Forms Of Gender Inequality Research Articles

State-level structural sexism and adolescent sexual violence victimization in the US

BackgroundAdolescent sexual violence victimization is a significant public health issue in the United States. Structural sexism, a form of gender inequality at the societal level, may play a crucial role in influencing the prevalence of sexual violence victimization among adolescents. ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the association between state-level structural sexism and sexual violence victimization among adolescents and to explore how this relationship varies between male and female adolescents. Participants and settingData was derived from a nationally representative sample of high school students in grades 9–12 across the United States who participated in the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBS) in 2017 and 2019. MethodsA state-level structural sexism index was created from nine different items to reflect the multidimensional nature of structural sexism. This study employs multi-level regression analysis to investigate the impact of state-level structural sexism on three types of sexual violence victimization: sexual violence, sexual dating violence, and physical dating violence. ResultsThis study revealed a significant interaction between structural sexism and gender. In states with higher levels of structural sexism, female adolescents reported increased likelihood of sexual violence (β = 0.013, p < .001), sexual dating violence (β = 0.006, p < .001), and physical dating violence (β = 0.006, p < .001) compared to males. Conversely, male adolescents in these states reported lower rates of victimization. ConclusionsThe results underscore the role of structural sexism in influencing sexual violence victimization among adolescents. Addressing structural sexism may be essential in mitigating the risk of sexual violence victimization, especially for female adolescents.

Gendering digital labor: work and family digital communication across 29 countries

ABSTRACT With rapid digitalization, people increasingly use information and communication technologies (ICTs). Analyzing European Social Survey data across 29 countries, we address an under-researched question: how is the labor of using ICTs for digital communication gendered across the domains of work and family? Using latent profile analysis, we identify five profiles of work-family digital communication – dual-medium (most prevalent), dual-low, high work-only, dual-high, and high family-only (least prevalent) – with notable gender differences. Women are less likely than men to have high work-only but are more likely to have high family-only and dual-high work-family digital communication. Multilevel models reveal that among those with better digital literacy and those who work from home more often, there are wider gender gaps whereby women are more likely than men to juggle dual-medium work-family digital communication. In countries where people use the internet more intensely, women are more likely than men to specialize in family-only and juggle dual-high work-family digital communication. As digital literacy, working from home, and internet use intensity increase further, women may disproportionately take on family-related digital communication and also suffer from a ‘digital double burden’ in work-family life. Our findings highlight new forms of gender inequality in the division of labor in the digital era.

Women and Urbanisation in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

This study examines women's role in the urbanisation of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. From the standpoint of feminist theory, urbanisation is believed to create expanded opportunities for the general populace as well as for women, who typically face discrimination in rural economies. However, the initial FCT master plan ended up being distorted by the dynamics and complexities of Abuja's urbanisation and growth process over time, which is driven by political and economic realities. There are drawbacks to urbanisation in civilisations with strong sociocultural norms and values, such as the fact that women must endure various forms of gender inequality, discrimination, and exclusion, particularly in the political sphere, which present significant difficulties. This study makes use of secondary data to demonstrate how the FCT's 2003 reconstruction to its original Master Plan provided chances for active participation in which women were included for both native people and newcomers. In a similar vein, the Federal Capital Development Authority's (FCDA) and other local council offices, which hired indigenous people for their departments and agencies, significantly altered the way of life for women from being rural farmers to empowered workers. In order to address the issues facing women in the FCT, empowerment must be a multifaceted process that transforms the economic, political, social, psychological, and legal conditions of the weak (women). It must also aim to demolish cultural, traditional, and social norms that devalue, disempower, and dispossess women, with a primary goal of meeting their needs.

The Effect of "MOLKESPRO" Educational Media on The Level of Knowledge of Early Adolescents about Reproductive Health

Child marriage in Indonesia is a recurring reality in society. Early marriage is a form of gender inequality, especially for women. Globally, 21 percent of women living in 2020 were married before the age of 18, and 12 million girls under 18 are married each year, or about 23 girls married as children every minute. Various reasons for the high rate of early marriage are not only due to educational, economic, and stigmatizing factors but also due to the low understanding of adolescents about reproductive health, which causes adolescents to have no choice, especially for adolescent girls. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of "MOLKESPRO" monopoly media on adolescents' knowledge about reproductive health. The design of this study was pre-experimental with a pre-post-test design approach. Using the purposive sampling technique, the population was grade 6 elementary school students, as many as 31. In this study, the instrument used was a questionnaire about reproductive health—data analysis using a paired t-test. The results showed that the respondents' knowledge got the less category (35 percent) before being given health education and got a good knowledge category (81 percent) after being given health education. The results obtained p value less than 0.000 (0.000 less than a). Therefore, there is an effect of "MOLKESPRO" on the knowledge of early adolescents about reproductive health. Thus, the "MOLKESPRO" monopoly media can be used by midwives and other health workers in providing health education to early adolescents related to reproductive health, this is because its attractive design can make students enthusiastic to learn materials about reproductive health using the atmosphere created with fun.

