Forms Of Misconduct Research Articles

Are Personality Traits Predictors of Police Misconduct?

AbstractSeveral forms of police misconduct exist, including the inappropriate use of a weapon, sexual misconduct, and racially offensive behaviors, and deserve more attention in the literature. More recent literature suggests that there may be personality predictors of misconduct. Specifically, aggression, having unstable relationships, a lack of empathy, thrill-seeking behavior, and poor impulse control, may contribute to officer misconduct. The current study examined a group of 642 first-year police officers through a series of mostly logistic regression analyses to determine if antisocial or borderline personality traits predict inappropriate use of a weapon, sexual misconduct, and racially offensive behavior using scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2; the antisocial practices and the psychopathic deviance scales) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; the borderline and antisocial scales). Most of the hypotheses were not supported by the findings. Participants who had more antisocial traits, as assessed by MMPI-2, were less likely to be accused of racially offensive behavior. Officers who had more borderline characteristics, as assessed by the MMPI-2, were less likely to be accused of engagement in any misconduct, specifically sexual misconduct. However, participants who had more borderline traits, as assessed by the PAI, were more likely to engage in sexual misconduct, but less likely to engage in any misconduct overall. Demographic covariates also were found to be related to all three forms of misconduct.

Академічна чесність та її важливість у вищій освіті: вплив інноваційних технологій

In the conditions of globalization and digital transformation of educational processes, compliance with the principles of academic honesty is becoming an increasingly urgent problem in the educational process. First of all, innovative technologies significantly expand access to educational resources, improving the quality of education and promoting inclusiveness in education. In addition, they create new risks and opportunities for students and faculty in the context of academic misconduct, such as plagiarism, manipulation of research results, and other forms of misconduct. However, alongside the everyday challenges, innovative technologies provide a wide range of tools to prevent academic misconduct. The development of anti-plagiarism systems, the integration of artificial intelligence for the analysis of works, and the introduction of digital platforms for monitoring the educational process allow not only the detection of violations but also the form of a responsible attitude toward academic honesty in students and teachers. It is important to emphasize that academic integrity in modern higher education is not only a matter of compliance with ethical norms but also a factor affecting the general image and reputation of educational institutions at the international level. Annotation. While writing the scientific article, the role of academic integrity was revealed in the context of its role in the formation of the educational and scientific environment, particularly in the conditions of active implementation of innovative technologies. Academic honesty is defined as ensuring the quality of education and scientific research through the formation of trust in the results of academic activity. Fundamental principles of academic integrity and its values, such as honesty, objectivity, commitment to scientific truth, and avoidance of plagiarism, are explored. Academic misconduct, such as plagiarism, fabrication, and data falsification, is increasingly challenging to detect due to the development of artificial intelligence and other innovative technologies. The advantages and disadvantages of disseminating innovative technologies in the educational process, which increase the inclusiveness and accessibility of education, are analyzed. It has been established that digitalizing educational processes expands the possibilities of access to knowledge and creates new challenges for ensuring academic integrity. Recommendations are offered to improve the methods of detecting and preventing academic violations, including the development of policies and standards regulating the use of artificial intelligence in education and regular training for teachers and students on the ethical use of technology. Keywords: academic integrity, innovative technologies, higher education, digitalization, artificial intelligence, educational process.

Our cheating is not your cheating: signature misconduct exemplified in mathematics

That the manifestation of cheating varies between disciplines is rarely discussed, an unspoken assumption being that assessment takes the form of written prose supported by a bibliography. Students and academics from disciplines, such as mathematics, not fitting this model can feel that their work is regarded as an aberration. ‘Plagiarism’ is not an adequate term to indicate collusion on an individual task, copying a classmate’s calculation by hand, or substitution of a computational tool for one’s own competence when it is being tested. Signature pedagogies give rise to signature assessments and hence signature misconduct. Our analysis provides insight into the nature and rationale of mathematics assessment for the broader academic integrity community, and we suggest that other disciplines, particularly the non-text disciplines, may wish to similarly examine their own forms of misconduct. Our cheating is not your cheating; therein lies a challenge for all of us.

