Forms Of Gender Bias Research Articles

Do women perceive incivility from men as selective? Examining main effects, coping responses, and boundary conditions

AbstractWomen are more likely than men to be targets of incivility in the workplace. Scholars have referred to this pattern as selective incivility and suggest that incivility directed toward women—that is, selective incivility—is a form of modern sexism in the workplace. However, it remains unclear whether women themselves make sense of incivility from men as a form of gender bias, and when such perceptions shape whether women engage in unique responses to incivility perceived as selective. Drawing on social identity theory, we develop a conceptual model to better understand these relationships. Across two studies with working women, we show that women perceive male‐instigated incivility as selective. Further, our findings show that women are more likely to engage in problem‐focused‐responses (i.e., direct confrontation and formal reporting), rather than emotion‐focused responses (i.e., avoidance) in response to incivility perceived as selective and that these coping responses are, at times, moderated by the frequency of incivility. Overall, our research advances the literature on incivility, selective incivility, and gender bias at work, offers practical implications for managers seeking to foster workplace inclusion, and suggests novel directions for future research.

BIAS GENDER DALAM PERKAWINAN ADAT: STUDI TENTANG KAWIN SASUKU DI KANAGARIAN SIMARASOK KECAMATAN BASO KABUPATEN AGAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM KELUARGA ISLAM

The focus of this thesis study is gender bias in traditional marriages: a study of sa-tribe marriages in Kanagarian Simarsaok from an Islamic family law perspective. The problem in this thesis is for gender bias in traditional marriages, namely sa-tribe marriages in Kanagarian Simarasok and the factors that cause gender bias and the views of Islamic law regarding gender bias in the implementation of sasuku traditional marriages in Kanagarian Simarasok. This type of research is field research. Data collection was carried out through interviews with informants, namely niniak mamak, head of KAN and those who performed sasuku marriages in Kanagarian Simarasok, Baso District, Agam Regency. Data processing is done by analyzing the data using qualitative comparative techniques. Comparative means comparing one data with another. there are three forms of gender bias that occur in traditional marriages of sasuku marriages in Kanagarian Simarasok. Then, there are four factors that cause gender bias in Kanagarian Simarasok, Baso District, Agam Regency. From the results of the discussion on the findings above, the researcher concludes that in the perspective of Islamic Family Law these customary marriage rules are not contradictory in the slightest, because there are no orders or prohibitions in the texts and munakahat arguments which state that these customary rules violate the provisions of existing texts. And these gender-biased rules do not affect the concept of kafaah in the perspective of the four schools of thought.

EXAMINING GENDER MICROAGGRESSIONS IN ACADEMIC SETTINGS: AN ANALYSIS OF TYPES AND FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO GENDER INEQUALITY AMONG TEACHERS IN SCHOOLS

This study aims to develop a scale to analyze the causes of most of the occurrence of gender bias behavior caused by microaggressions and identify what forms of gender bias are carried out by perpetrators of microaggressions against recipients. This type of research is a descriptive quantitative research. The population in this study were elementary school teachers in Makassar City. The sampling technique in this study used simple random sampling. The sample in this study was 100 elementary school teachers. The technique of collecting data in this study uses 1) The Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale (GRMS) instrument; 2) Instruments for microaggression factors that have been tested through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) are declared feasible. Data analysis techniques used descriptive statistical tests and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that: (1) The most common form of microaggression is microaggression caused by gender bias, especially aspects of stereotypes and concern for certain genders. In addition, microaggression is caused by two factors, namely internal (cultural awareness) and external factors (colleagues, family culture and social media). Based on the findings obtained, it is necessary to optimize gender awareness in basic education units through education, positive family education patterns from an early age, and curved use of social media.

