Human Body Form Research Articles

Material Ethics in Trans-corporeal Space: A Study of Alejandro Morales’s The Rag Doll Plagues

ABSTRACT The Rag Doll Plagues, by Mexican American writer Alejandro Morales, underlines the racial dimension of the environmental crisis while also demonstrating the material interdependence between human and more-than-human worlds through the lens of trans-corporeality. By exploring the material connection between the poisoned body and the environment; the interaction between the marginalized body and nonhuman as subject; and the mutant body’s agency as a “habitat” and “thing,” this paper highlights the evolving and dynamic relationship between the porous human body and various forms of living and non-living entities within and beyond its borders. Morales's plague reminds humanity to break away from narrow, teleological thinking in the face of disaster and to adopt a mode of thought that is interconnected with the world as well as attentive to, and appreciative of, the vitality of non-living entities, thus fostering a nonlinear, open “material ethics”.

Effect of Water and Soil Contamination by Heavy Metals in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate), and Turnip (Brassica napus L.) at Different Stage

Environmental pollution with heavy metals is very harmful to the human body and other life forms, even in low concentrations, as there is no effective removal mechanism. Urban agriculture utilizes this contaminated land for the cultivation of vegetable crops to facilitate their food security and entry of toxic heavy metals into the food chain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of contaminated soil and water with heavy metals on the quality of vegetable crops at different growth ages. Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (MP-AES) was used to determine the concentration of these heavy metals. The concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, and Cr) in contaminated soil was found to be 39434.9±30.0, 3183.7±43.5, 222.0±10.2, 22.28±2.5, 0.057±0.00, 5.8±0.03, 72.72±0.01, 148.6±15 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the mean concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, and Cr in wastewater was found to be 5.2±0.5, 0.8±0.08, 0.72±0.01, 1.05±0.03, 0.01±0.00, 0.2±00, 0.72±0.01 and 0.14±0.02, respectively. The relative abundance of heavy metal in soil, water and vegetable samples were in the following order: Fe >Mn >Zn > Cr > Pb> Cu> Ni> Co, Fe > Cu > Mn >Zn =Pb> Ni > Cr > Co and Fe >Mn >Zn > Pb > Cu> Cr > Ni> Co, respectively, and the accumulation of heavy metals in three month growth. All lettuce, cabbage, and turnip vegetables grew faster than two months. Both two and three months of age, the accumulation of heavy metals in turnips > lettuce > cabbage. Most of the soil, water, and vegetable samples exceeded the permissible limit of heavy metals prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) standards.

Hybrid Corporeality and the Multiplicity of Human Death: A Post-Anthrocentric Perspective

Rapid development of cognitive and neurosciences undermined the Cartesian view on the human body as a bounded and autonomous entity. A plethora of publications on enhanced memory, external cognition, extended mind, embodied self, or distributed corporeality confirms the view that the human body and mind are not self-contained entities, producing the world as a prosthetic set of “extensions” or parts of hybrid wholes, which we interpret as cyborganic assemblages. However, in this abundance of documented entanglements of bodies and minds with their surrounding settings, of fusions of corporeality with inert matter, there is scarce, if any, reflection on the posthumous fate of these hybrids and on the multiple forms of their deterioration, that establish what the author provisionally describes as multiplicity of human death. The paper presents the analysis of various forms of human body and inanimate matter integration and their posthumous persistence or deterioration. The view on the human body as multiple provides corollary of its death as a multimodal, manifold set of events, distinguishing biological, lived, and social bodies and their heterochronous deaths. The heterochronicity of human death is illustrated with the description of private commemorative practices that form a geography, distinct from the usual public commemoration places.

Descartes’ philosophy of emotion

Emotions, or the passions of the soul (as Descartes most frequently calls them), are one of the most complex kinds of ?things? in Descartes? philosophy. They exist as ?sensations in a wider sense?: modes of res cogitans which are generated by ?the close and intimate union? of res cogitans and res extensa in the form of human body. In other words, emotions have both finite substances as their ratio essendi. Therefore, an adequate description of their ontological structure requires the description of the ontological structure of the body, the description of the ontological structure of thought, and the description of their relationship. We shall attempt to carry out such a description by explicating Descartes? most comprehensive definition of passions. However, the situation is even more interesting, since the complexity of passions doesn?t only originate from structural properties, but from functional properties as well. While on the basis of Descartes? text there can be no doubt that he ascribed the motivational function to passions, the situation is not altogether clear when it comes to the representational function. We shall defend the thesis that Descartes? ascribed an axiological kind of representationality to passions, which differs from the representationality that he ascribed to ?ideas in the strict sense?.

