Forms Of Harm Research Articles

Political polarization and corruption: A theoretical and empirical review

Notwithstanding the considerable scholarly and public attention that political polarization and corruption have attracted in recent years and the important mechanisms through which the former may influence the latter, research in this area remains limited and inconclusive. This article offers a comprehensive theoretical and empirical synthesis of the current state of research in this domain. It finds that a large fraction of the apparent contradictions can be attributed to the conceptual inconsistencies and ambiguity surrounding political polarization. The types of polarization that have an inherently hostile and uncivil element (usually referred to as affective or pernicious polarization) undermine democratic accountability, which leads to more corruption. The role of ideological polarization among parties and the general population is more complex: it may boost accountability and decrease corruption but can also contribute to the aforementioned harmful forms of polarization and enhance the role of partisan bias in public opinion formation, thereby increasing corruption. The overall effect of ideological polarization on corruption may depend on the nature and the degree of the former, as well as on mitigating contextual factors. The two may create a vicious circle as corruption also increases political polarization via various channels.

Identification of Specific Hemoglobin Adduct Patterns in Users of Different Tobacco/nicotine Products by Nontargeted GC-MS/MS Analysis.

Tobacco smoke contains several electrophilic constituents which are capable of forming adducts with nucleophilic sites in DNA and proteins like hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin. New nicotine and tobacco products are discussed as less harmful forms of tobacco use compared to smoking combustible cigarettes (CC) due to reduced exposure to harmful constituents. Hence, the adduct profile in users of various tobacco/nicotine products is expected to differ characteristically. In this article, we present a novel nontargeted screening strategy using GC-MS/MS for Hb adducts based on the analysis of the respective derivatized N-terminal valine adducts after modified Edman degradation. We analyzed blood samples from a clinical study with habitual users of CCs, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTPs), oral tobacco, nicotine replacement therapy products and nonusers of any tobacco/nicotine products. Our nontargeted approach revealed significant differences in the Hb adduct profiles of the investigated tobacco/nicotine product user groups. Adduct identification was performed by means of an internal database, retention time estimations based on the theoretical boiling points, as well as in-house synthesized reference compounds. Several chemicals that form adducts with Hb could be identified: methylating and ethylating agents, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, acrylamide, glycidamide and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Levels were elevated in smokers compared to all other groups for Hb adducts from methylating agents, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, acrylamide and glycidamide. Our approach revealed higher concentrations of Hb adducts formed by ethylation, acrylamide and glycidamide in users of HTPs compared to nonusers. However, concentrations for the latter two were still lower than in smokers. Due to their long half-lives, Hb adducts related to acrylonitrile, acrylamide (glycidamide), and ethylene oxide exposure may be useful for the biochemical verification of subjects̀ compliance in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies with respect to smoking and HTP use/abstinence.

Capture, commodify, kill: Legitimized harms and industrial meatpacking in the united states

AbstractSlaughtering and processing animals on an industrial scale are complicated activities that are both highly prominent in the food system and intentionally concealed from the public. The structural violence enacted within this industry deserves attention as a direct form of state-corporate harm. To this end, this paper invokes Tombs and Whyte’s imaginaries of corporate crime to understand what they might call the” ceaseless repetition” through which harms against workers, animals, and the environment in the meatpacking industry are enacted. From this application in the context of a Marxian analysis of primitive accumulation, we have determined the importance of capital’s ability to capture, commodify, and kill (CCK) – concepts we offer together as a heuristic device to highlight the types of harm done to labor, animals, and land, and to explain how these harms are accomplished. Drawing on the copious literature on meatpacking, as well as our own direct observations of the industry, this paper emphasizes the role of food systems for white-collar and corporate crime specialists interested in policy and social change.

Microbial strategies for lead remediation in agricultural soils and wastewater: mechanisms, applications, and future directions.

