Organic Forms Research Articles

Mercury and Cardiovascular Health: Exploring the Correlation between Atherosclerosis and Hypertension

Aims: To explore the association between mercury exposure and cardiovascular health, focusing on its impact on hypertension and atherosclerosis in individuals exposed to inorganic and organic mercury forms. This study aims to review the evidence on how mercury contributes to endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which are critical mechanisms in cardiovascular disease development. Study Design: This is a literature review based on observational and epidemiological studies conducted between 2000 and 2023, which investigated the effects of mercury exposure on cardiovascular diseases. Place and Duration of Study: Studies included were sourced from PUBMED, BVS, SCIELO, LILACS, and MEDLINE databases, published between 2000 and 2023. Methodology: This integrative review included studies on the association between mercury exposure and cardiovascular health, focusing on hypertension and atherosclerosis. The search was conducted in the PUBMED, BVS, SCIELO, LILACS, and MEDLINE databases, covering publications from 2000 to 2023 and using specific terms with Boolean operators. Observational and experimental studies in humans were included, excluding those with significant biases, unavailable in full text, or involving only in vitro or animal models. Screening was performed in three stages, with two independent reviewers and a PRISMA flow diagram to document the process. Results: The studies consistently indicated a significant association between mercury exposure and increased risk of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Individuals with higher mercury levels showed greater arterial stiffness, calcification, and an elevated risk of myocardial infarction and strokes. Observational studies in populations exposed to mercury, either occupationally or through diet, demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship between mercury exposure and cardiovascular events. Conclusion: Mercury exposure, particularly in vulnerable populations like industrial workers and communities with high fish consumption, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The review underscores the importance of stringent public health policies and regular monitoring of mercury levels in at-risk populations to prevent long-term cardiovascular damage.

Elucidation of molecular mechanisms, pathways, and diseases modulated by arsenicals through toxogenomics and multi-omics analysis

Arsenic compounds exist in inorganic and organic forms with inorganic form confirmed as a potent carcinogen. Toxogenomics and multi-omics analysis were used to explore the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenecity induced by arsenicals. Comparative toxogenomics revealed sodium arsenite and arsenate as the most toxic arsenicals to humans, interacting with various genes and altering gene expression through mRNA binding proteins. Both metalloids were classified as Class II toxins by the ProTox II prediction tool, with a lethal dose (LD50) of 149mg/kg body weight. The most frequently interacting genes were HMOX1, CAT, NFE2L2, CASP3, MAPK1, CXCL8, PARP1, TNF, and PYGM. Analysis of TCGA pan-cancer data revealed that 46% of hepatocellular carcinoma patients exhibited alterations in the genes HMOX1, CAT, NFE2L2, CASP3, MAPK1, CXCL8, PARP1, TNF, and PYGM, suggesting their significant role in the development of this disease. The alteration in the gene list decreased the overall patient survival but insignificantly in the Kaplan-Meier curves revealing insignificant role in survival. GSEA suggested significant enrichment of the gene list in pathways involved in the G2M checkpoint, apoptosis, hypoxia, TNFA signaling via NFKB, PI3K AKTMTOR signaling, P53, IFN gamma and inflammatory response pathways revealing the involvement of these pathways. Ten microRNAs (miRNAs) regulated the expressions of the genes involved in the above-mentioned pathways with the significant enrichment in miR-21-3p, miR-206 and mir486a-5p. The relevant pathway and graphical representation of the network of miRNA-target interactions identified by the enrichment analysis along with disease ontologies were predicted. This study will be helpful insight into setting of laboratory experiments.