Conservative Anger and Police Misconduct: Exploring Conservative Discussion of Police on Social Media

ABSTRACT This exploratory study applies thematic analysis to posts made in a popular conservative subreddit on the social media platform Reddit to understand how conservatives discuss police with one another in the context of two ongoing American tragedies—acts of race-based police brutality and mass shootings—in which police seem, at face value, to play very different roles as victimizers and first responders respectively. The study finds that the roles of police are discussed very differently in the online community studied. Within the context of race-based police brutality, popular posts tend to criticize liberals rather than police, and funding police is associated with better crime control. In contrast, posters highlight police inaction during mass shootings—particularly the shooting in Uvalde, Texas—as a form of misconduct and issue calls for accountability. These results suggest that the conservative community studied views defending members of the public as an important obligation of law enforcement, expects that providing the police with resources will enable them to better carry out this obligation, and wants police who fail in doing so held to account.

Intention to report misconduct of the Royal Malaysian Police: Examining perceived offence seriousness, perceived disciplinary fairness and perceived legitimacy

The intention to report misconduct is the inclination of police officers to disclose wrongdoing perpetrated by other officers, whereas the code of silence is an unwritten policy prohibiting officers from reporting the misbehaviour of their colleagues. Hence, officers have the choice either to remain silent or to report any misconduct by their colleagues. This article investigates the determinants of the intention to report misconduct by Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) officers from the commercial crime investigation department. Organizational theory is used to form the framework and develop the hypotheses. Three hypotheses are developed concerning the intention to report RMP officer misconduct using three elements: perceived offence seriousness, perceived disciplinary fairness and perceived legitimacy. Face-to-face and online survey questionnaires were used as data collection methods. In total, 170 questionnaires were distributed, and 151 completed questionnaires were useable. The questionnaire contained four scenarios illustrating various forms of misconduct; each contained seven questions measuring police officers’ perception and assessment of their intention to report, perceived seriousness of the offence, perceived disciplinary fairness and other intentions to report. Ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that perceived offence seriousness and perceived legitimacy had a strong positive relationship with officer intentions to report misconduct. This study has important implications for national and international policymakers to find out how well officers understand their agency's rules on misconduct as well as their opinions about the seriousness of the different types of misconduct, the appropriate discipline for the misconduct and their willingness to report the behaviour.

Corruption, scandals and incompetence: Do voters care?

Accountability theory posits that elections weed out badly performing politicians, whereas type-selection theory posits that politicians who do not represent a (sufficiently large) group are ousted. This paper tests this by estimating the impact of various forms of misconduct by Dutch local government politicians on the vote share of their parties. It shows that incidents that reveal incompetence cost their parties 1.5 percentage points of the vote share, or roughly 10 percent of their voters. Incidents that expose politicians to be someone else than their public image suggests (i.e., scandals) have a similar cost. Incidents that reveal both simultaneously (i.e., corruption) cost parties almost double, namely 3 percentage points. The results show that the accountability and type-selection theories are both important in explaining voting behavior and suggest that there might be additional punishment when both theories predict a negative effect.

Scientific misconduct: Plagiarism and non-compliance with disclosure of interest: Retrospective analysis of 1 year's submissions to Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research

IntroductionAuthors submitting to Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research (OTSR) must fulfill the criteria of scientific integrity (SI), including issues of plagiarism and disclosure of interest. These data have not been assessed for OTSR and we therefore conducted a retrospective study of (1) potential plagiarism rates, (2) deficient disclosure of interest (for French authors), and (3) correlation between the two. HypothesisSuspected plagiarism rates exceed 20% and the non-disclosure rate exceeds 80%. Material and methodsWe analyzed 1 year's submissions to OTSR: January 24, 2022 to January 23, 2023. Articles were checked for plagiarism, using iThenticate software (Turnitin, Oakland, CA, USA), with a threshold of > 20% matching. Conflicts of interest, for French authors, investigated on the French Ministry of Health Transparence website (www.transparence.sante.gouv.fr), with non-disclosure defined by undeclared amounts exceeding €1000. ResultsIn total, 851 submissions were analyzed. iThenticate identified 152 (17.7%) with > 20% matching to an already published article. This likely plagiarism varied (p<0.01) between geographic origins of submissions. In the 289 submissions by French authors, there were 275 (95%) failures to report amounts exceeding €1000. Combined non-disclosure and plagiarism was found in only 3 articles submitted by French authors (3/289: 1.03%). DiscussionOTSR applies the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (www.icmje.org), adheres to the guidelines of the Committee On Publication Ethics (COPE) and the French Health Authority (HAS), and has an ethics committee. Plagiarism is a major SI breach, suspected in 20% of submissions. Also, 95% of French authors failed to properly disclose their interests on submitting an article, although this declaration is mandatory in France and is an integral aspect of SI. There are also other forms of misconduct, such as failure to comply with the French “Jardé” law on research involving human subjects, failure to obtain review board approval, unjustified claims to authorship or deficient archiving, that were not analyzed here. ConclusionsAlthough overall plagiarism rates were under 20% for submissions to OTSR, some geographic areas were more concerned than others. Also, despite reminders by the editorial board, only 5% of French authors made full disclosures; this is a major breach of SI, requiring correction on the part of French authors. Level of evidenceIV; retrospective study.