High lead (Pb) levels in agricultural soil and wastewater threaten ecosystems and organism health. Microbial remediation is a cost-effective, efficient, and eco-friendly alternative to traditional physical or chemical methods for Pb remediation. Previous research indicates that micro-organisms employ various strategies to combat Pb pollution, including biosorption, bioprecipitation, biomineralization, and bioaccumulation. This study delves into recent advancements in Pb-remediation techniques utilizing bacteria, fungi, and microalgae, elucidating their detoxification pathways and the factors that influence Pb removal through specific case studies. It investigates how bacteria immobilize Pb by generating nanoparticles that convert dissolved lead (Pb-II) into less harmful forms to mitigate its adverse impacts. Furthermore, the current review explores the molecular-level mechanisms and genetic engineering techniques through which microbes develop resistance to Pb. We outline the challenges and potential avenues for research in microbial remediation of Pb-polluted habitats, exploring the interplay between Pb and micro-organisms and their potential in Pb removal.

The subjective side of real estate fraud

The article deals with the subjective side of the criminal offense under Article 190 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in particular, real estate fraud. The author establishes that the subjective side of a criminal offense is of great importance for characterizing fraud. As is known, the subjective side of a criminal offense is its internal side, namely, the mental activity of a person which reflects his/her attitude to the socially dangerous act which he/she commits and its consequences. It is noted that the content of the subjective side of the criminal offense of real estate fraud includes such features as guilt, motive and mercenary purpose. The author concludes that when committing real estate fraud, a person realizes the socially dangerous nature of the offense which he/she commits. Guilt in committing real estate fraud is characterized by direct intent, the content of which is formed by two aspects – intellectual and volitional. The mercenary purpose in committing real estate fraud is expressed in obtaining personal property benefits and is a necessary subjective feature of this type of fraud; it arises in the mind of the guilty person in the form of the final result of the criminal offense – the achievement of material benefit. The motives for committing real estate fraud are of a mercenary nature. They are manifested as internal motivations that guide the perpetrator in committing real estate fraud and form the structure of criminal mercenary motivation. Real estate fraud is committed by persons who are psychologically prepared to commit a criminal offense, clearly realize the illegal actions aimed at seizing ownership of residential property, clearly realize the illegal actions aimed at seizing ownership of someone else’s real estate (to obtain money in a particularly large amount), and the consequences in the form of harm to the victim. Persons who develop such fraudulent schemes mislead victims about their true criminal intentions or abuse the victim’s trust for material gain. The criminals are certainly guided by a selfish purpose and mercenary motives that are fundamental to their behavior.

BANDHANA WITH BIBHITAKPHALA MAJJA LEPA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ANKLE SPRAIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SPORTS INJURIES: A CASE STUDY

Introduction: Any form of bodily harm, pain, or injury sustained when participating in sports, exercising, or engaging in any other physical activity is referred to as a sports injury. The most frequent kinds of injuries are musculoskeletal, which affect the muscles, ligaments, bones, cartilage, and related tissue. According to estimates, up to 30% of injuries encountered in sports medical clinics are sprained ankles. It is one of the most frequent injuries for athletes, dancers, sportspeople, etc. Correlations: In Ayurveda, gulpha marma is one among 20 sandhi marma (vital points related to joints) and one of the 8 rujakara marma according to its traumatic effect of pain the sense of distress or pain is more over here compared to other parts of the body. A sprain injury usually happens suddenly due to injury around a joint, so they can be under agantuj vyadhi. Sports Injuries can be related to abhighataj shotha or agantuj shotha, and alepa is the first upakrama in sarvasotha. Case Study: A 22-year-old sports person complain of pain and difficulty in movement of the right ankle joint. Before one day, his foot was twisted while playing football, and he was diagnosed with an ankle sprain (gulpha sandhi aghata) and treated with Bibhitakphala majja lepa and bandhan for 15 days. Result: After completion of treatment, significant relief was observed in subjective and objective criteria.