Bipedal locomotion in zoo apes: Revisiting the hylobatian model for bipedal origins.

Bipedal locomotion is a hallmark of being human. Yet the body form from which bipedalism evolved remains unclear. Specifically, the positional behaviour (i.e. orthograde vs. pronograde) and the length of the lumbar spine (i.e. long and mobile vs. short and stiff) of the last common ancestor (LCA) of the African great apes and humans require further investigation. While fossil evidence would be the most conclusive, the paucity of hominid fossils from 5-10 million years ago makes this field of research challenging. In their absence, extant primate anatomy and behaviour may offer some insight into the ancestral body form from which bipedalism could most easily evolve. Here, we quantify the frequency of bipedalism in a large sample (N = 496) of zoo-housed hominoids and cercopithecines. Our results show that while each studied species of ape and monkey can move bipedally, hylobatids are significantly more bipedal and engage in bipedal locomotion more frequently and for greater distances than any other primate sampled. These data support hypotheses of an orthograde, long-backed and arboreal LCA, which is consistent with hominoid fossils from the middle-to-late Miocene. If true, knuckle-walking evolved in parallel in Pan and Gorilla, and the human body form, particularly the long lower back and orthograde posture, is conserved.

ГЕРПЕС ИНФЕКЦИЯСЫНЫН ООР ТҮРҮНҮН ФОНУНДА ВИРУСТУК А ГЕПАТИТТИН ӨЛҮМГӨ АЛЫП КЕЛГЕН КЛИНИКАЛЫК УЧУРЛАРЫ

To date, among viral infections, herpes infections in terms of morbidity occupy a leading position in both children and adults. According to the WHO, this infection is the second most common viral infection after influenza. Herpes viruses are capable of infecting almost all organs and systems of the human body, causing acute, chronic and latent forms of infection. Herpes viruses are hepatotropic and can cause severe fatal hepatitis. In recent decades, not only an increase in morbidity has been observed everywhere, but, unfortunately, there has been an increase in the number of mortalities, which is explained by their widespread distribution and difficulties in diagnosis.

Melatonin: a pleiotropic hormone as a novel potent therapeutic candidate in arsenic toxicity

Arsenic is a natural element which exists in the environment in inorganic and organic forms. In humans, the main reason for the toxicity of arsenic is its uptake via water sources. As polluted water and the problems associated with it can be found in many countries. Therefore, considering all these positive effects of melatonin, this review is aimed at melatonin supplementation therapy on arsenic toxicity which seems to be a suitable therapeutic agent to eliminate the adverse effects of arsenic. It is seen in previous studies that chronic exposure to arsenic could cause serious dys functions of organs and induce different degrees of toxicities that is one of the first hazardous materials in the classification of substances by the United States Environmental Protection Agency so leads to costly cleanup operations burdening the economy. Arsenic harmfulness degree depends on the bioavailability, chemical form, valence state, detoxification, and metabolism of human body. The oxidative stress has a major role in arsenic-induced toxicity; on the other hand, it was discovered that melatonin is a powerful scavenger for free radical and it's an extensive-spectrum antioxidant. Due to its highly lipophilic and small size properties, melatonin accesses all intracellular organs by easily passing via the cell membrane and prevents protein, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation. In particular, melatonin, by protecting and reducing oxidative stress in mitochondria, can normalize homeostasis and mitochondrial function and ultimately prevent apoptosis and cell death.

Did population differences in human pelvic form evolve by drift or selection?

