Forms Of Harassment Research Articles

The Social Implication of Stigma on Divorcees in Sasak Society

Women who identify as divorcees are frequently marginalized and treated as second-class citizens within society. Preliminary findings from this study reveal that divorcees encounter significant hardships resulting from stigmatization post-divorce. This stigmatization not only leads to social contempt but also exposes divorcees to verbal and even sexual violence from individuals around them. This research employs a qualitative phenomenological approach to explore (1) the manifestations of stigma against divorcees and (2) the social consequences of divorcee stigma within the Sasak community in Kec. Kopang, Kab. Lombok Tengah. The findings indicate that (1) divorcees face stigma from their communities, experiencing social contempt and ridicule due to their status. Additionally, some participants reported instances of sexual harassment, including receiving inappropriate images via chat from several male acquaintances, one of whom was a relative. Catcalling was also identified as a form of harassment. (2) The presence of this stigma has notable social implications by developing mechanisms of social distancing. The divorcees tend to distance themselves from others through two main strategies: reducing social interactions and by developing a resilient mentality towards the stigma, especially for those who must engage with others for professional reasons.

Sexual Harassment, Abuse, and Discrimination in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Unlike other surgical specialties, obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN) has been predominantly female for the last decade. The association of this with gender bias and sexual harassment is not known. To systematically review the prevalence of sexual harassment, bullying, abuse, and discrimination among OB-GYN clinicians and trainees and interventions aimed at reducing harassment in OB-GYN and other surgical specialties. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted to identify studies published from inception through June 13, 2023.: For the prevalence of harassment, OB-GYN clinicians and trainees on OB-GYN rotations in all subspecialties in the US or Canada were included. Personal experiences of harassment (sexual harassment, bullying, abuse, and discrimination) by other health care personnel, event reporting, burnout and exit from medicine, fear of retaliation, and related outcomes were included. Interventions across all surgical specialties in any country to decrease incidence of harassment were also evaluated. Abstracts and potentially relevant full-text articles were double screened.: Eligible studies were extracted into standard forms. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence of included research were assessed. A meta-analysis was not performed owing to heterogeneity of outcomes. A total of 10 eligible studies among 5852 participants addressed prevalence and 12 eligible studies among 2906 participants addressed interventions. The prevalence of sexual harassment (range, 250 of 907 physicians [27.6%] to 181 of 255 female gynecologic oncologists [70.9%]), workplace discrimination (range, 142 of 249 gynecologic oncologists [57.0%] to 354 of 527 gynecologic oncologists [67.2%] among women; 138 of 358 gynecologic oncologists among males [38.5%]), and bullying (131 of 248 female gynecologic oncologists [52.8%]) was frequent among OB-GYN respondents. OB-GYN trainees commonly experienced sexual harassment (253 of 366 respondents [69.1%]), which included gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. The proportion of OB-GYN clinicians who reported their sexual harassment to anyone ranged from 21 of 250 AAGL (formerly, the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists) members (8.4%) to 32 of 256 gynecologic oncologists (12.5%) compared with 32.6% of OB-GYN trainees. Mistreatment during their OB-GYN rotation was indicated by 168 of 668 medical students surveyed (25.1%). Perpetrators of harassment included physicians (30.1%), other trainees (13.1%), and operating room staff (7.7%). Various interventions were used and studied, which were associated with improved recognition of bias and reporting (eg, implementation of a video- and discussion-based mistreatment program during a surgery clerkship was associated with a decrease in medical student mistreatment reports from 14 reports in previous year to 9 reports in the first year and 4 in the second year after implementation). However, no significant decrease in the frequency of sexual harassment was found with any intervention. This study found high rates of harassment behaviors within OB-GYN. Interventions to limit these behaviors were not adequately studied, were limited mostly to medical students, and typically did not specifically address sexual or other forms of harassment.

Exploring the Perspectives of Social VR-Aware Non-Parent Adults and Parents on Children's Use of Social Virtual Reality

Social Virtual Reality (VR), where people meet in virtual spaces via 3D avatars, is used by children and adults alike. Children experience new forms of harassment in social VR where it is often inaccessible to parental oversight. To date, there is limited understanding of how parents and non-parent adults within the child social VR ecosystem perceive the appropriateness of social VR for different age groups and the measures in place to safeguard children. We present results of a mixed-methods questionnaire (N=149 adults, including 79 parents) focusing on encounters with children in social VR and perspectives towards children's use of social VR. We draw novel insights on the frequency of social VR use by children under 13 and current use of, and future aspirations for, child protection interventions. Compared to non-parent adults, parents familiar with social VR propose lower minimum ages and are more likely to allow social VR without supervision. Adult users experience immaturity from children in social VR, while children face abuse, encounter age-inappropriate behaviours and self-disclose to adults. We present directions to enhance the safety of social VR through pre-planned controls, real-time oversight, post-event insight and the need for evidence-based guidelines to support parents and platforms around age-appropriate interventions.