Measuring accumulation: Constructing a tool for evaluating cumulative harm in children engaged with an intensive family support service

AbstractThere is a significant body of research that attests to the deleterious impact of an accumulation of adverse childhood experience across the lifespan, which provides a strong rationale for the development of a means for evaluating this accumulation in a high‐risk population. We developed a theory‐driven measure, the Cumulative Experiences Index, and conducted a pilot study to test its utility. The Cumulative Experiences Index derives a cumulative harm score that can be used to inform intervention and prevention strategies, programmes and initiatives across all tiers of public health prevention intervention. The Cumulative Experiences Index was piloted with 50 participants aged 8–17 years old who were actively engaged with an Intensive Family Support service. The study explores whether cases rated as low, medium or high severity on the Cumulative Experiences Index corresponded with severity ratings on the three measures of concurrent validity: the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Kessler‐10 and Children's Revised Impact of Events Scale. The Index provides a valid and accurate means of reflecting the interconnectedness and complexity of exposure to different forms of harm that accumulates over time. Practitioners and researchers will benefit from using the Cumulative Experiences Index—a new valid and reliable measure of cumulative harm.

NHEJ is promoted by the phosphorylation and phosphatase activity of PTEN via regulation of DNA-PKcs

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered one of the most harmful forms of DNA damage. These DSBs are repaired through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) pathways and defects in these processes can lead to genomic instability and promote tumorigenesis. Phosphatase and Tensin homolog (PTEN) are crucial in HR repair. However, its involvement in the NHEJ repair pathway has remained elusive. In this study, we investigate the function of epigenetic regulation of PTEN in the NHEJ repair pathway. Our findings indicate that both the phosphorylation and phosphatase activity of PTEN are required for efficient NHEJ-mediated DSB repair. During the DNA damage response, we observed a reduced expression and chromatin attachment of the key NHEJ proteins, including Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs, XRCC4, and XLF, in PTEN-null cells. This reduction was attributed to the instability of these NHEJ proteins, as confirmed by our protein half-life assay. We have demonstrated that the DNA-PKcs inhibitor, NU7026, suppresses the DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of the C-terminal of PTEN. Thus, our study indicates that PTEN could be a target of DNA-PKcs. Protein-protein docking analysis also shows that PTEN interacts with the C-terminal region of DNA-PKcs. PTEN null cells exhibit compromised DNA-PKcs foci after DNA damage as it is in a hyper-phosphorylated state. Phospho-PTEN assists in recruiting DNA-PKcs on the DNA damage site by maintaining its hypo-phosphorylated state which also depends on its phosphatase activity. Therefore, after DNA damage, crosstalk between PTEN and DNA-PKcs modulates the NHEJ pathway. Thus, during DNA damage, PTEN gets phosphorylated directly or indirectly by DNA-PKcs and attaches to chromatin, resulting in the dephosphorylation of DNA-PKcs and subsequently recruitment of other NHEJ factors on chromatin occurs for efficient execution of the NHEJ pathway. Thus, our research provides a molecular understanding of the epigenetic regulation of PTEN and its significant role in controlling the NHEJ pathway.

Rhodoquinone-dependent electron transport chain is essential for Caenorhabditis elegans survival in hydrogen sulfide environments

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has traditionally been considered as an environmental toxin for animal lineages; yet, it plays a signaling role in various processes at low concentrations. Mechanisms controlling H2S in animals, especially in sulfide-rich environments, are not fully understood. The main detoxification pathway involves the conversion of H2S into less harmful forms, through a mitochondrial oxidation pathway. The first step of this pathway oxidizes sulfide and reduces ubiquinone (UQ) through sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (SQRD/SQOR). Because H2S inhibits cytochrome oxidase and hence UQ regeneration, this pathway becomes compromised at high H2S concentrations. The free-living nematode C. elegans feeds on bacteria and can face high sulfide concentrations in its natural environment. This organism has an alternative ETC that uses rhodoquinone (RQ) as the lipidic electron transporter and fumarate as the final electron acceptor. In this study, we demonstrate that RQ is essential for survival in sulfide. RQ-less animals (kynu-1 and coq-2e KO) cannot survive high H2S concentrations, while UQ-less animals (clk-1 and coq-2a KO) exhibit recovery, even when provided with a UQ-deficient diet. Our findings highlight that sqrd-1 uses both benzoquinones and that RQ-dependent ETC confers a key advantage (RQ regeneration) over UQ in sulfide-rich conditions. C. elegans also faces cyanide, another cytochrome oxidase inhibitor, whose detoxification leads to H2S production, via cysl-2. Our study reveals that RQ delays killing by the HCN-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. These results underscore the fundamental role that RQ-dependent ETC serves as a biochemical adaptation to H2S environments, and to pathogenic bacteria producing cyanide and H2S toxins.