The impact of sodium selenite and seleno-L-methionine on stress erythropoiesis in a murine model of hemolytic anemia

BackgroundSelenium (Se) is an essential trace element that exerts most biological activities through selenoproteins. Dietary selenium (Se) is a key regulator of red cell homeostasis and stress erythropoiesis. However, it is unknown if the form and increasing doses of Se supplementation in the diet impacts stress erythropoiesis under anemic conditions. ObjectiveIf inorganic (sodium selenite; Na2SeO3) or organic (seleno-L-methionine, Se-Met) forms of Se within different concentrations (deficient, adequate, supplemented, and supranutritional) support stress erythropoiesis in anemic mice. MethodsThree-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to graded levels of Se in the form of <0.01 ppm Se (Se-deficiency; Se-D), 0.1ppm Na2SeO3 (adequacy), 0.4ppm Na2SeO3 (supplemented), 3ppm Na2SeO3 (supranutritional), 0.4ppm Se-Met (supplemented), or 3ppm Se-Met (supranutritional), for 10-12 weeks prior to intra-peritoneal phenylhydrazine (PHZ) administration to induce hemolytic anemia. Following three days post-PHZ injection, spleen and blood samples were used to assess the impact of form and graded levels of Se in the diet on stress erythropoiesis. ResultsPhenotypic parameters showed that supplementing the diet with Se in the form of Na2SeO3 or Se-Met alleviated hemolytic anemia and promoted stress erythropoiesis by supporting the formation of erythroblastic islands (EBIs). Se-Met at 0.4 ppm enhanced erythroid progenitor differentiation, while Na2SeO3 at 0.4 ppm and 3 ppm aided monocyte recruitment and macrophage differentiation within EBIs. Additionally, 3 ppm Se-Met triggered a stronger inflammatory response than the same dose of Na2SeO3. ConclusionsWhile both Se-Met and Na2SeO3 effectively aided in stress erythropoiesis, Na2SeO3 supplementation effectively supported stress erythropoiesis with a minimal inflammatory response, while Se-Met at supranutritional dosage led to increased inflammation despite its support for stress erythropoiesis. These results indicate diverse mechanisms of action of Se on the alleviation of anemia by stress erythropoiesis, which should be considered for further studies to complement existing therapies.

Exploring biomimetic inspiration and biomechanical optimization in brand design strategy

Nature’s principles serve as a source of inspiration for biomimetic design incorporating them to achieve the best functionality and creativity. Biomechanical optimization takes this approach further by focusing on the effective use of physical resources and dynamics. They offer a solid foundation for brand design. This research seeks to look into a new method for biomimetic and biomechanical brand design using a deep learning (DL) model called Resilient Ant Colony Optimized Generative Adversarial Networks (RAC-GAN). The dataset comes from primary sources, including current brand logos and biomimetic images from nature such as plant structures, animal shapes, and natural patterns. These biomimetic images show a range of organic forms and textures that can flash creative and practical design elements. The team filtered the collected images to get rid of duplicates and adjusted to have the same resolution. They applied techniques similar to contrast enhancement to make sure the training data was high-quality. After pre-processing, the dataset into the RAC-GAN model used biomimetic principles to copy organic patterns, while biomechanical optimization made sure the created designs balanced creativity with functionality. The suggested model combines generative modeling with ant colony optimization to guide the creation process. The aim is to make sure the design is strong and works well by using ant-like paths that change to find the best setups. The RAC-GAN methodology demonstrated its ability to generate new concepts for logos that remained accurate to the brand’s values.

Meat quality of chickens subjected to cyclic heat stress while supplemented with ZINC-L-SELENOMETHIONINE

A significant additional benefit of incorporating organic forms of selenium into poultry diets is the substantial improvement in the nutritional quality of the meat. This study aimed to investigate gradual inclusions of Zinc-L-Selenomethionine in the diet of broiler chickens from one to 42 days of age, reared under cyclic heat stress conditions, and its effects on carcass traits, breast myopathies, quality, and composition. A total of 1,000 one-day-old male Cobb 500® broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments: 0, 0.15, 0.23, 0.47, and 1.30 mg of Zn-L-SeMet per kg of feed, with each group consisting of ten replicates of 20 birds. The carcass traits were unaffected (p ≥ 0.102). All scores of breast myopathy incidence (from 0 to 3) were affected by the treatments (p &lt; 0.05). For wooden breast, the inclusion of 1.30 mg provided breasts with a lower incidence. Breasts from the 0.15 mg treatment had a lower incidence within the severe and extreme White striping scores. The treatments had no significant effects on the breast meat quality (p ≥ 0.180), lipid peroxidation (p ≥ 0.172), or composition (p ≥ 0.383). Including 1.30 mg of Zn-L-SeMet for broiler chickens results in better scores of 0 for wooden breast. For white striping, supplementation from 0.15 mg of Zn-L-SeMet reduces the incidence of score 3.