Pelvic dimensions differ, on average, among modern human populations. Some recent studies have reported that population differences in pelvic form evolved mainly by neutral processes, without considerable natural selection. This is a surprising claim given the many important functions of the human pelvis. This article re-evaluates this claim through a review of the medical literature and a new analysis of the data from which these results were obtained. We show that variation in modern pelvic form correlates with the risks of obstructed labour, pelvic floor disorders such as incontinence and prolapse, and numerous orthopaedic disorders that impair walking. Comparative population studies also document adaptations of human body form and pelvic dimensions to climatic conditions. However, these various and partly antagonistic selective forces on the human pelvis are not homogeneous across populations. They depend not only on climatic differences, but also on maternal and foetal body size, pelvic floor tissue properties, diet, lifestyle and the resulting metabolic capacities, as well as on obstetric practices and health care, all of which vary across human populations. Given the relatively rapid evolution of polygenic quantitative traits, we propose that pelvic dimensions have evolved different "compromise solutions" in different populations in response to local selective regimes. The results from a reanalysis of a large published global dataset on human pelvic canal dimensions clearly support this view.

Risks associated with the consumption of inorganic and organic arsenic

It is known that the chronic intake of arsenic (As) leads to the development of multisystem pathologies. In the case of high levels of As consumption, the risks of negative effects of exposure to inorganic and methylated forms persist for decades. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has established that all inorganic forms of As are absolute carcinogens (group 1). Methylated forms of As are classified as substances possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2b). Not metabolized in the human body forms of organic As are not carcinogenic to humans (group 3). The aim - assessment of health risks of various forms of As contained in food, including seafood. Material and methods. The scientific data regarding the risks associated with As contamination of food obtained by using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar databases, legislative and regulatory acts of the Eurasian Economic Union, the Russian Federation, the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the European Union and other coun tries have been analyzed. Results. The analysis of the available data showed that the degree of As toxicity decreased in the following order: glutathione of dimethylarsonic acid (DMAIIIGl) > methylarsic acid (MMAIII) > dimethylarsic acid (DMAIII) > arsenic hydrocarbons (AsHC) > arsenite (AsIII) > arsenate (AsV) > trimethylarsine (TMAIII) > methylarsonic acid (MMAV) > dimethylarsonic acid (DMAV) > DMAIII-sugar glyceride > DMAV-sugar glyceride > thio compounds of DMAV > arsenosugarsIII > arsenosugarsV > tetramethylarsonium chloride (TETPA) > trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), arsenocholine (AsC) > arsenobetaine (AB). Consequently, the toxicity of some methylated and organic forms of As (for example, DMAIIIGl, AsHC) may be higher than that of its inorganic forms. It is known that As is found in foods mainly in organic forms. When ingested with food, As organic forms are metabolized and, thus, could cause a number of negative effects in the organism. Conclusion. High levels of organic and inorganic forms of As in food, including seafood, could have a negative impact on the health of the population, which makes it necessary to conduct additional assessments of the health risks of various forms of As entering the body. The insufficient amount of data on the toxicity of organic forms of As indicates the impossibility of separate setting of safety maximum levels for organic and inorganic forms of As in foods.

Orthotopic Bone Formation by Streamlined Engineering and Devitalization of Human Hypertrophic Cartilage.

Most bones of the human body form and heal through endochondral ossification, whereby hypertrophic cartilage (HyC) is formed and subsequently remodeled into bone. We previously demonstrated that HyC can be engineered from human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC), and subsequently devitalized by apoptosis induction. The resulting extracellular matrix (ECM) tissue retained osteoinductive properties, leading to ectopic bone formation. In this study, we aimed at engineering and devitalizing upscaled quantities of HyC ECM within a perfusion bioreactor, followed by in vivo assessment in an orthotopic bone repair model. We hypothesized that the devitalized HyC ECM would outperform a clinical product currently used for bone reconstructive surgery. Human MSC were genetically engineered with a gene cassette enabling apoptosis induction upon addition of an adjuvant. Engineered hMSC were seeded, differentiated, and devitalized within a perfusion bioreactor. The resulting HyC ECM was subsequently implanted in a 10-mm rabbit calvarial defect model, with processed human bone (Maxgraft®) as control. Human MSC cultured in the perfusion bioreactor generated a homogenous HyC ECM and were efficiently induced towards apoptosis. Following six weeks of in vivo implantation, microcomputed tomography and histological analyses of the defects revealed an increased bone formation in the defects filled with HyC ECM as compared to Maxgraft®. This work demonstrates the suitability of engineered devitalized HyC ECM as a bone substitute material, with a performance superior to a state-of-the-art commercial graft. Streamlined generation of the devitalized tissue transplant within a perfusion bioreactor is relevant towards standardized and automated manufacturing of a clinical product.