Bias Gender dalam Surat Kabar (Analisis Isi Pemberitaan Harian Umum Nasional Waspada Sumatera Utara Edisi 01 Agustus-31 Agustus 2018)

This article discusses gender bias in the North Sumatra Waspada National Daily Newspaper, Edition 01 August-31 August 2018. The Waspada General Daily is one of the national newspapers in North Sumatra which still exists and is still active as a news channel. general daily. This newspaper has a vision and mission to deliver true news and does not favor one particular group. This article is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The results of the study indicate that the forms of gender bias that are displayed in the news by the General Waspada Daily are stereotypes, subordination, discrimination, and marginalization of women.

Estimating the Prevalence of Gender-Biased Language in Undergraduates’ Everyday Speech

Research has shown that language can be gender-biased; however, little research has investigated the prevalence of this bias in everyday speech. Using recordings sampled from undergraduates’ daily conversations, we investigated two forms of gender bias: paternalism through use of the infantilizing label girl to refer to women and androcentrism through a tendency to use more masculine (e.g., man, guy) than feminine (e.g., girl, woman) labels in everyday speech. U.S. participants (n = 175) wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), a device that recorded sound samples from their environments for 30 s every 12.5 min, for up to 4 days. Verbatim transcripts were then analyzed for instances of commonly used labels for females and males (e.g., girl, woman, boy, man). Results indicated that the label girl surpassed all other labels for women, as well as boy labels for men. We also found evidence of a masculine-label bias: Participants used masculine labels more frequently than feminine labels overall. These findings indicate the need for future research to investigate the potential consequences of infantilizing and androcentric language as well as the need for teachers, professors, clinicians, and practitioners of all types to be mindful of how their speech may include, exclude, or infantilize people based on gender.

A Tale of Two Fora

A Tale of Two Fora Jennifer L. Airey You are holding in your hands a very full issue of Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, containing newly available letters by Anna Letitia Barbauld, a trio of essays on Latin American women authors, and an Academy forum on academia in the age of Me Too. Our Latin American forum is the product of several years of planning and labor. When Carolina Alzate approached me and my then coeditor Laura Stevens about guest editing this trio back in 2014, we jumped at the opportunity. First, we were honored to work with Carolina, an illustrious academic in her field and an integral contributor to broadening the scope of TSWL. Second, we welcomed the opportunity to bring the study of Latin American women authors to a broader international and English-speaking audience. I will leave Carolina to speak more directly about the significance of these essays in her own preface, but I do want to emphasize that the authors featured in these articles—Soledad Acosta de Samper, Gabriela Mistral, Alfonsina Storni, and Camila Henríquez Ureña—are all important voices in their respective nations who interact with early feminism and the restrictions of patriarchy. They also interact in different ways with contemporaneous feminist struggles in the Anglophone world; these authors both responded to and in turn influenced the writings of women in English-speaking nations. I am certain that these pieces will be of great interest to our readership, and I am so glad that they are finally available in print. Interest in internationalism also underpins our Me Too forum. While we received numerous excellent pieces in response to our call for essays, the pieces I have selected are international in scope, featuring the voices of academics from Canada and China as well as the United States. I have also deliberately selected pieces written by women at different stages of their careers, from a recently hooded Ph.D. to tenured academics. The pieces discuss a range of offenses, including microaggressions, consensual but problematic relationships, and physical assault. All raise important questions about consent, the experiences of being a woman in academia, and the ways we might begin to mitigate harm. In "The #MeToo Movement by Committee," Kate Krueger traces the different forms of gender bias she has encountered in her career: seemingly minor comments on her body while on the job market, illegal discrimination while pregnant, gendered bullying and retaliation after tenure. Empowered by the Me Too movement, Krueger recently took action against her harasser, but her essay powerfully details the emotional toll associated with that act of resistance. Her contribution to the forum thus [End Page 7] compels us to ask: How many books are not written, how much knowledge is not produced, when women's energies are focused on fighting bullies, navigating bureaucracy to file complaints, and defending one another? How many women and people of color have left the academy because that emotional toll has been too great? How can we better protect targeted faculty when we see microaggressions or gendered harassment occurring in our midst? In other words, how do we reform a system that in many ways not only tolerates but rewards bullying by senior colleagues? Turning from conflicts among faculty to conflicts between faculty and students, Corrinne Harol and Teresa Zackodnik detail the struggle of one department and university to mitigate the harms caused by faculty/student romantic relationships. "Consenting to Conflict" questions how we can respect students' adulthood while diminishing the harm such relationships can cause both to students involved in these relationships and to other students whose learning environments might be affected by them. To forbid such relationships entirely potentially drives the myriad harms that might occur underground and makes it difficult for students who have been harmed to come forward. However, their essay implicitly asks readers to consider whether restrictions on conflicts of interest go far enough to outweigh the damages potentially posed by professors who treat students as a prospective dating pool. In a moment in which many universities are seeking to rework—and in some cases institute for the first time—policies governing faculty/student relationships, Harol and Zackodnik's piece is...