Honorary Board of Election Organizers (DKPP) as an Ethical Judicial Institution for Election Organizers

The Honorary Board of Election Organizers (DKPP) is an election organizing body tasked with handling violations of the code of ethics of election organizers. DKPP is a state institution established by law. As a state institution that organizes elections, DKPP has the authority to examine, call, sanction and decide on violations of the code of ethics of election organizers. This authority is implemented through a judicial process such as in general courts, namely the process of examining reporting witnesses, reported witnesses, expert statements, validation of evidence, and reading of the verdict. The DKPP's decision is final and materially binding. The trial of violations of the code of ethics held by the DKPP and added to having the nature of a final and binding decision makes the DKPP in several judicial body decisions referred to as a quasi public court, while in the Constitutional Court decision the DKPP is interpreted as a single function of organizing the Election together with the KPU and Bawaslu, meaning that the DKPP is an election organizing institution.Based on this, this study formulates the problem formulation, namely how is the position and authority of the DKPP as a state institution that organizes elections that functions as a quasi public court? This research is a normative legal research whose nature is descriptive and from the perspective of its form is a prescriptive research. This research uses a legislative, conceptual, historical, conceptual, and comparative approach. The research results conclude that the DKPP is an election organizer in the form of an auxiliary state organ that is independent. The DKPP has the authority to enforce the code of ethics of election organizers which in character is almost the same as a general court. The DKPP's decision is final and materially binding. Based on this, the DKPP as a state institution that organizes elections can be called quasi ethical court of public nature .

The Role of Benthic TA and DIC Fluxes on Carbon Sequestration in Seagrass Meadows of Dongsha Island

Coastal blue carbon ecosystems sequester carbon, storing it as plant biomass and particulate organic matter in sediments. Recent studies emphasize the importance of incorporating dissolved inorganic and organic forms into carbon assessments. As sediment-stored organic matter decomposes, it releases dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA), both of which are critical for regulating the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and thus carbon sequestration. This study investigated the role of benthic DIC and TA fluxes in carbon sequestration within seagrass meadows in Dongsha Island’s inner lagoon (IL) during the winter and summer seasons. Chamber incubation experiments revealed elevated benthic DIC and TA fluxes compared to global averages (107 ± 75.9 to 119 ± 144 vs. 1.3 ± 1.06 mmol m−2 d−1 for DIC, and 69.7 ± 40.7 to 75.8 ± 81.5 vs. 0.52 ± 0.43 mmol m−2 d−1 for TA). Despite DIC fluxes being approximately 1.5 times higher than TA fluxes, water pCO2 levels remained low (149 ± 26 to 156 ± 18 µatm). Mass balance calculations further indicated that benthic DIC was predominantly reabsorbed into plant biomass through photosynthesis (−135 to −128 mmol m−2 d−1). Conversely, TA accumulated in the water and was largely exported (−60.3 to −53.7 mmol m−2 d−1), demonstrating natural ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). This study highlights the crucial role of IL seagrass meadows in coastal carbon sequestration through net autotrophy and carbonate dissolution. Future research should explore the global implications of these processes and assess the potential of natural OAE in other coastal blue carbon ecosystems.

Simulating Agricultural Water Recycling Using the APEX Model

Irrigation plays a vital role in many agricultural crop production regions. Drainage water recycling (DWR) is a popular irrigation water management system that collects excess water drained from cropland fields and stores it in on-site reservoirs for reuse. The efficacy of these systems varies by location, climate, irrigation frequency, and crop demands. Simulating this system would be beneficial for assessing the impact of water and land management practices on agriculture and natural resources. This study presents the development of computational algorithms for DWR simulation with the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model, along with the results for 39 testing sites where both reservoir and drainage systems are adopted. Simulating a DWR system with the revised reservoir module, the APEX model simulates irrigation water reuse ranging between 29% and 93%; sediment reduction of around 66%; nitrogen loss reduction of 23% and 73% for the mineral and organic forms, respectively; and phosphorus loss reduction of 22% and 79% for the soluble and sediment-transported forms, respectively. In conclusion, the results provided by the APEX model for sediment loss reduction align with field data, but discrepancies for nitrogen and phosphorus losses emerged from this test.