Meat Consumption as a Metaphor: Gender Differences in Margaret Atwood’s The Edible Woman

This paper studies the metaphorical representation of gender differences in meat consumption, a vital issue in vegetarian ecofeminism, masculine food studies, and feminist animal studies. In the context of Margaret Atwood’s The Edible Woman, the metaphor of meat eating resonates with Carol J. Adams’ concepts of the linked relation between women and edible animals and J Wyckoff’s linked oppression of sexism and speciesism. Using these concepts as a critical intersectional lens, the paper explores the various forms of gender oppression Marian is subject to, the power dynamics in Marian-Peter’s relationships, and the potential solutions presented by Atwood’s novel to resist such gender oppression that threatens Marian’s survival. The central question of this paper is how Marian’s identification with edible animals through Atwood’s use of meat consumption as a metaphor portrays the gender dynamics of oppression that threaten her relationship with Peter, thus leading to further gender imbalances in her society. The paper concludes that ensuring women are free to choose and speak up, regardless of societal expectations or gender, is crucial to eliminating some oppressive forms. However, it also argues that adopting a vegetarian lifestyle is not a practical solution to dismantling sexism or resisting other gender oppressions. It may perpetuate new forms of gender inequality and oppression

Gendered community-based waste management and the feminization of environmental responsibility in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

This article investigates gender dynamics in the practices of community-based waste management in households and local communities in the Greater Jakarta region of Indonesia, using a Feminist Political Ecology framework. We argue that community-based waste management, which was established as a decentralized waste management system, reinforces gender inequality by relying on women feeling responsible for waste management in their homes and communities and doing related care work. While our focused ethnographic studies in Bogor District, Tangerang City, and Depok City in 2021–2022 found diverse local waste management systems involving both formal and informal enterprises, the practices across these sites were clearly gendered, with women engaged in underpaid care work. We trace this gendered division of labor to the continued influence of ibuism, the ideology of the Indonesian state that deems women responsible for household and community hygiene, in effect feminizing environmental responsibility. We argue that, to become truly sustainable, waste management practices must be designed with men and women in communities, and address various forms of gender inequality and the gendered impact of community waste practices on health.

Gender Representation in Elementary School Kemuhammadiyahan Education Books (Critical Discourse Analysis Cover of Class III-VI Kemuhammadiyahan Education Books)

Constitutional guarantees and various formal policies cannot in themselves create gender equality and justice in real life. In reality, there are still various forms of gender inequality in various aspects of life. This is also found on the cover of the Kemuhammadiyah education book at the elementary school level. This research is a library research. The analysis used is critical discourse analysis. The aims of this research are as follows: to find out the critical discourse analysis of the Kemuhammadiyahn Education book cover grades III to VI; know the representation of gender and the role of women in the cover of Kemuhammadiyahan education books for grades III to VI. The results of the study explained that the male dominance was 79% and 21% female. Representation of social roles for men is displayed 82% in the public domain and for women 18% in the public domain.

KETIMPANGAN GENDER DALAM NOVEL CANTIK ITU LUKA KARYA EKA KURNIAWAN MELALUI PERSPEKTIF FEMINISME

A novel is a literary work created by an author in the form of a long prose essay and contains a series of stories of a person's life that emphasizes his character and behaviour. The study aimed to describe the structural and existential elements of gender inequality in Eka Kurniawan's novel Cantik itu Luka. The study used two theories: structure theory and literary criticism of feminism that focuses on women as readers. Intrinsic elements of the novel will be examined using structural theories while feminist literary critique theories are used to examine gender inequality in the novel. The method used in this research is the descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study showed that (1) the structure in the novel Cantik itu Luka in the form of themes, plots, characters and strengthening, background, point of view, and mandate, (2) gender inequality that arises is in the form of gender inequality towards women through the perspective of feminism that leads to subordination that subordinates women, vulnerable to violence, negative stigma against women, and marginalization of women. This study suggest that a male writer must really understand women’s behaviors before writing about them.