Employees’ perception of management control systems as a threat: effects on deliberate ignorance and workplace deviance

ABSTRACT We examine the impact of employees’ perceptions of management control systems (MCS) as a threat on two forms of misconduct: deliberate ignorance and workplace deviance. Drawing on the theory of cognitive dissonance, we predict that a perceived threat is associated with a decrease in workplace deviance but may also trigger unintended consequences, such as deliberate ignorance. Hypotheses are tested using survey data from three large hospitals. Taken together, our results suggest that employees’ perceptions of MCS as a threat have (1) a negative curvilinear effect on workplace deviance and (2) a positive linear association with deliberate ignorance. Additionally, we find that the need for professional autonomy shapes the effect of employees’ perception of MCS as a threat on both forms of misconduct. Overall, by providing new empirical evidence on how employees perceive MCS and their (un)intended consequences, we add to the growing body of research on the effects of control systems on employees’ behaviour.

Learning from failures: Director interlocks and corporate misconduct

Motivated by social learning and social network theories, we argue that firms learn from failures in their director interlocked firms. Empirical results show that enforcement for violations in errant firms inhibit misconduct commitments in focal firms (i.e., firms interlocked with errant firms). We investigate the role of interlocking directors in facilitating the inhibition of misconduct. Empirical results evidence that information transmission by interlocking directors plays a crucial role in the process of inhibitive learning. Besides information transmission, we also find that interlocking directors react with higher diligence in focal firms. Further, overall diligence of independent directors in focal firms is heightened. Additionally, we test several factors that influence the significance of this inhibition, including characteristics of interlocking directors, firm features, and industry characters. Finally, the enforcement can deter more than one form of misconduct in focal firms. Overall, we thoroughly investigate the reactions of focal firms and their directors. Our study focuses on inhibitive learning, which has received limited attention in corporate finance literature.

Contract Cheating and Ghostwriting among University Students in Health Specialties.

Contract cheating and ghostwriting are forms of misconduct that are unethical and a serious academic issue, especially among healthcare professionals, as they directly impact patient health. To date, research on this area in the Middle East has been limited. Therefore, we used a validated self-administered questionnaire to investigate the awareness, perceptions, and reasons for these behaviors among 682 students in health specialties at five universities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The majority of the students (60.1%) were unaware of the terms "contract cheating" and "ghostwriting," and 69.5% had not received any prior training on integrity. However, having prior training had a positive effect on awareness levels, and respondents attending private universities were significantly more aware than those attending public universities. The factors that contributed to contract cheating behavior included poor time management, English language difficulties, and a lack of writing skills. These findings emphasize the need for integrity training at the national level to raise awareness.

Corruption as a Form of Misconduct: Clarifying Concepts and Charting Ways Forward

Corruption is one of the most pervasive threats to business environments and human rights around the world. Despite its prevalence and impact, management scholarship has yet to develop a mature field of research on the subject. The rapidly growing body of management research on organizational misconduct has begun to address corruption, but this growing sub-field is in need of both conceptual clarification as well as greater attention to the international organizational contexts where it is particularly problematic. This panel is designed to meet three goals: 1) demonstrate how scholarship on corruption makes distinct contributions to the large and growing literature on organizational misconduct; 2) demonstrate that to accurately characterize corruption dynamics, generate relevant theory, and design effective interventions, analyses are well-served by focusing attention on within and across organizational variation with deep attention to context; 3) build a more cohesive community of established and rising scholars whose research practice on corruption and organizational misconduct is characterized by deep engagement with organizational spaces, appropriately situated in their local field settings. We will address these issues with a combination of a panel discussion by experts and a facilitated Q&A session between panelists and the audience. Our panel includes presentations from organizational theorists who actively study corruption and organizational misconduct in both Western and non-Western contexts.

