar to everything else” (Peirce 567). As we will see, similarity is also both complex and simple at once—simple, in that it focuses on the resemblances between otherwise unrelated objects, ignoring palpable differences for the sake of simplicity, and complex, in that it forges new and potentially far-reaching links between not yet affiliated objects. Also, as the ‘return’ to analogical thinking in aesthetics and science demonstrates, eighteenth-century epistemology did not turn away from a “system of similarity and resemblance,” as Michel Foucault famously suggested (17–46). It rather updated and adapted such a system by decidedly integrating dissimilarity into it. As a matter of fact, dissimilarity began to be seen as a means to reflect indirectly the world’s complexity through the implicit concession that it cannot be matched by established views. In other words: while new positive terms hadn’t yet been formulated, the language of similarity and dissimilarity acknowledged a relationship beyond what had been hitherto explicable. In Goethe’s epistemological thinking, the implementation of aesthetic terms...

Investigating Facebook Friendships through Five Similarity Dimensions

The unprecedented evolution of social media has led to the exploitation of the new technologies with the purpose of encouraging closer social relationships at the individual and group levels. One of the most prolific cooperation forms was objectified through the online social networks, a catalytic form of interaction that allows individuals to stay constantly connected and to exploit the complex nature of the communication devices and services. Starting from this point, the paper discusses the main forms of similarity which stand for the basis of interaction and communication among the members of Facebook social networks. The proposed approaches to similarity address the mechanisms which encourage the formation and the development of strong online social networks: the similarity as a condition, the similarity as a context, the similarity as a catalyzer, the similarity as a consequence and the similarity as a connection. The configuration of these dimensions in the context of the online social networks was tested by analyzing the case of Facebook online social networks. Each of the five dimensions was marked out from the perspective of a sociological interview-based inquiry conducted with fourteen students from a communication college. With a view to better illustrate certain findings, an online social network analysis was performed. As the preliminary results showed, Facebook, as an online social network, is used by the respondents especially for social searching and bonding social capital rather than social browsing which concerns the initiation of new contacts with unknown individuals in the direct interaction. In fact, the most important function of these communities is to allow members to discover other sources of similarity and to potentiate the similarity discovered in the offline environment through consistent communication and interaction. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n22p252

How similar are recognition memory and inductive reasoning?

Conventionally, memory and reasoning are seen as different types of cognitive activities driven by different processes. In two experiments, we challenged this view by examining the relationship between recognition memory and inductive reasoning involving multiple forms of similarity. A common study set (members of a conjunctive category) was followed by a test set containing old and new category members, as well as items that matched the study set on only one dimension. The study and test sets were presented under recognition or induction instructions. In Experiments 1 and 2, the inductive property being generalized was varied in order to direct attention to different dimensions of similarity. When there was no time pressure on decisions, patterns of positive responding were strongly affected by property type, indicating that different types of similarity were driving recognition and induction. By comparison, speeded judgments showed weaker property effects and could be explained by generalization based on overall similarity. An exemplar model, GEN-EX (GENeralization from EXamples), could account for both the induction and recognition data. These findings show that induction and recognition share core component processes, even when the tasks involve flexible forms of similarity.

Recent and current developments in handling Markush structures from chemical patents

The commercially-available database systems for storing and searching Markush structures from chemical patents have undergone little change since their launch some twenty years ago. However, the past few years have seen the area become an active one again for research and development. This presentation offers an overview and commentary on recent and current activity, and discusses the prospects for improved access to structural information in the patent literature [1]. The existing curated Markush databases remain the gold standard, though several groups, both academic and commercial, continue to work on automatic analysis of full-text patents. This has involved not only the identification of specific-structure nomenclature and its conversion to structure-searchable records, but also the attempted reconstruction of searchable representations of complete Markush structures. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches, and the prospects for their successful commercial exploitation, are discussed. New commercial software for searching Markush structure databases is being developed by several groups. These employ both conventional substructure search approaches (e.g. ChemAxon, Digital Chemistry), and novel algorithms, in some cases based on various forms of similarity and approximate structure matching (e.g. DecrIPt, IBM). These approaches are summarised and compared, and the opportunity their in-house implementation provides for integration of chemical patent information with the drug-discovery process is discussed. Practitioners have long been aware of the inadequacies and complexities of the existing systems, and the extent to which a new generation of systems may satisfy their requirements is discussed. The possible role of systematic evaluation of retrieval performance (in particular, the TREC-CHEM project) is addressed.