Distribution of phosphorus forms in soil amended with poultry litter of different ages and application rates: Agronomic and environmental perspectives

AbstractPoultry litter (PL) can be used as a viable alternative to phosphate fertilizers. However, there is a lack of information about phosphorus (P) distribution in inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) forms and its transformation in soils amended with PL of varying age (based on litter clean‐out frequency) and application rate. This study aimed to determine the effect of PL age and application rate on soil P forms and their bioavailability. Soils were amended with 5 and 10 Mg ha−1 PL using 6‐, 18‐, and 30‐month‐old litter and incubated for 6 months. Soil P fractionation was performed following the Hedley protocol. Soil P availability and soil P storage capacity (SPSC) were determined using Mehlich 3 (M3) extraction. Results indicated that P transformation from labile to stable P forms occurred over 150‐day incubation. Litter age had no significant effect on the distribution of soil P forms. However, the highly reactive Pi (HRPi) form was higher for treatments with 10 Mg ha−1 PL on Day 0, indicating a risk for P loss, which was also revealed by negative SPSC for those treatments. At Day 0, M3‐P was positively correlated to HRPi. However, from Day 30 to 150, M3‐P was strongly correlated to both HRPi and moderately reactive Pi (MRPi) forms, indicating MRPi contribution to soil P availability. The negative relationship between HRPi and SPSC further confirms that high HRPi on Day 0 may be an environmental concern.

“The mushroom was more alive and vibrant”: Patient reports of synthetic versus organic forms of psilocybin

AbstractInterest in psychedelic research in the West is surging, however, clinical trials have almost exclusively studied synthetic compounds such as MDMA, ketamine, DMT, LSD, ibogaine, and psilocybin. To date, few clinical trials have utilized whole mushroom/plant material like Psilocybe mushrooms, Iboga, or Ayahuasca. Individuals participating in the Roots To Thrive Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy for End of Life Distress program were administered synthetic psilocybin, whole Psilocybe cubensis, and mycological extract on separate occasions and post-treatment interview transcripts were qualitatively analyzed to discern themes and patterns. There was broad consensus that all three forms were helpful and similar, all generating visual and perceptual distortions, emotional and cognitive insight, and mystical experiences. However, synthetic psilocybin was said to feel less natural compared to organic forms, and the overall quality of experience of synthetic psilocybin was inferior to the organic forms. Research should be conducted with whole psychedelic mushrooms and extract in addition to synthetic psilocybin given this preliminary data, especially when considering that medicine keepers around the world have utilized whole mushrooms and plant material for millennia.

Technique of functional simulation as a tool for providing the required quality of fortified bakery products

Relevance. The problem of irrational and unbalanced nutrition is relevant for almost all regions of Russia. There is a need to enrich everyday products with micronutrients that are of particular importance in the diet. Fortified bread and bakery products with specified consumer properties in the diet can be one of such valuable products.Methods. The methodology of structural analysis and design of systems (Structured Analysis and Design Technique, SADT) is often used in life cycle management of complex high-tech products and has not found wide application in the food industry. The authors substantiate the need to introduce tools for functional and graphical modeling of business processes that implement the SADT methodology in life cycle management to ensure the quality of finished bakery products.Results. An original generalized functional and logical model of the process “To produce enriched bread (bakery products) with regionally significant micronutrients” has been developed. The analysis of the technology of enriched bakery products, carried out at various levels of decomposition of the process, revealed that the quality of the finished product is significantly influenced by the choice of the technological stage of applying the components of the mixture proposed for the enriching composition. It has been established that preference should be given to organic forms of additives — components of the enriching composition. To preserve the nutritional properties of bakery products, an enriching composition is proposed to be applied to the surface of the finished product. The proposed method has been tested in experimental production conditions. Its manufacturability and controllability of the proposed technical solutions are proved. The approach to functional and graphical modeling of food technologies developed by the authors on the example of bakery products opens up prospects for improving the quality of finished products and can be widely used in food engineering.