Non-voluntary BCI explantation: assessing possible neurorights violations in light of contrasting mental ontologies

In research involving patients with implantable brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), there is a regulatory gap concerning post-trial responsibilities and duties of sponsors and investigators towards implanted patients. In this article, we...

Exposure to harm as a function of bargaining position: The class composition of hospitality workers in Sheffield

This article advances a zemiological framework of work-based harms, as a means of interrogating the contemporary crisis in the quality of work. Such a framework provides a more nuanced conceptualisation and a stronger political framing of the various harms that are incurred in the workplace than alternative understandings. We critically appraise the development of zemiology out of critical criminology and review recent models which demonstrate the value and insights of the approach to the topic of work-based harms. Nonetheless, these accounts tend to neglect the role of worker resistance in determining the distribution of harm, and we draw on Class Composition Analysis from Autonomist Marxism as a way of better understanding the bargaining power of workers, which in our understanding is synonymous with their ability to resist the imposition of harm. We apply this combined framework to an analysis of hospitality work in Sheffield. First, we describe workers’ experiences of three significant forms of harm (employment insecurity, wage thefts and health and safety during the COVID pandemic). Second, we explore the barriers to union organisation, which very often are linked to the dynamics generating harms in the workplace. Finally, we examine how those barriers were overcome and harms effectively contested, drawing on the example of the Sheffield Needs A Pay Rise campaign.

Urbanisation and boating are the main contributors to underwater soundscapes in three temperate estuaries

Anthropogenic noise has been identified as one of the most harmful forms of global pollutants impacting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. As global populations continue to increase, coastlines are seeing substantial increases in the level of urbanisation. Although measures are in place to minimise stress on fauna, they rarely consider the impact of anthropogenic noise. In Australia, New South Wales (NSW) estuaries have seen extensive increases in urbanisation in recent years. Yet, there remains minimal baseline data on their soundscapes to determine if noise pollution is a threat. This research provides a first assessment of baseline sounds across a temporal and seasonal scale. Recreational boating was the primary soundscape contributor in estuaries, and estuaries with higher urbanisation levels contained higher sound levels. This research provides useful information for managers of NSW estuaries and is of global relevance in an era of increasing generation of anthropogenic noise in estuarine and coastal systems.

Child Maltreatment and Psychopathology: A Brief Review on the Potential Role of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis.

Child maltreatment is a widespread global issue involving any form of harm or neglect by a parent or caregiver, leading to various forms of physical or emotional damage, with approximately 150 million affected children globally. This study discusses the potential mechanism of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and cortisol hormone changes in linking child maltreatment to mental health disorders. It also discusses supportive strategies to prevent mental diseases and counteract the biological embedding of these conditions, emphasizing the need for comprehensive interventions to address the long-term impact of child maltreatment on mental health. Articles were selected using established methods previously described. Key information was obtained from scientific articles published during the past 20 years, including original studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Articles search was performed using top academic search engines. While research on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress in maltreated children is ongoing and far from conclusive, its impact and implications for physiological functioning and the predisposition to psychopathology are significant. Childhood maltreatment increases the risk of psychiatric illnesses, severity of diseases, and poor treatment responses. Childhood maltreatment manifests as disruptions to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, with the extent varying based on factors, such as the age of onset, parental responsiveness, and the type and characteristics of maltreatment. The complex interplay of these factors contributes to the diversity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to stress in maltreated children, creating a spectrum of physiological functioning and vulnerability to psychopathology.