Stalking, harassment, gendered abuse, and violence towards politicians in the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery era.

High levels of harassment and threats against parliamentarians are being reported internationally, especially in the social media space. This is occurring alongside changes in our social landscape, with increasing political polarisation and the ongoing ramifications from the COVID-19 pandemic. Harassment of politicians has been shown to have implications for psychological wellbeing and physical safety. To investigate harassment and violence towards parliamentarians in the COVID-19 pandemic and recovery era, including whether there had been a change in its nature and quantity, and to explore the contribution of social media. A survey of all New Zealand's parliamentarians was fielded in 2022, focusing on their experiences of harassment analysed quantitatively and with manifest and latent content analysis of free text responses. Data were disaggregated and compared by gender. Secondary analyses were conducted on similar data collected from parliamentarians in 2014 to compare trends over time. We obtained a cleaned achieved survey sample of 54 Members of Parliament (MPs). Harassment was reported by 98% of respondents, ranging from disturbing communication to actual physical violence. The vast majority of MPs endorsed multiple modalities of harassment occurring on multiple occasions. Ninety-six percent of MPs had been harassed over social media, with over half being threatened, including threats of physical violence (40%), sexual violence (14%), threats made towards MP's family members (19%), threats towards staff (12%), and death threats (27%). Almost all forms of harassment had increased significantly since 2014. Most MPs reported experiencing abuse related to the Government response to the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g. lockdowns and vaccine mandates). Many MPs commented that the frequency and intensity of abuse increased markedly during the COVID pandemic and had not subsequently abated. Women were at significantly higher risk of certain types of social media harassment including gendered abuse, sexualised comments, threat of sexual violence, and threats toward their family. Harassment of parliamentarians is an escalating issue. Online threats and misogyny are increasingly apparent. This harassment has significant psychosocial costs for victims, their family and staff, and for democratic processes.

Online and offline dating violence: same same, but different?

BackgroundViolent behaviors in romantic relationships among adolescents and young people are pressing social matter as they have an effect on both victims and aggressors. Moreover, in the last decades, new forms of harassment, control, and abuse through social networks and mobile phones have arisen. Therefore, now forms of online and offline dating violence coexist.ObjectivesThe aim was to analyze the prevalence rates by sex and age and the co-occurrence of online and offline dating violence. Moreover, the roles of online and offline dating violence aggressors and victims for their self-esteem, hostility, general psychological state, and emotional intelligence were investigated.MethodThree hundred forty-one university students from the Basque Country, Spain, participated in the study. They completed six validated instruments related to the mentioned variables.ResultsResults highlight the high prevalence of online and offline dating violence in the sample and the co-occurrence of both types. No gender nor sex differences were found for online and offline dating violence perpetration and victimization. The correlation between online and offline dating violence was confirmed, and the reciprocity of violence is greater for offline violence. In relation to the role, both types of victims (online and offline) showed higher levels of hostility and psychological symptomatology than non-victims, but differences in self-esteem and emotional regulation were found in these modalities. Online and offline perpetrators shared hostility and some psychological symptoms as characteristics compared to non-victims, but differed in other symptoms and emotional intelligence.ConclusionThere is a continuum between offline and online victimization perpetration albeit differences in the characteristics such as self-esteem, emotional intelligence, and general functioning exist.

IJCM_55A: Harassment in public transport: A study to quantify the violence against women in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu.

Background: A vast majority of population is dependent on the public transport for their day to day transit. Women travelling by public transport amount to 84% in India. Sadly, during the course of their commute, people especially women are susceptible to verbal and physical harassment at the hands of their fellow travelers. Many do not report and such atrocities aren’t brought to the media. Objectives: 1. To estimate the prevalence of harassment in public transportation in Chennai 2. To find out the association between harassment and socio demographic factors. 3. To find the coping strategies of victims after the harassment Methodology: This cross-sectional study, with a sample size of 270 includes women who are above 18 years. Data was collected from 5 randomly chosen public transportation facilities using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire which comprises of questions related to socio demographic profile, experiences of harassment and the victims behavior post the incident. Data analyzed using SPSS version 25 Results: Out of 270 women who were interviewed, 57 (21.1%) said that they have faced at least one form of harassment, either Verbal or Physical out of which only 4 complained to the police. 172 (63.7%) women said that they have been stalked at least once. Majority said they were harassed while travelling in bus. On doing chi square, statistical significance was seen with a p value of <0.05 in people who said they felt insecure when traveling alone and who were stalked. Conclusion: Awareness about gender-based violence must be taught. Bystander awareness must be increased, so that they can come to aid of women when any harassment is taking place. Women must also be encouraged to complain to the authorities. Stricter laws has to be implemented.