Rhizophagus intraradices mediated mitigation of arsenic toxicity in wheat involves differential distribution of arsenic in subcellular fractions and modulated expression of Phts and ABCCs

Biomagnification of arsenic in food chain through wheat consumption poses a serious threat to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate mechanism of arsenic tolerance and detoxification in wheat. The study aimed to unravel the strategies adopted by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to alleviate arsenic toxicity in wheat. To accomplish this, independent and interactive effects of arsenic and Rhizophagus intraradices were assessed. Colonization by R. intraradices resulted in lower expression of high-affinity phosphate transporters (Phts) in comparison with non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, thereby lowering arsenic concentrations in mycorrhizal (M) plants. Additionally, the subcellular fractionation analysis indicated differential distribution of arsenic. In NM plants, arsenic accumulated primarily in cell wall and organelle fractions. Conversely, in M plants arsenic was more concentrated in the cell wall and vacuolar fractions. This was related to higher levels of hydroxyl and aldehyde groups in cell wall fraction of root along with increased expression of C-type ATP-binding cassette transporters in root and leaves. These factors enabled effective sequestration of arsenic in the cell wall and vacuoles of M plants, thereby reducing its toxicity. Furthermore, the proportion of inorganic arsenic was lower in M plant, as it transformed it into less toxic organic forms.

Iodine Bioavailability and Biochemical Effects of Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. Biofortified with 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic Acid in Wistar Rats.

Iodine is one of the essential trace elements for human life. The main objective of the biofortification of plants with iodine is to obtain food with a higher content of this element compared to conventional food. Biofortification of plants with iodine can increase the intake of this trace element by different populations. In addition, it may reduce the risk of iodine deficiency diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of kale biofortified with 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) on iodine bioavailability and biochemical effects in Wistar rats. Kale biofortified with (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) was tested for iodine levels in urine, feces, and selected tissues using the ICP-MS/MS technique. The feeding experiment was designed to investigate potential changes in selected thyroid-regulated biochemical parameters in blood serum of Wistar rats. The dietary intake of Wistar rats fed kale biofortified with (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) from both the "Oldenbor F1" and "Redbor F1" cultivars for 8 weeks resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher iodine concentrations in the urine and kidneys of rats, which proves iodine bioavailability. Rats' diets with "Oldenbor F1" and "Redbor F1" kale non- and -biofortified with 8-OH-7-I-5QSA had a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower or a tendency for lower concentration of TSH, triglyceride, total and direct bilirubin, TBARs, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations in serum. Dietary intake of "Oldenbor F1" and "Redbor F1" kale biofortified with 8-OH-7-I-5QSA significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the total antioxidant status (TAS). Our study confirms that kale biofortified with iodine in organic form iodoquinoline 8-OH-7-I-5QSA is bioavailable and well absorbed by the Wistar rat and has a positive effect on selected biochemical parameters. The results obtained in this study may be highly predictive for further studies in humans.

D’Arcy Thompson and Synthetic Biology—Then and Now

AbstractThough often presented as a recent scientific endeavor, synthetic biology began in the 19th century and was a particularly active field in the years preceding the publication of D’Arcy Thompson’s On Growth and Form. Much synthetic biology of the era was devoted to the construction of nonliving chemical systems that would undergo morphogenesis or dynamic behaviors which had been observed in living organisms. The point was to show that “life-like” structure and behavior could be generated by physicochemical laws and required no vitalist element. D’Arcy Thompson’s careful analysis of physicochemical morphogenetic mechanisms as possible explanations of organic form links closely to this way of thinking. In the modern era, when we can genetically engineer cells to undergo specific behaviors, and program cells to undergo simple morphogenetic behaviors of the kind that Thompson and others felt might underly natural morphogenesis, it is possible to test whether they will in fact produce a predictable multicellular shape. This addresses essentially the same questions about the morphogenetic role of physicochemical forces, such as surface tension, but does so “the other way round”: physicochemical mechanisms are not being used as models for morphogenesis by natural cells but rather as a means to engineer cells to make designed forms.