Critique of the standard model of moral injury

This article seeks to describe in general terms what has become the standard way of conceptualizing moral injury in the clinical psychological and psychiatric literature, which is the key source for applications of the concept in other domains. What we call “the standard model” draws on certain assumptions about beliefs, mental states, and emotions as well as an implicit theory of causation about how various forms of harm arise from certain experiences or “events” that violate persons’ moral beliefs and systems. Our analysis makes these assumptions more explicit and subjects them to critical scrutiny. In so doing, we survey the current literature and identify basic features of how moral injuries are defined, how they are thought to occur, and the forms of treatment or repair that appear to be indicated. We caution that it matters how moral experience is characterized and argue that an alternative understanding of what is the moral in moral injury is important for overcoming critical challenges to the standard model. Moreover, recently evolving approaches to moral repair could be more consistent with an alternative model. Our concluding suggestion is that a more robust account of the nature of moral experience and its relations to self-identity and social experience more generally could advance understanding of the etiology of moral injury and promote rehabilitation.

Harm from others' drinking among young adults in Taiwan: Predictors and deteriorating quality of life.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of different forms of harm from others' drinking (HFOD), predictors and the relationship with multi-dimensional quality of life among young adults in an emerging alcohol market in Asia-Taiwan. Data were extracted from a 2018 household survey with national representativeness on substance use experiences. The analytic sample comprised 4901 participants aged 18-34. Eight items were used to measure HFOD experiences. Five-dimensional quality of life was assessed by the EQ-5D-5L. Multivariable regressions with complex survey analyses were performed to estimate the prevalence and risk association. Almost 4.2% of young adults experienced any form of HFOD; psychological harm occurred more prevalently than physical harm (3.7% and 1.5%, respectively). Those aged 25-29 and 30-34 had a two- to three-fold risk of HFOD compared with those aged 18-24. Both non-drunk drinking and drunk drinking were associated with an increased risk of psychological HFOD (adjusted odds ratio 2.36 and 5.89, respectively), whereas the risk of physical HFOD was related only to drunk drinking (adjusted odds ratio 7.8). Psychological HFOD victimisation emerged as the strongest predictor for deteriorated quality of life (adjusted b -0.14; 95% confidence interval -0.24, -0.04), especially in the dimensions of pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Among HFOD victims, only 33% sought help. The HFOD among young adults, commonly exhibited in psychological form, was linked with deteriorated quality of life; nonetheless, young HFOD victims are under-recognised. When devising interventions for alcohol harm, developmental perspectives should be integrated into policies implemented in healthcare and community settings.

Politicizing Ontological Guilt: Arendt’s Transformative Appropriation of Heidegger’s Existential Analytic

Abstract To the limited extent that Arendt’s stance on Heidegger has been studied in relation to her thinking on guilt, the focus has been on her outright repudiation of Heidegger’s controversial ontologization of guilt. However, that Arendt does not simply repudiate Heidegger’s account of guilt becomes clear if we recognize that she deals with guilt, albeit less explicitly, in her theory of political action, particularly in her notion of “trespassing” as a specifically political form of harm. In this context, Arendt appropriates key features of Heidegger’s account. I argue that, in doing so, she transfers Heideggerian features into a political framework, insisting that they proceed not from individual existential indebtedness but from political intersubjectivity, or what she polemically – with a redefined Heideggerian term – calls the “with-world” (Mitwelt). This politicization testifies to Arendt’s overall approach to Heidegger’s existential analytic: a critical-transformative appropriation through her signature concepts of action and plurality.

Managing Postharvest Losses of Vegetables and Fruits: A Methodological Review.

Vegetables and fruits are highly perishable agricultural commodities cultivated all over the world. However, inadequate handling practices have led to significant postharvest losses of these agricultural commodities, as well as the wastage of valuable resources, such as time and money. Hence, it can be observed that cultivators often experience significant financial setbacks as a result of inadequate comprehension regarding the nature and origins of these losses, insufficient preservation practices, and ineffective approaches to transportation and marketing. In addition, the utilization of suitable chemical agents during both the pre- and postharvest phases has the potential to prolong the shelf life of agricultural products. This preservation technique safeguards vegetables and fruits from pathogenic organisms and other forms of environmental harm, thereby enabling their availability for an extended duration. Therefore, this review proposes a methodology for managing fruits and vegetables postharvest to minimize losses and optimize returns.