“People want better”: a qualitative exploration of stakeholders’ views on introducing well-being coordinators in the screen industry

ABSTRACT Purpose There are several factors that negatively impact the well-being of those working in the screen industry. Consequently, the need to introduce Well-being Coordinators has been identified. This study explored the experiences of participants who undertook a Well-being Coordination course tailored for the screen sector. Additionally, it sought to delve into perspectives regarding well-being within the screen industry. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted. The study was guided by an interpretive descriptive approach. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse data. Findings Five themes were identified: Opportunities and challenges working in the screen industry, co-existing with harassment, the need for change: importance of wellbeing, becoming a well-being co-ordinator: learning from the course, and the future of the well-being co-ordinator role: opportunities and challenges. The reality that cast and crew co-exist with several forms of harassment within the industry was noted. Despite this, there is hope for the future of the screen sector, particularly the positive impact the role of the Well-being Coordinator could have. Conclusions The experiences of professionals across the screen industry vary; however, a pervasive culture of bullying and harassment is commonplace. Through the introduction of Well-being Coordinators, there is the potential to enact positive change.

Public Harassment of Runners in the United States: Differences by Gender and Sexual Orientation

We investigated runners’ experiences of public harassment and the association between gender and sexual orientation and harassment. We hypothesized that cisgender women and LGBQ+ individuals would report more harassment, fear of harassment, and behavioral changes than cisgender men and straight individuals. Adult United States runners ( N = 1,645, primarily cisgender women) completed an online survey assessing lifetime and past-year experiences of harassment, fear, behavioral changes, and harassment attributions. Most participants (84.2%) reported at least one form of harassment while running ( M = 3.55 types). Gender interacted with sexual orientation such that sexual minority cisgender women reported significantly more lifetime and past-year harassment than straight cisgender women ( gs = 0.44–0.45). For fear and behavioral changes, only gender was significant, with cisgender women reporting more fear and behavioral changes than cisgender men ( gs = 0.99–1.06). Cisgender women also were more likely than cisgender men to attribute the harassment to gender (ϕ = .70). LGBQ+ individuals reported significantly more attributions to sexual orientation (ϕ = .16) than straight individuals but not more fear or behavioral changes. This study, the largest investigation of harassment among runners, highlights the need for prevention campaigns to make public spaces safer for all runners.

Catcalling as Street Harassment: A Critical Discourse Analysis

This study aims to explain the issue of catcalling as a form of harassment against women on the street. This research applies descriptive qualitative method which tries to identify, describe and explain phenomena through linguistic data along with the social and cultural context. The data were collected according to the research goal namely to explain the issue of catcalling depicted in the news text. The data were gathered by retrieving news text on catcalling issue from wollipop.detik.com and analyzed it using Fairclough's CDA framework. The results of the analysis show that in terms of text descriptions, the news writer used a variety of non-standard languages, informal word choices and the involvement of sources to support the issue. In terms of text interpretation, this media concentrates its news presentation on women-related issues by presenting its news which involves several sources to strengthen its reporting objectives. On the explanatory side of the text, the practice of discourse is associated with the socio-cultural context. Wollipop.detik.com alignment with the victim in this report confirms indirectly that the act of catcalling is a form of harassment against women. Readers are led to the understanding that as subtle as catcalling is, it is still a form of violence against women. Readers are also led to raising awareness of their impact. Readers' opinions are directed to provide a positive image as an active media in providing useful information to women as well as to play an active role in voicing injustice and inequality that occurs in society.