An assessment of N, P, Fe, Zn, Ni and Mo limitation on suspended nutrient diffusing substrates in nearshore areas of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie

In large lakes, metal availability sometimes limits the acquisition of nutrients (nitrogen, N and phosphorus, P) in offshore waters that are relatively isolated from tributaries and sediments. We hypothesize that metals may also be important within harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs occur where nutrient loads are elevated, but bioassays often indicate that phytoplankton in HABs are N or P limited. Nutrient limitation may be exacerbated by corresponding limitations in several metals (i.e. nickel - Ni, molybdenum - Mo, zinc - Zn, and iron - Fe) that facilitate uptake and transformation of oxidized and organic forms of nutrients, such as urea, nitrate and organic phosphorus. The cyanotoxin microcystin has been hypothesized to have a role in metal management, so metal demand may also influence the toxicity of HABs. Here, we used nutrient diffusing substrates to measure how N, P, Ni, Mo, Zn and Fe amendments influenced the growth and toxicity of periphyton. Periphyton was grown suspended in 10 nearshore sites in Lake Michigan and Lake Erie (5 with and 5 without perennial HABs). Outside of blooms, we found no evidence for metal limitation or co-limitation. However, evidence for metal co-limitation was observed in two HABs sites (Zn in Green Bay and Zn, Mo, Ni and Fe in Sandusky Bay). N, P and Zn amendments all stimulated microcystin content in Maumee Bay. These data indicate that nutrient limitation occurs even within blooms, and the availability of metals may have an influence on growth, community composition and toxicity.

Arsenic in Rice and Rice-Based Products with Regard to Consumer Health.

Most articles on the exposure to arsenic (As) associated with rice and rice products come from Asia where these products are consumed in the largest quantities; relatively few of the articles have focused on European consumers. Since rice products can represent a significant contribution to overall arsenic exposure, the aim of the study was to determine the total arsenic content (tAs) in rice and the most commonly-consumed rice products available on the Polish market. The tAs determination was performed by hydride generation coupled to inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-OES). Because an inorganic form of As (iAs) is mutagenic and carcinogenic and about 100-fold more toxic than the organic form, an additional aim of the study was to assess the risk of its ingestion, assuming that it constitutes 67.7%, 72.7%, or 90% of tAs. In all products tested, the calculated iAs content was below the maximum permissible levels, and no threat was found for any of the analyzed Polish consumers, based on the mean rice consumption in Poland and the mean calculated iAs content. However, a potential health risk was noted among infants and young children, assuming maximum iAs levels and threefold higher consumption (16.2 g d-1). To avoid a risk of developing cancer, infants up to one year of age should consume no more than 32.2 g of the studied products per week, children under three years of age up to 68.7 g, and adults 243 g. Consumers should strive to include a variety of cereals in their daily diet and choose products shown to have low arsenic contamination levels based on testing and inspection rankings.

The 3D tree dataset: an artistic experiment using a voxel-based GAN

AbstractIn visual culture, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been used to generate two-dimensional images, video, and three-dimensional forms. Whilst there are a relatively large number of conditional datasets of two-dimensional images, there are fewer datasets of three-dimensional objects available for training, evaluation, and practical use. In this paper, we introduce a synthetic dataset of 3D trees that provide novel geometric challenges for machine learning and describe our use of this dataset in training and qualitative evaluation via a public exhibition and survey. The 3D Tree Dataset was made using random variations of 76 bespoke tree templates based on art historical references to favor interesting, beautiful, and varied trunk and branch shapes. In generating and experimenting with this dataset, we wanted to know how a geometrically complex series of organic forms would challenge voxel-GANs compared to existing datasets comprising industrial objects such as chairs and cars. As an interdisciplinary project between visual arts and computer science, we used 3D printing and animation to visualize and communicate our outputs to non-specialist audiences. In this paper, we describe and share the 3D Tree Dataset, outline the process of generating the dataset, describe the GAN architecture and application used to test the dataset and discuss the results relative to our artistic and cultural goals.

An Overview of the Mechanisms through Which Plants Regulate ROS Homeostasis under Cadmium Stress.