Community Guidance Model for Women's Empowerment

Women in Indonesia currently have the opportunity to receive equal education to men in Indonesia. However, this may not be commonly found in remote corners of Indonesia. Women in Indonesia currently also have the same legal and political rights as men. This is different from the rights and social norms that still discriminate against women, and even harm women. Supposedly, with equal education, equal minds and minds, all discrimination in women's rights and freedoms would no longer exist. Even so, in fact there are still many people who differentiate between men and women in social contexts. Guidance and guidance services in the community need to be carried out by educational personnel who work together with all government officials in order to provide assistance or assistance so that the community's paradigm of all forms of harm to itself and preparation for the future will be achieved. Guidance and counseling function to help a person's life run smoothly and successfully, meaning that intensive guidance and guidance in the community will have an impact both directly and indirectly which will ultimately return to the person's success. The community guidance model for developing women's empowerment prioritizes increasing women's abilities and skills. Second, realizing sensitivity and concern for women from all over society, policy makers, decision makers, law enforcement planners and the renewal of legal products containing socio-cultural values and justice with a women's perspective. The third target is to optimize coordination in the management of women's empowerment, especially housewives, which includes aspects of planning, implementation, control, monitoring, evaluation and reporting.

الفافزم ونقص انزيم glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Favism disease, also known as hemolytic syndrome (the breakdown of red blood cells) affects some people (especially male children) when they consume the fava beans (fava bean, broad bean) because they contain high concentrations of pyrimidine glycosides (vicine and convicine) or they take some medications or an imbalance in metabolism or infections. causing the generation of harmful oxygen forms, as these people suffer from a deficiency in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme, which is responsible for the availability of, NADPH, which is important in providing reduced glutathione forms, (GSH), as the latter contributes to the conversion of H2O2 into O2 and H2O, and thus prevents the harmful effects of oxidation in red blood cells, represented by their destruction. Symptoms include nausea, pale jaundice, and dark urine. the severity of the disease varies between patients, and the severity of episodes can vary in the same patient, therefore, diagnosing G6PD deficiency and educating the patient regarding safe and unsafe medications and foods is critical to prevent recurring episodes.

Improving the value of school professionals as partners in efforts to enhance recognition of and responses to youth sex trafficking

AbstractSex trafficking of minors is a significant problem across North America, with sizeable numbers of youth being directly or indirectly manipulated into being exploited or trafficked. Identification of these youth remains difficult, in part because of a lack of knowledge about common characteristics and in part because of victims' reluctance engaging with and trusting law enforcement enough to disclose their experiences. Given that many youth are trafficked during school‐aged years, school settings may represent an ideal location to target prevention and identification efforts, especially by health‐related school professionals, whose training, professional duties, and often positive relationships with youth may make the professionals trustworthy disclosure recipients. Whether such professionals are effective, though, depends on their knowledge of who is at risk for trafficking, characteristics that distinguish trafficking from other forms of harm, and effective questioning approaches to elicit disclosures from victimized youth. To document whether this knowledge exists, we surveyed 361 school‐based professionals concerning their ability to identify trafficking and knowledge of trafficking, adolescent development, and interviewing youth. Although nearly all (97%) school professionals recognized general student risk in the vignettes, only 18% identified that risk as trafficking. Professionals who had prior experience with trafficked youth were more likely to recognize trafficking than those without such experience. Finally, professionals evidenced some general knowledge about the existence of trafficking, adolescent development, and interviewing, but demonstrated more limited knowledge in the most common characteristics of trafficked minors and nuanced aspects of best‐practice questioning approaches. Results highlight important directions for training of school‐based professionals to improve prevention and identification of a highly vulnerable and often overlooked population of victims, namely trafficked minors.