Exploration of the body\u2013garment relationship theory through the analysis of a sheath dress

The apparel industry is replete with assumptions regarding the body-garment relationship. Traditional anthropometry focuses on linear body measurements, which are inadequate to describe and classify the human body-form for apparel pattern development. To enable the development of a body-form based block system, this case study explored the body-garment relationship for a sheath dress to determine if apparel block shapes could be categorized based on distinct body-form variations. A modified version of Gazzuolo’s (1985) body-garment relationship theory guided the development and analysis of the study. Pattern blocks were fit to 39 female subjects, with 16 dimensions extracted from specific pattern components and graphed to reveal between one and five groups per dimension. Visual analysis of the sample’s body scans revealed 27 body-form variations with 99 categorical descriptions. Categorical descriptions were compared to the dimensional values resulting in ten suggestions for a body-form based block system, and seventeen assumptions that require further analysis. In conclusion, this case study discovered multiple body-form variations across a single size, but block shapes could not be identified due to the wide variation in the sample. Future studies should assess a statistically significant sample of individuals with in-depth analysis of a single body region to determine if there are generalizable body-form variations across the population.

Becoming sexy: Contrapposto pose increases attractiveness ratings and modulates observers’ brain activity

Previous neurophysiological studies have revealed the neural correlates of human body form perception, as well as those related to the perception of attractive body sizes. In the current study we aimed to extend the neurophysiological studies regarding body perception by investigating the perception of human body posture to provide insights into the cognitive mechanisms responsive to bodily form, and the processing of its attractiveness. To achieve these aims, we used the contrapposto posture which creates an exaggeration of low waist to hip ratio (WHR), an indicator of women's attractiveness. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded while participants completed both (i) an oddball task presenting female body forms differing in pose (contrapposto vs. standing) and viewing angle (anterior vs. posterior), and (ii) a subsequent active attractiveness judgement task. Behavioral results showed that a contrapposto pose is considered more attractive than a neutral standing pose. Results at the neural level showed that body posture modulates the visual information processing in early ERP components, indicating attentional variations depending on human body posture; as well as in late components, indicating further differences in attention and attractiveness judgement of stimuli varying in body pose. Furthermore, the LORETA results identified the middle temporal gyrus as well as angular gyrus as the key brain regions activated in association with the perception and attractiveness judgment of females’ bodies with different body poses. Overall, the current paper suggests the evolutionary adaptive preference for lower WHRs as in the contrapposto pose activating brain regions associated with visual perception and attractiveness judgement.

BODY PHYSICALITY AS A KEY FACTOR OF MEDIA SELF PRESENTATION – BODY IMAGE IN ADVERTISING

The contribution is a consideration of the role of a human body in personal, physical reflections, in the field of art and in media space. The presented text is a thought starting point for a scientific study of the role and forms of the human body in contemporary advertising. In contemporary modern society, there is an increasing interest in the appearance and presentation of the body in its female or male modality. Body image is a complex, dynamic and multidimensional aspect of an individual’s personality, determined by a number of individual and socio-cultural factors. Body image creation takes place under the influence and experience of information and it can change throughout life. The perception of body image is linked to the general ideas that the culture connects with the ideal form of the body. It is not only a mental image, but also includes an assessment component, an attitude based on cognitive schemes and emotional processing of information with which the individual is confronted

Identifying Differences Between a Straight Face and a Posed Smile Using the Homologous Modeling Technique and the Principal Component Analysis.