Cadmium (Cd2+) is a non-essential and highly toxic element to all organic life forms, including plants and humans. In response to Cd stress, plants have evolved multiple protective mechanisms, such as Cd2+ chelation, vesicle sequestration, the regulation of Cd2+ uptake, and enhanced antioxidant defenses. When Cd2+ accumulates in plants to a certain level, it triggers a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to chlorosis, growth retardation, and potentially death. To counteract this, plants utilize a complex network of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems to manage ROS and protect cells from oxidative damage. This review systematically summarizes how various elements, including nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, and zinc, as well as phytohormones such as abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroids, and ethylene, and signaling molecules like nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrogen sulfide, regulate the antioxidant system under Cd stress. Furthermore, it explores the mechanisms by which exogenous regulators can enhance the antioxidant capacity and mitigate Cd toxicity.

Experimental study on microscopic production characteristics and influencing factors during dynamic imbibition of shale reservoir with online NMR and fractal theory

Dynamic imbibition and displacement between the matrix and fractures in shale reservoirs can significantly enhance oil recovery (EOR) following initial depletion. However, the microscopic production characteristics and seepage mechanisms at different pore scales during the dynamic imbibition process remain incompletely understood. In this study, we established an online physical simulation experiment method that combines dynamic displacement and imbibition based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fractal theory, and a series of online NMR water flooding dynamic imbibition experiments were conducted. Through real-time dynamic monitoring of multiphase flow and migration behavior of crude oil in each stage of dynamic imbibition, the microscopic production characteristics and influencing factors were quantitatively studied from the recovery and residual oil saturation field distribution of different scale pores. Additionally, we developed a novel two-dimensional (2-D) NMR interpretation model to investigate the dynamic development characteristics of shale oil injection-imbibition-soaking-production integration, and the multiphase and multi-scale dynamic imbibition crude oil migration models were discussed. The results show that shale oil occurrence pores can be categorized into two types based on the corresponding production mode (imbibition + displacement). The water flooding dynamic imbibition process in shale reservoirs unfolds in three stages: strong displacement and weak imbibition stage characterized by the rapid production of large pores and fractures under displacement action; weak displacement and strong imbibition stage involving the slow production of small pores under reverse imbibition; and dynamic equilibrium stage characterized by weak displacement and weak imbibition. When viewing the entire water flooding dynamic imbibition process as an organism, it becomes imperative to maximize the recovery of large pores while ensuring the recovery degree of small pores. High permeability contributes to better pore throat connectivity and a greater imbibition and displacement production degree. The contribution of the.two production modes to the recovery of small and large pores increased by 4.67 % and 3.17 %, respectively. A negative correlation was observed between high displacement pressure and imbibition recovery, yet it is conducive to the contribution of displacement to total recovery. Notably, fractures can effectively reduce oil-water seepage resistance, and increase the contribution of displacement to recovery by 21.65 %. Finally.a positive correlation was noted between increased imbibition amount and free oil recovery, while residual oil gradually shifted towards adsorbed and organic matter-dominated forms, leading to decreased recoverability. Effectively utilizing the bridge flow conductivity of fractures, fluid imbibition displacement, and carrying effect is crucial for achieving optimal EOR. The findings provide theoretical support for clarifying the interaction between matrix-fracture imbibition and displacement and for the efficient development of shale oil.

El Yo de la persona humana como elección radical de ser individuo singular en el pensamiento de Søren Kierkegaard

The aim of this study is to present that the category of singular individual in Kierkegaard's thought in the pseudonymous works The Concept of Anxiety and The Sickness Unto Death, mainly, is configured structurally and dynamically as a personal self, not reduced to the character of individuation and always in a critical position to any attempt at homologation of social, organic, ideological or political forms, contradicting the interpretations of Kierkegaard as individualist, solipsist or, on the contrary, as devoid of an idea of ​​community or ontological foundation. The singular individual as a personal I in Kierkegaard is structurally configured in a tripartite relationship of soul, body and spirit, which are integrated as that singular person in a free dynamic not reduced to the conception of the Hegelian or Aristotelian movement, but of a radical choice to be oneself as freedom, which is, at the same time, the relationship with the foundation of existence that for Kierkegaard is the love of a personal God, configuring its reality in forms of life in a non-chronological time. In such a way that the I as a singular individual in Kierkegaard is the concrete person, in relation to an existential foundation and an essential freedom, which constitute the basis of a personalist anthropology.