Just Asking! On “Friendly” Forms of Harassment

Abstract Harassment is often understood to be, in its paradigm form, overtly aggressive or hostile. But harassment can also occur in a more deceptive format, and can be presented as soft, neutral, innocent, or even friendly and caring. There is something fundamentally deceptive and dishonest about this kind of harassment. The overt friendliness makes these particular forms of harassment harder to spot, and therefore potentially more likely to succeed. I focus on one such instance of friendly-presenting harassment: sealioning. I argue that, despite its ostensive friendliness, sealioning is a form of harassment that has a twofold goal: there is the political goal of forestalling action, and the epistemic goal of undermining the victim's authority. I draw on Jose Medina's understanding of culpable ignorance and the existentialist notion of bad faith to flesh out the distinction between ill-willed and good-willed sealioning, and argue that the latter, despite the good will, is also harassment. I conclude by addressing the different responsibilities of the sea lion, the victim, and the onlooker. Narrowing in on these deceptive forms of harassment, I aim to contribute to the hermeneutic justice of being able to spot and name harassment as it happens.

Elaboração e validação de Instrumento de Identificação de Assédio Sexual de Estudantes de Medicina (IIASEM)

Abstract Introduction: Sexual harassment is a reality that permeates hierarchical and gender power relations, and although noticeable in the medical and academic environment, it is considered a silenced violence that causes organic and psychological harm, with great consequences for the victim. Objective: To develop and validate an instrument to identify the occurrence of sexual harassment in medical students. Method: This instrument was developed, after reviewing the literature on the subject, with Likert-type responses at five option levels, which has two parts: the first with information on the participants’ sociodemographic and academic characteristics and the second containing 21 items grouped into three dimensions: forms of harassment, facilitating factors and identification of the harasser in the academic environment and in hospital practice. Semantic and content validation was carried out by consensus of experts and FACE validation was carried out by a focal group of 12 students, two from each year of the course. To verify reliability, the instrument was sent to 1,146 medical students once a week for four weeks, with 350 (30.5%) students responding to the Test following the recommendation for psychometric studies. After 15 days, the Retest was started with the 350 Test respondents, following the same submission chronology to verify stability. In the Retest, 69 responses were obtained. The Excel program version 16 was used to create the database and the Stata statistical program version 13 was used for the analysis. The instrument was applied online using the LimeSurvey free software. Results: The reliability of the instrument was evidenced by a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.8163 and 0.7826 for Test and Retest, respectively. For the verification of stability, the Stuart-Maxwell test was used, which showed a value of p = 0.126 and the weighted Kappa, where the result of all 21 assertions are contained in the confidence interval, demonstrating the homogeneity of the distribution of the average scores between the Test and the Retest. Conclusions: The validated instrument proved to be reliable and stable and can be used in medical schools to identify sexual harassment in medical students.

Булінг і мобінг (цькування) як різновиди насильницьких посягань на фізичну особу

The article analyzes theoretical provisions, existing legal acts that regulate relations related to the application of administrative responsibility for committing bullying or mobbing (harassment). In particular, it was found out that a broad list of violent acts, which manifest themselves in the form of bullying and mobbing (harassment), is enshrined in Articles 173-4, 173-5 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. Among various manifestations of violence, the aggressive behavior of a person who commits violent acts against another person is noted. Taking into account the relevance of the protection of administrative and legal relations, which are violated in the form of bullying or mobbing, the characteristics of these terms are considered and their types are distinguished. In addition, the signs that characterize administrative responsibility for committing harassment have been determined. It is noted that police officers have the authority to draw up a report on bullying (Art. 255 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses), the case is reviewed and a decision is made by the court (Art. 221 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses). Protocols about the fact of committing mobbing according to Art. 230-1 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, officials authorized by the head of the central executive authority, which implements state policy on the supervision and control of compliance with labor legislation, as well as sub-departmental review of mobbing cases, have the right to make and make decisions on them court (Art. 221 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses). It is emphasized that subjects who commit violent acts or inaction in the form of bullying or mobbing can be conditionally systematized into certain groups. It is noted that distinguishing between violent and non-violent actions, which are carried out in the form of harassment during their legal qualification, is a rather difficult task. Harmful consequences must occur in order to qualify as illegal acts that are committed through harassment. Designation of non-violent actions should indicate not only the existence of relevant actions, but also the subjective attitude of the person who commits them to such actions. The relationship between types of administrative fines and sanctions for committing bullying/mobbing was analyzed.

Cyberstalking on social media, how does Islam view it?