Causes and Effects of Uruguay’s Contribution to the United Nations’ Peace Operations

Latin American States have been ardent defenders of international peace and security for several decades. Preeminent among them is the state of Uruguay, which has contributed a substantial amount of military and police personnel to United Nations peace operations to a degree that cannot be explained by its territory, economic potential, military might or political power. The country was lauded for its efforts in the international community by subsequent secretaries-general of the United Nations. Illustrated by the fact that the small country has provided several force commanders and thousands of personnel, Uruguay is a virtual giant when it comes to contributions to peace operations. The study aims at finding answers to three fundamental questions. Firstly, what kind of tendencies can be observed regarding the contribution of Latin American States and how Uruguay’s actions can be compared to other states in the region. Secondly, what are the causes for such a robust presence. Last but not least, could large-scale contributions also have adverse effects in the form of misconduct and crimes committed by peacekeepers and if that is the case, how can such occurrences be remedied.

Self-Reported Academic Misconduct among Medical Students: Perception and Prevalence.

Academic integrity is the basis of an education system and must be taught as an ethical behavior during academic training. Students who reflect honesty and truthfulness during the academic years are more likely to follow this path, develop professional integrity, and thus become responsible and dependable professionals. Here, we determine the prevalence of academic lapses among medical students by a cross-sectional descriptive survey based on a self-assessment questionnaire. Students' perception of 37 behaviors comprising five domains, plagiarism, indolence, cheating, disruptive behavior, and falsifying data, were explored. A high percentage of students (83%) indicated that all 37 behaviors constitute misconduct. Approximately 65% of students thought that their fellow students were involved in dishonest behaviors, and 34% answered that they were indulged in some form of misconduct. Content analysis identified some prevalent behaviors such as doing work for another student (82.5%), getting information from the students who already took the exam (82.5%), copying the answer from neighbors (79%), and marking attendance for absent friends (74.5%). Multiple regression analysis points out that future indulgence in a behavior is significantly (p ≤ 0.5) correlated with understanding a behavior as wrong, perceiving that others do it and whether one has already indulged in it. This study can serve as a diagnostic tool to analyze the prevalence of misconduct and a foothold to develop the medical school system's ethical guidelines.

USoM platform. Proposal for an international and transdisciplinary interactive tool for centralization and anthropological exchange around human remains

In a previous article related to ethical reflection around the study of human remains and their biological products in archaeological, ethnographic and museum contexts, a general scientific isolation - going against the common interest and leading to certain forms of misconduct - had been raised. It appeared a real need to act in the direction of transparency and a transdisciplinary union. This conclusion led to further reflection on the strengths and technical creation of a tool dedicated to the exchange between sciences relating to the study of man. We propose the creation of a platform dedicated to all international scientific actors whose issues are related to research on humans. This involves proposing the development of a participatory/collaborative virtual platform on which scientific organizations would exchange their study materials, their samples, their tools, their knowledge, their reflections and hypotheses and then the resulting data in order to no longer work in isolation. This multidisciplinary vision to the study of Man, without spatial or chronological boundaries, will be a contribution to each of the disciplines involved and the benefits of this platform are multiple. However, this coalition approach exposes academic, technical and legal difficulties and represents a real challenge because it requires profound changes.

Mental illness, harassment and labour laws: Some thoughts on harassment by employees suffering from mental illness

Section 23 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 provides that everyone has the right to fair labour practices. Section 9 of the Constitution prohibits unfair discrimination directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including among others disability. In terms of section 6(1) of the Employment Equity Act (EEA), no person may unfairly discriminate, directly or indirectly, against an employee, in any employment policy or practice, on one or more grounds, including among others disability or on any other arbitrary ground. Section 6(1) applies to employees, which includes applicants; but it is only limited to conduct occurring within the scope of an “employment policy or practice”. In Marsland v New Way Motor &amp; Diesel Engineering (2009) 30 ILJ 169 (LC), the court concluded that discrimination based on the fact that a person suffers from a mental health problem, has the potential to impair the fundamental dignity of that person as a human being, or to affect them in a comparably serious manner. Consequently, discrimination based on mental illness must be treated as a prohibited ground of discrimination. However, as it was pointed out in Hoffmann v South African Airways 2001 (1) SA 1 (CC), it may in some instances be justified to discriminate on the ground of mental illness, if it is proved that the discrimination is based on an inherent requirement of a job. Section 15 of the EEA requires that, when the employer implements affirmative action measures, he/she must make reasonable accommodation for people from designated groups, in order to ensure that they enjoy equal opportunities and are equitably represented in the workforce of a designated employer. Section 1 defines “reasonable accommodation” as “any modification or adjustment to a job or to the working environment that will enable a person from a designated group to have access to or participate or advance in employment”. Section 6(3) of the EEA provides that harassment is a form of discrimination and is prohibited among others on the ground of disability or any other arbitrary ground. Harassment is also a form of misconduct. The employer is required to take reasonable steps to prevent harassment and failure to do so, the employer is liable for such harassment. Where an employee who has a mental illness, commits an act of harassment against another employee, the employer should take into account its duty to reasonably accommodate the offending employee, the duty to take steps to prevent harassment and the fact that it may be automatically unfair to dismiss an employee for misconduct which was committed because of mental illness.