Recently, a homologous modeling method was developed to simulate 3D human body forms, which can visualize principal component analysis (PCA) results and facilitate its detailed comparison with results of previous method. Herein, we aimed to construct a homologous model of the face to identify differences between a straight face and a posed smile. Thirty-eight volunteers (19 males and 19 females, 38 straight faces and 38 posed smiles) with no medical history associated with a posed smile were enrolled. Three-dimensional images were constructed using the Homologous Body Modeling software and the HBM-Rugle; 9 landmarks were identified on the 3D-model surfaces. The template model automatically fitted into an individually scanned point cloud of the face by minimizing external and internal energy functions. Faces were analyzed using PCA; differences between straight faces and posed smiles were analyzed using paired t tests. Contribution of the most important principal component was 23.8%; 8 principal components explained >75% of the total variance. A significant difference between a straight face and a posed smile was observed in the second and the fourth principal components. The second principal component images revealed differences between a straight face and a posed smile and changes around the chin area with regard to length, shape, and anteroposterior position. Such changes were inclusive of individual differences. However, the fourth principal component image only revealed differences between a straight face and a posed smile; observed differences included simultaneous shortening of upper and lower eyelid length, evaluation of the nasal ala ase, swelling of the cheek area, and elevation of the mouth angle. Although these results were clinically apparent, we believe that this article is the first to statistically verify the same.Consequently, the homologous model technique and PCA are useful for evaluation of the facial soft-tissue changes.

What the Polish Mother Does Not Say. Zbylut Grzywacz Against the Myth

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 62, issue 4 (2014).
 The article presents the art of Zbylut Grzywacz in the context of his post-mortem exhibition in the Kraków National Museum in 2009. The subjects of the analysis are his paintings from the 1970s and 1980s, presenting women through a simple rough treatment of human body form, without an academic idealization. The destruction of the form conforms to the deconstruction of the myth of a Polish Mother. It is due to the change of a social position of the figures whom Grzywacz gives the roles of guardians of tradition, as well as due to their mental and moral degradation. The artist uses an irony in showing his knowledge of the tradition of showing a human body in an academic nude (what he denies), in a Flemish art of showing torn animal meat (with the Rembrandt’s reflection) and Holbein’s tradition of the post-mortem decay (The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb). One of the main themes in Grzywacz’s paintings is the loneliness, especially distinct in a representation of symbolically naked persons among insensible pedestrians. The Polish Mother—here she doesn’t belong to any society.
 The explicitness and the picturesque materiality covers a certain “crack” in the world presented inside the hard-to-comprehend present-day multitude of Grzywacz’s paintings. Behind the cover of the foreground tale, as one could think on the basis of the sketchbooks, there is a kind of an “unpresented world”, in which the author incessantly tells us about the pain of his existence with no anaesthetization by grotesque.

How do bodies become special? Electrophysiological evidence for the emergence of body-related cortical processing in the first 14 months of life.

There is general consensus that the representation of the human face becomes functionally specialized within the first few months of an infant's life. The literature is divided, however, on the question whether the specialized representation of the remainder of the human body form follows a similarly rapid trajectory or emerges more slowly and in line with domain-general learning mechanisms. Our study investigates visual event-related potentials (ERPs) in adults (P1 and N170) and infants (P1, N290, P400, and Nc) of 3 age groups (3.5, 10, and 14 months) to compare the emergence of face- and body-structural encoding. Our findings show that visual ERPs were absent (P1, N290, P400) or smaller (Nc) for bodies than for faces at 3.5 months. At older ages, P400 was smaller (10 months) and peaked later (14 months) for bodies than for faces. Effects of stimulus orientation were not reliably found until 14 months, where they were more broadly distributed for faces than for bodies. Inverted faces, but not bodies, produced an adult-like pattern for P400 at 14 months, emphasizing the role of P400 as the precursor of the adult N170. Importantly, our findings argue that structural encoding of the human body form emerges later in infancy and is qualitatively different from the structural encoding for faces. This is commensurate with infant motor development and the experience of viewing complete body shapes later than faces. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Additive Manufacturing of Biomechanically Tailored Meshes for Compliant Wearable and Implantable Devices

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) of medical devices such as orthopedic implants and hearing aids is highly attractive because of the potential of AM to match the complex form and mechanics of individual human bodies. Externally worn and implantable tissue‐support devices, such as ankle or knee braces, and hernia repair mesh, offer a new opportunity for AM to mimic tissue‐like mechanics and improve both patient outcomes and comfort. Here, it is demonstrated how explicit programming of the toolpath in an extrusion AM process can enable new, flexible mesh materials having digitally tailored mechanical properties and geometry. Meshes are fabricated by extrusion of thermoplastics, optionally with continuous fiber reinforcement, using a continuous toolpath that tailors the elasticity of unit cells of the mesh via incorporation of slack and modulation of filament–filament bonding. It is shown how the tensile mesh mechanics can be engineered to match the nonlinear response of muscle. An ankle brace with directionally specific inversion stiffness arising from embedded mesh is validated, and further concepts for 3D mesh devices are prototyped.

PROPORTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE

The uniqueness of His creation is reflected in different fields of life by the great masters throughout the ages that have born with the formation of the universe, from the big bang, till times still to come. Special ratio that can be used to describe the proportions of everything from nature’s smallest building blocks, such as atoms, to the most advanced patterns in the universe, such as unimaginably large celestial bodies.
 One of the key evidences presented for creation is the recurring appearance of the Divine proportion, or golden section, throughout the design of the human body and other life forms. An attempt has been made to relate Sri yantra and golden ratio and the various forms that seem to exemplify in the plan and elevation of the Indian temple. The yantra which is a complex geometry has been perfected to be used for the development of temple forms of different eras. The following paper will be a tool for the researchers to use the yantra in deriving the spaces of Indian temples.

Lineage Specific Differentiation of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Size Controlled Human Embryoid Body.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) possess unique properties in terms of self-renewal and differentiation, which make them particularly well-suited for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The differentiation of hESCs in the form of human embryoid bodies (hEBs) recapitulates early embryonic development, and hEBs may provide useful insight into the embryological development of humans. Herein, cell-penetrating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were utilized to form hEBs with defined sizes and the differentiation patterns were analyzed. Through intracellular delivery of MNPs into the hESCs, suspended and magnetized hESCs efficiently clustered in to hEBs driven by magnetic pin-based external magnetic forces. The hEB size was controlled by varying the suspended cell numbers that were applied in the magnetic pin system. After 3 days of differentiation in a suspended condition, ectodermal differentiation was observed to have been enhanced in the small hEBs (150 μm in diameter) while endodermal and mesodermal differentiation were enhanced in large hEBs (600 μm in diameter). This indicates that the size of the hEBs plays an important role in the early lineage commitment of hESCs, and MNP-based control of the hEB size would be a novel, useful methodology for lineage-specific hESC differentiation.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCULPTURE COURSES IN DRAWING METHODS TO THE PERCEPTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) OBJECTS AND TO THE PROCESS OF APPLYING THE OBJECTS ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2D) SURFACES

It is established that drawing courses have an important place in the ateliers in the Department of Painting in Fine Arts Education, and that drawing is taught with different methods. The reason why great importance is attached to the ways drawing is handled is because it provides a basis for the departments that constitute plastic arts. The instruction of drawing in terms of its purpose, principles, in other words how it can be taught, reveals the problem of method in drawing instruction. Although it is quite difficult to solve this problem due to the features of this field, the solution to this problem can be achieved by identifying the visual elements of a design, an object or a subject, determining certain specific methods and applying these methods on students. The methods and the techniques applied during the drawing process and the identification of visual elements are determining factors in achieving the expected results. The aim of the sculpture and elective sculpture courses is to enable students to make connections between the surfaces that make up a whole by developing their ability to comprehend 3D forms. Sculpture Design courses, which are mainly based on modelling with clay, deal with making of busts, reliefs and figures. Sculpture courses aim to provide opportunities for students to make their own designs and enable them to reach to a level where they can perform their designed works by supporting them with plaster, polyester, cast, metal, stone, workshops where they can work with various materials. Consequently, by using a living model, any student who takes sculpture courses can identify: - the analysis of organic and geometrical forms of human body;- surface and form composition;- geometric and organic composition;- the differences on a person’s face in terms of age, gender, and character.In drawings that are aimed at the use 3D geometrical objects, the use and identification of surfaces, the drawing or painting area or the objects that falls into the painting area are an important part of the process as well as the relationship between the objects themselves and their area. In this regard, the partition of drawing area according to the purpose, designing and planning the placing of the surfaces that make up the anatomical features of the 3D object show the importance of the sculpture and elective sculpture courses. This study aims to offer a new perspective to the needs of drawing courses and contribute to the drawing courses conducted in related departments. It is assumed that this study will gain importance since it will provide new insight for the students and the instructor.