With the development of information technology and the internet, social media has replaced real social relations with virtual ones. However, virtual social relations carry risks, one of which is Cyberstalking (Rohman & Sugeng 2022) Cyberstalking is a dangerous cybercrime and targets many people, communities, and organizations (Baer, 2020) As a crime, cyberstalking fulfills the elements of a criminal act which results in disruption of social order (Wall, 2007). Thus, cyberstalking is contrary to Islamic principles because it creates an insecure atmosphere. This research is library research using library materials in the form of books, journals, magazines, and other library sources as study material (Sukmadinata, 2010). Researchers will use a descriptive qualitative approach. Cyberstalking is a term used to describe various behaviors that involve repeated threats and/or harassment using electronic mail or other computer-based communications that will make people afraid or concerned for their safety (Gopalan, R.T. 2020). In Islam, these actions are prohibited acts because they contain elements of harassment, threats, harassment, or coercion. In interacting, Islam puts forward the concept of "rahmatan lil alamin" which means being a source of mercy and benefit for all creation (Rouzi, K.S., Suud, F.M., & Chaer, M.T. 2021), emphasizing values such as tolerance, discipline, social care, responsibility answer, and love peace (Nasir, M.S., & Khalilurrahman 2022). These values can be applied to the concept of privacy, encouraging individuals to respect the boundaries and personal space of others. The Qur'an teaches that stalking and harassment are prohibited by Allah, and humans need to be careful when engaging in such activities. In conclusion, cyberstalking is a form of harassment that violates Islamic principles and can cause harm to individuals and society.

Toxic play: Examining the issue of hate within gaming

This article examines the problem of hate and toxic behavior in gaming. Videogames have risen to become a dominant cultural form, seeing significant increases in players, playtime, and revenue. More people are playing games than ever before, broadening “gamers” into a highly diverse demographic. Yet this rise has been accompanied by a growing recognition of the racism, sexism, xenophobia, and other forms of harassment taking place on these platforms. Hate within gaming creates toxic communities and takes a toll particularly on marginalized groups, raising both ethical and financial issues for the industry, who seek to address this problem in multiple ways. This paper surveys and synthesizes recent research on the topic from both inside and outside academia, laying out the problem, its manifestations, key drivers, and current responses. It concludes with a research agenda that offers a foundation for researchers, policy-makers, and companies to build from.

Certain aspects of defamation in sports

Introduction. The paper highlights and analyzes the concept of defamation under general legislation and sports law, features of interpretation, consideration of disputes and bringing to sports disciplinary responsibility by sports justice bodies. The purpose of the paper is to determine the specifics of defamation disputes in sports and the consideration of these cases in the bodies of sports justice. Results. It has been established that sports regulations regulate the institution of defamation by directly or indirectly prohibiting it. Sports regulation can manifest itself both through the prohibition of defamation and through obligations to show respect to colleagues, to protect the dignity of people and not to participate in any form of harassment or persecution. In most cases, actual defamation in sports leads to prosecution for harming the reputation of the sport or sports organization. Consideration of this category of disputes is carried out by quasi-arbitration bodies, which are formed by sports federations. During the consideration of disputes by the bodies of sports justice, the question arises whether defamatory judgments are evaluative and whether it is possible to bring disciplinary responsibility for such statements. As a result of the study, it was established that the right to freely express one's views and beliefs does not allow defamatory statements. Also, free expression of one's thoughts can simultaneously be a violation of sports regulations. Conclusion. Defamation in sports is the dissemination of information that does not correspond to reality and degrades the honor, dignity, business reputation of a natural person, business reputation of a legal entity or sports in general. A person may be subject to sports disciplinary responsibility even in the absence of a statement from the injured person, in particular, if such behavior is qualified as behavior that harms the reputation of the sport or the federation.

PENYULUHAN HUKUM BAGI SISWA DAN SISWI SMAN 3 TAMBUN SELATAN TERKAIT UPAYA PENCEGAHAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL DI LINGKUNGAN SEKOLAH

The phenomenon of acts of sexual violence is increasing rapidly which can also be in the form of sexual harassment which often makes children become victims because children are very weak and vulnerable to actions or actions in the form of harassment and sexual violence. The occurrence of sexual violence can occur anywhere and anytime, both in the environment where children live and also in the school environment where children get knowledge and education for the future, but instead children get actions that violate decency and result in trauma and depression. and stress which results in or has the effect of decreasing enthusiasm for learning, silence, sadness or even contemplating a lot and of course the child is not as cheerful as usual. Therefore, so that children or students do not become perpetrators or even victims of acts of harassment and even sexual violence, it is necessary to prevent efforts in the form of increasing understanding of the extent of sexual harassment and violence that students need to know so that they can respond and protect themselves. to always be vigilant and careful not to fall victim.