Exploring Differing Experiences of a Masculinity Contest Culture in Policing and the Impact on Individual and Organizational Outcomes

Despite increasing allegations of misconduct, police organizations continue to overlook the environmental factors that contribute to harassment and other forms of misconduct. Using secondary survey data collected from a Canadian police organization ( N = 488), this study explored the specific factors that might contribute to masculinity contest cultures (i.e., cultures akin to a zero-sum competition with rules defined by masculine norms; MCCs). This study also examined whether MCC norms are experienced differently based on level within the organization, occupational role, and employee sex. The study findings suggest that MCC norms may be amplified by a shortage of personnel, and certain policies and practices that pit members against each other. The study also found that MCC norms are not necessarily perceived in the same way. For instance, female and frontline police officers were more likely to perceive their workplace as a MCC. Female officers were also more likely to experience harassing behaviors. This study makes a significant contribution to research and practice as it advances our understanding of MCCs within policing and how they might be changed.

The Differential Role of Stress on Police Officers’ Perceptions of Misconduct

This study examines the influence of stress, by way of subdimensions of anxiety, and depression, on police officers’ perceptions of the seriousness of various forms of misconduct in the context of China. Findings show that different dimensions of stress have differing effects on the level of seriousness ascribed, and those influences vary based on the type of unethical behavior. While depression reduces officers’ perceived seriousness of misconduct, the effects of anxiety on perceptions are more nuanced. The study suggests the development of related policies to curb unethical behavior should consider stress, and its related subdimensions, while also considering how subgroups of officers may respond to stress in different ways. The realization of these efforts may contribute to the development of targeted interventions for improving ethical thinking and decision-making among police officers.

Research Integrity Among PhD Students at the Faculty of Medicine: A Comparison of Three Scandinavian Universities.

This study investigates research integrity among PhD students in health sciences at three universities in Scandinavia (Stockholm, Oslo, Odense). A questionnaire with questions on knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and behavior was distributed to PhD students and obtained a response rate of 77.7%. About 10% of the respondents agreed that research misconduct strictly defined (such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism, FFP) is common in their area of research, while slightly more agreed that other forms of misconduct is common. A nonnegligible segment of the respondents was willing to fabricate, falsify, or omit contradicting data if they believe that they are right in their overall conclusions. Up to one third reported to have added one or more authors unmerited. Results showed a negative correlation between “good attitudes” and self-reported misconduct and a positive correlation between how frequent respondents thought that misconduct occurs and whether they reported misconduct themselves. This reveals that existing educational and research systems partly fail to foster research integrity.

Examination of triarchic psychopathy measure in a sample of Lithuanian juvenile offenders.

The current study aimed to evaluate the convergent and predictive validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM; Patrick, 2010) in a sample of 159 Lithuanian juvenile offenders, who were sentenced to probation, from most probation departments across Lithuania. TriPM scale scores were evaluated against various self-report questionnaires, measuring history of delinquent behavior, procriminal attitudes, and the ability to manage stressors. Such scores were also validated against adverse outcomes, including risk evaluation through structured professional judgment risk assessment. In terms of predictive validity, TriPM scores predicted outcomes related to juvenile offenders' misconduct after a 3-month follow-up period. The TriPM scale scores were associated with concurrent measures in an expected direction, with the effect sizes ranging from small to large. The area-under-the-curve results for several forms of misconduct in a 3-month follow-up period confirmed predictive validity of the TriPM scales. These findings are discussed in the context of forensic and correctional implications for TriPM research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Asking Authors to Nominate Reviewers

In the process of submitting manuscripts to journals it is still quite common for authors to be asked to nominate reviewers. We are unsure exactly how widespread this practice is and we pose the question: Should the practice of authors nominating reviewers continue?