The Role of Gender Inequality in the Obesity Epidemic: A Case Study from India

Recent empirical evidence emphasizes the higher prevalence of overweight and obesity for women, especially in developing countries. However, the potential link between gender inequality and obesity has rarely been investigated. Using longitudinal data from India (IHDS 2005–11), we implement Hausman-Taylor and fixed-effect models to estimate the effect of different dimensions of gender inequalities on female overweight. This study demonstrates that the form of gender inequality or women’s mistreatment differently affects female bodyweight. Indeed, we show that some forms of women’s mistreatments (such as perceived community violence and age difference with husband) increase the risk of female overweight, whereas more severe forms of abuse such as child marriage increase the risk of underweight. Moreover, we also find that higher decision-making power and autonomy about outings are risk factors of weight gain and obesity, especially in urban settings, perhaps indicating a higher exposure to urban obesogenic lifestyles. To conclude, our results suggest that, although improving women’s status in society may be a key action to address the epidemic of obesity, policies must also target hazardous habits that emancipation may imply in urban (obesogenic) environments.

An evolutionary perspective on social inequality and health disparities: Insights from the producer-scrounger game.

There is growing concern with social disparities in health, whether relating to gender, ethnicity, caste, socio-economic position or other axes of inequality. Despite addressing inequality, evolutionary biologists have had surprisingly little to say on why human societies are prone to demonstrating exploitation. This article builds on a recent book, 'The Metabolic Ghetto', describing an overarching evolutionary framework for studying all forms of social inequality involving exploitation. The dynamic 'producer-scrounger' game, developed to model social foraging, assumes that some members of a social group produce food, and that others scrounge from them. An evolutionary stable strategy emerges when neither producers nor scroungers can increase their Darwinian fitness by changing strategy. This approach puts food systems central to all forms of human inequality, and provides a valuable lens through which to consider different forms of gender inequality, socio-economic inequality and racial/caste discrimination. Individuals that routinely adopt producer or scrounger tactics may develop divergent phenotypes. This approach can be linked with life history theory to understand how social dynamics drive health disparities. The framework differs from previous evolutionary perspectives on inequality, by focussing on the exploitation of foraging effort rather than inequality in ecological resources themselves. Health inequalities emerge where scroungers acquire different forms of power over producers, driving increasing exploitation. In racialized societies, symbolic categorization is used to systematically assign some individuals to low-rank producer roles, embedding exploitation in society. Efforts to reduce health inequalities must address the whole of society, altering producer-scrounger dynamics rather than simply targeting resources at exploited groups.

Gender Inequality in Tri Utami’s Novel Entitled Dunia Padmini

The present study examines the issue of women’s internal struggle in response to patriarchal culture and gender inequality portrayed in Tri Utami’s novel entitled Dunia Padmini. Drawing on textual analysis, this study describes empirical facts and evidence related to gender inequality in the novel. The analysis results demonstrate that the financial dependence and subordination of women are forms of gender inequality. This is also supported by social constructions that give negative stereotypes to the role of women as second-class citizens. This construction has not changed much even when women have juggled dual roles (domestic and public). The results of this study contribute to literature enrichment regarding the issue of gender equality based on socio-feminism theory, particularly on strengthening the roles and rights of women in social life, and how they get their rights in society.

What do young women want? Using a qualitative survey to explore the potential for feminist-informed mental health peer support

Intersecting gender and other social inequalities are pertinent to women’s mental health across the life course. Gendered violence and other forms of gender inequality in particular play a key role in the higher burden of psychological distress carried by young women. However, the context of gendered violence is often minimised or overlooked entirely when young women seek help or advice around mental health concerns. This is especially the case for young women under the age of 30 years. This paper reports on a research study exploring how young women in Australia understand their mental health, and the scope for new approaches to support that better address their needs. A qualitative survey undertaken with 52 Australian young women was used to explore the nature of their mental health experiences, sought to learn about the strategies they used when experiencing poor mental health and the scope for mental health peer support as an alternative approach to intervention. Responses from a diverse group of young women demonstrated that they understood the role that gendered violence and gender inequality played in their mental health. Findings point to the risk of slippage between young women’s understandings of their lived experience and those of traditional service providers, demonstrating the risks associated with minimising or ignoring of the gendered nature of young women’s mental health problems.