Harassment and its Correlation to Psychological Health of Adolescent Girls: A Field Study in Rania City

Harassment is a global phenomenon these days, and it’s an issue facing communities around the globe. This has attracted researchers to write and comment on the phenomenon. The problem is a global threat, in particular to females. Although men also face harassment, but this is not the focus of this paper. Among females, the generation who are in particular targeted are adolescent girls.
 The main purpose of this paper is to find the correlation between harassment and mental well-being of adolescent girls. Researchers have made use of the descriptive-analytic method. For this purpose, researchers have prepared a form which includes the standards of harassment. The form has two main parts. The standards of harassment has 32 points, and the standards of mental health has 22 points. Samples were taken randomly from (334) adolescent girls from high school levels in Rania city. Researchers have utilized both SPSS and AMOS programs.
 This paper has found that none of the forms of (harassment, physical, verbal, symbolic and online), have become a common phenomenon among the samples taken. Instead, the problem appears in the form of instances. It is also found that the mental health of the participants is in good standing. However, participants who have faced harassment at ages 6 to 10 appear to have weaker mental health than other ages. Data also shows that adolescences who face harassment suffer from more mental health problems than their peers who have not faced the problem. In addition, adolescent girls who have faced online harassment have weaker mental health compared to their peers who have faced other forms of harassment.

The Rural Missionaries of the Philippines: Prophetic Mission in the Midst of Persecution

The Rural Missionaries of the Philippines (RMP), one of the Mission Partners of the Conference of Major Religious Superiors in the Philippines (CMRSP), was founded on August 15, 1969, in the context of brewing social upheaval and agrarian unrest under the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos Sr. For more than fifty years, RMP remained steadfast in its mandate to serve Christ through the rural poor. As a consequence of their unwavering commitment to their prophetic mission, RMP often encountered various forms of harassments and threats from state forces and those in power. With President Rodrigo Duterte’s ascent into power, attacks against progressive groups and individuals, activists, human rights defenders, and church-based NGOs significantly increased. This article aims to shed light on the nature of RMP’s missionary activity in the midst of intensified state repression.

Legal Impediments To Protection From Sexual Harassment In Nigerian Universities

Across the globe sexual harassment as a global epidemic is one of the most widespread age-long social problems and crimes against woman albeit with varied pervasiveness and practice within the universities. Research on female students’ experience of violence in UK campuses found that one in four respondents had experienced unwanted sexual behaviour. In USA about 300,000 women are raped and 3.7 million are confronted with unwanted sexual activity annually while at Jimma University in Ethiopia, of 385 women at the University, 78.2% had experienced different forms of harassment. Consequences of sexual harassment in higher education include unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, increased alcohol use impaired career opportunities, reduced job motivation, decreased job satisfaction, decreased self-confidence and self-image, and more. Nine out of ten of the world’s countries have laws against sexual harassment in working life today, but almost six out of ten lack adequate laws against sexual harassment in higher education and schools. Nigeria is certainly not exempted. The paper finds that in spite of the efforts of the Nigerian government to combat this systemic epidemic the problem has not abated. Therefore, using the doctrinal research methodology, the paper examines the legal impediments to protection from sexual harassment in Nigerian universities with a view to proffering some recommendations towards elimination of the endemic problem in Nigerian Universities

Trends in elder abuse and age discrimination during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Hong Kong: Findings from a two‐wave representative telephone survey study

Empirical evidence about the heightened risks of elder abuse and age discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic is scarce. This study aimed to track the changes in rates of both, and investigated their associated factors in the community-dwelling older population in Hong Kong. In this two-wave, cross-sectional telephone survey, we interviewed a population-based sample of individuals (≥55years), and captured the situation of elder abuse and age discrimination before the COVID-19 outbreak (n=1209, Wave 1: October-December 2019) and during the pandemic (n=891, Wave 2: December 2020-January 2021). Participants reported their experiences of different types of abuse and discrimination, financial health, subjective well-being, satisfaction with environment, health and social services, and resilience. Abuse was reported by 20.2% of the sample before the outbreak and 17.8% during the pandemic; while discrimination was reported by 24.6% and 29.8% at the two time points, respectively. A drop in physical abuse was observed, but it was accompanied by a rise in discrimination in the form of harassment or refusal of services. Findings of logistic regression analysis show that abuse during the pandemic was associated with younger age, poorer subjective well-being, and lower resilience; while discrimination was associated with female gender, being married, and poorer subjective well-being. Elder abuse and discrimination were prevalent across time points. The pandemic has highlighted the marginalization of older persons in our communities. There is an urgent need for development of effective interventions to end abuse and discrimination.