Learning a tensor subspace for semi-supervised dimensionality reduction

The high-dimensional data is frequently encountered and processed in real-world applications and unlabeled samples are readily available, but labeled or pairwise constrained ones are fairly expensive to capture. Traditionally, when a pattern itself is an n 1 × n 2 image, the image first has to be vectorized to the vector pattern in $$ \Re^{{n_{1} \times n_{2} }} $$ by concatenating its pixels. However, such a vector representation fails to take into account the spatial locality of pixels in the images, which are intrinsically matrices. In this paper, we propose a tensor subspace learning-based semi-supervised dimensionality reduction algorithm (TS2DR), in which an image is naturally represented as a second-order tensor in $$ \Re^{{n_{1} }} \otimes \Re^{{n_{2} }} $$ and domain knowledge in the forms of pairwise similarity and dissimilarity constraints is used to specify whether pairs of instances belong to the same class or different classes. TS2DR has an analytic form of the global structure preserving embedding transformation, which can be easily computed based on eigen-decomposition. We also verify the efficiency of TS2DR by conducting unbalanced data classification experiments based on the benchmark real-word databases. Numerical results show that TS2DR tends to capture the intrinsic structure characteristics of the given data and achieves better classification accuracy, while being much more efficient.

Covariance‐based subdivision of the human striatum using T1‐weighted MRI

The striatum plays a key role in many cognitive and emotional processes, and displays an intricate pattern of connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures. Invasive tracing work in rats and non-human primates demonstrates that the striatum can be segregated into subregions based on similar clustering of input and output fibers. In contrast, the human striatum is typically segregated according to local anatomical landmarks without considering natural boundaries formed by functional/anatomical networks. Here, we used non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in young, healthy adults to define subregions of the human striatum based on volume correlations with other subcortical and cortical structures. We present three methods to delineate anatomical volumetric correlations based on gray matter content estimated from T1-weighted MR images. We observed both consistencies with and divergences from invasive tracing work in animals, suggesting that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based covariance likely does not correspond to direct anatomical connections, although it might index other forms of connectivity or tissue type similarity. These novel approaches may be useful in understanding connectivity of other regions, and changes in connectivity in patient or ageing populations.

E-Hitz: A word frequency list and a program for deriving psycholinguistic statistics in an agglutinative language (Basque)

We describe a Windows program that enables users to obtain a broad range of statistics concerning the properties of word and nonword stimuli in an agglutinative language (Basque), including measures of word frequency (at the whole-word and lemma levels), bigram and biphone frequency, orthographic similarity, orthographic and phonological structure, and syllable-based measures. It is designed for use by researchers in psycholinguistics, particularly those concerned with recognition of isolated words and morphology. In addition to providing standard orthographic and phonological neighborhood measures, the program can be used to obtain information about other forms of orthographic similarity, such as transposed-letter similarity and embedded-word similarity. It is available free of charge from www .uv.es/mperea/E-Hitz.zip.

Infinitary Howe's Method

Howe's method is a well-known technique for proving that various kinds of applicative bisimilarity (or similarity) on a functional language are congruences (or precongruences). It proceeds by constructing an extension of the given relation that has certain special properties. The method can be used for deterministic and for erratically nondeterministic languages, but in the latter case it has a strange limitation: it requires the language's syntax to be finitary. That excludes, for example, languages with countable sum types, and has repeatedly caused problems in the literature. In this paper, we give a variation on Howe's method, called “infinitary Howe's method”, that avoids this problem. The method involves defining two extensions of the original relation by mutual coinduction. Both extensions possess the key properties of Howe's extension, but it is their intersection that is compatible. In the first part of the paper, we see how this works for a call-by-value language with countable sum types. In the second part, we see that the method continues to work when we make the syntax non-well-founded. More precisely, we show, using a mixed inductive/coinductive argument, that the various forms of applicative similarity and bisimilarity are preserved by any substituting context.

BuscaPalabras: A program for deriving orthographic and phonological neighborhood statistics and other psycholinguistic indices in Spanish

This article describes a Windows program that enables users to obtain a broad range of statistics concerning the properties of word and nonword stimuli in Spanish, including word frequency, syllable frequency, bigram and biphone frequency, orthographic similarity, orthographic and phonological structure, concreteness, familiarity, imageability, valence, arousal, and age-of-acquisition measures. It is designed for use by researchers in psycholinguistics, particularly those concerned with recognition of isolated words. The program computes measures of orthographic similarity online, with respect to either a default vocabulary of 31,491 Spanish words or a vocabulary specified by the user. In addition to providing standard orthographic and phonological neighborhood measures, the program can be used to obtain information about other forms of orthographic similarity, such as transposed-letter similarity and embedded-word similarity. It is available, free of charge, from the following Web site: www.maccs.mq.edu.au/-colin/B-Pal.