Stereotypes against women in the novel "Raaytu Ramallâh" by Mourid Barghouti; A study of feminism

A stereotype is a form of gender inequality that often occurs against women with negative labeling of their characteristics, physique, and actions. This study aims to analyze and describe the stereotyping of female characters in the novel Raaytu Ramallâh by Mourid Barghouti. The author cleverly presented interesting and relevant stories about contemporary social conditions prone to stereotypes against women. This study used a qualitative descriptive method on the object, the novel Raaytu Ramallâh, with a content analysis approach focused on examining its contents. Essential data and information collected and studied in this study were words, phrases and sentences containing elements of racial discrimination's impact in short stories. The data were collected through techniques such as reading, recording, and analyzing documents with a feminist approach as the framework of thinking. The results showed there are six forms of stereotypes against women experienced by the female characters in this novel; first, it is women's nature to immediately get proposed to marry right after graduating from elementary school; second, gender differences between women and men cause negative labeling; third, negative stigma against women's physique, attractiveness; fourth, widows are labelled as "foreigners" and "refugees from afar"; fifth, women fighters are labelled "liars" and given the stigma of "one hundred mothers for one child"; and sixth, women's actions are labelled as "lazy".Keywords : Stereotypes, female characters, feminism

The Socio-Economic Determinants of Anemic Pregnancies in South Asia – Empirical Evidence from National Aggregates

Anaemia is the most common and prevalent maternal health issue in developing countries. It is a global challenge, not only for poorer populations of the world but also for developed countries. South Asia is part of the developing world and is severely affected by the problem of anaemia in pregnant women. The region also stands out in the pervasiveness of child marriages; in fact, it accounts for about half of the total child marriages occurring globally. The high incidence stems from socio-economic misery, prevalent in the form of gender inequality, male-dominated family culture, orthodox ethnic norms and inaccessibility to information on reproductive health. Unlike earlier studies which sought evidence more from cross-sectional data sets, this study investigates the explanatory power of adolescent fertility and low health expenditure on exceptionally high rates of anaemic pregnancies using modern econometric techniques with longer data sets comprising national aggregates. The results strongly suggest that for seven regional states, the proposed relationship holds valid. The robustness of short-run individual country estimates is challenged by testing the relationship through modern long-run pooled data estimators. The results are reasonably encouraging, recognizing the significant role of adolescent fertility and low levels of health spending, thus determining trend patterns of anaemic pregnancies region-wide.

CHEF MINORITAS DI TEMPAT KERJA: PEREMPUAN DI DAPUR PROFESIONAL

&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cooking activities in the traditional kitchen or in the domestic area—which are supposed to be the domain of women—are interpreted as an obligation as well as a form of a woman’s service to her family, spouse, children, and even other people who are close to her life. In other words, cooking in the domestic area is an undefined job. Regardless of the fact, when cooking shifted to the public space, it turned into a professional job , a work area which was later known as the professional kitchen. People who work in a professional kitchen are given the title professional chef. Ironically, such a professional kitchen, often thought to be easily controlled by women—who for centuries have always been related to cooking activities—is actually controlled and dominated by men, starting from culinary studies (tata boga) to the industry. As a skill, cooking is actually an activity that can be performed by anyone, regardless of gender. In reality, cooking activities, in both traditional and professional kitchens, place women in a marginal and subordinate position. To learn why women, who are often considered as “the queen of the traditional kitchen”, find it difficult to control and dominate professional kitchens, we examine a number of studies that have analyzed the professional life of female chefs as well as various forms of gender inequality in the chefs’ workplace or the professional kitchen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Gender Inequality in Marriage and Family Sphere: Forms of Manifestation and Options for Coping with it

Gender inequality in the marriage and family sphere is most pronounced in the different attitudes of men and women to marriage registration, because it is men who, as a rule, prefer common-law marriage, and women are forced to put up with a model of relationships outside of the marriage, which deprives her of the rights provided for legitimate spouses. The analysis of the negative consequences of this problem allowed us to propose the following. It is necessary to legislatively fix the legal consequences of a long-term cohabitation of a man and a woman for those cases when, due to the death of one of the actual spouses, the marriage cannot be registered, which will contribute to the protection of the rights and interests of the other spouse. One more form of gender inequality is the practice when, in the vast majority of cases, a marriage is dissolved and the child remains in the care of the mother. This may adversely affects the psycho-emotional state of fathers deprived of the opportunity to live with their child, and children who wanted to live with the father, and not with the mother. It is necessary to form a stable judicial position based on the unconditional equality of the rights of the child’s parents, which is why decisions on such cases should be made following a comprehensive study of all the circumstances that testify in favor of both the mother and the father. One more form of gender inequality is a violation of women’s rights. Many fathers evade the payment of alimony for the maintenance of children, which is why the mother is entrusted not only with the upbringing of the child, taking care of his health, education, development, but also with the duty of his property maintenance, the burden of which she bears alone.The results of the analysis make it possible to conclude that all these forms of gender inequality in marriage and family sphere should be investigated by not only legal science, but also psychology and sociology. It is vital as they have deep psychological, emotional and cognitive foundations that form differently in the minds of men and women and manifest themselves in different ways in their behavior.

Ketidakadilan Gender terhadap Perempuan dalam Novel Layangan Putus Karya Mommy ASF

This research on gender injustice in the novel Layangan Putus by Mommy ASF examines gender injustice against women in the novel. The purpose of this study is to describe and obtain an overview of gender injustice against women in the novel Layangan Putus by Mommy ASF through a feminist approach. The forms of gender inequality are: 1) Marginalization of women, 2) Subordination of women, 3) Stereotypes against women, 4) Violence against women. This research is expected to help increase the treasury of studies on literature, especially on the issue of gender inequality in literary works in Indonesia. This study uses a literary approach based on gender inequality by using a feminist approach. The object of this research is the novel Layangan Putus by Mommy ASF. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method that involves the researcher directly in the entire process, the research starts from problem determination, literature review, data collection and processing, analysis and interpretation processes to the conclusion of the study. The results show a picture of gender injustice experienced by female characters by the husbands of female characters in the novel Layangan Putus, in this study there are four forms of gender injustice against women, namely marginalization of women, subordination of women, stereotypes against women and violence against women. and the most experienced gender injustice in the novel Layangan Putus is the subordination of women.

Feminist stylistics content in the novel women crying to the black moon by Dian Purnomo

This paper discussion of feminism research in Dian Punomo's Women Crying to The Black Moon, the form of gender inequality. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, in research because it will analyze the data described in words which aims to determine the figure and image of the main character in the novel. The result of this paper to conclude of Stereotypes are labeling or marking of certain groups with negative attitudes or judgments. One of the stereotypes about women is the issue of women preening in order to attract the attention of the opposite sex, so that when cases of violence, sexual harassment and even rape occur, people tend to blame women, even though she herself is the victim in these cases. In this novel, through interactions with the character Om Vincent, there is no difference other than women breastfeeding and giving birth. The rest, boys and girls are the same.

Image of Women Character in Diddo Gaaru Short Story

This research is conducted to grasp the image of women and gender inequality experienced by female characters in the Diddo Gaaru short story. The method used in this research is a literature study in which primary data obtained from the short story Diddo Gaaru are then analyzed using feminist literary criticism theory and presented descriptively. It is concluded that there are four forms of gender inequality in this short story: marginalization, subordination, stereotype, and violence as for the image of women in this short story, including ten images that, as a whole, describe the image of oppressed women.

Gender Inequality Against Female Online Ojek Driver (Case Study on Grab Queen Community in Malang City)

This study examines the gender inequality of female online motorcycle taxi drivers in the Grab Queen community in Malang City. Female online motorcycle taxi drivers in Malang City have problems from each individual who gets a case of gender inequality. The purpose of this study is to describe how the form of gender inequality that occurs in female online motorcycle taxi drivers in Malang City, especially in the Grab Queen Malang community. The research method used in writing this thesis is to use a qualitative method with a case study approach. The technique of determining the subject used snowball sampling technique. The location of this research is in the Grab Queen community, Malang City. The data collection used are interviews and documentation studies, data analysis techniques used by researchers are data reduction, data presentation, conclusing drawings or conclusions, and data validity. This study uses the concept of gender inequality, namely subordination, stereotypes, violence and double burden to classify the types of gender inequality cases and the theory used by researchers is gender functionalism from Miriam M. Johnson which consists of functions, roles, social structures, so as to achieve a balance to realize social order. From the results of theoretical analysis, there is an imbalance of roles between female and male drivers in the regulations made by partners and also the mindset of the community so that cases of inequality will easily occur among female online motorcycle taxi drivers. In this study, researchers want to examine the balance of roles to establish social order so that there is no opportunity for gender inequality.