Struggles for medical legitimacy among women experiencing sexual pain: A qualitative study

ABSTRACTGiven the prominent role of medical institutions in defining what is “healthy” and “normal,” many women turn to medicine when experiencing pain during intercourse (dyspareunia). The medical encounter can become a contest between patients and providers when physicians do not grant legitimacy to patients’ claims of illness. Drawing on interviews conducted from 2007 to 2008 and 2011 to 2012 with 32 women experiencing dyspareunia (ages 18–60 years) and living in New York City and its surrounding areas, this study examined women’s and their physicians’ claims regarding bodily expertise, particularly women’s perceptions of physician invalidation, their understanding of this invalidation as gendered, and the consequences for women’s pursuit of medicalization. Women overwhelmingly sought a medical diagnosis for their dyspareunia, in which they believed that providers would relieve uncertainty about its origin, give treatment alternatives, and permit them to avoid sexual activity. When providers did not give diagnoses, women reported feeling that their bodily self-knowledge was dismissed and their symptoms were attributed to psychosomatic causes. Furthermore, some women linked their perceptions of invalidation to both historical and contemporary forms of gender bias. Exploration of women’s struggles for medical legitimacy may lead to a better understanding of the processes by which medicalization of female sexuality takes place.

Gender Bias within Indonesian History in Class XI: Inauguration of Androcentric History through Discourse and Power Games

The study based on the criticism of historians on the Indonesian history that dominated by a picture of great people in historical stage, while the picture of the little people (including women) in marginal position. This research was conducted to find the root causes of gender bias in the Indonesian history, particularly in Class XI; what form of gender bias appears in the Indonesian history in class XI. The theory used was gender theory, the discourse and power theory. The method are qualitative method with critical analysis. The results showed that: background of gender bias derived from cultural factors, political climate of learning, the curriculum, the textbooks, as well as the marginalization of the history lesson. Gender bias in the Indonesian history in Class XI appeared in the form of discourse and images. Based on the findings, there should be dissemination and preparation of history module about sensitive gender. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n4p428

Aandacht voor genderverschillen in het GGZ-gerelateerde onderwijs

Abstract The Dutch Alliance for Gender and Health aims to integrate more gender sensitive knowledge into Dutch psychology education, as gender competent psychologists may likely achieve better psychotherapy outcomes in men and women. In order to inspire teachers to incorporate gender sensitive knowledge into their psychology courses, this article presents an overview of relevant information on sex and gender differences in psychopathology. For instance, we discuss several forms of gender bias and possible explanations for the sex differences in prevalence of psychological disorders, involving attachment, autonomy, coping, and emotion regulation. Additionally, we offer concrete suggestions for the incorporation of this knowledge into existing courses in a time-efficient manner. Having more gender sensitive knowledge may help current and future psychologists to improve their psychotherapy outcomes in men and women.

A theoretical model for analysing gender bias in medicine

During the last decades research has reported unmotivated differences in the treatment of women and men in various areas of clinical and academic medicine. There is an ongoing discussion on how to avoid such gender bias. We developed a three-step-theoretical model to understand how gender bias in medicine can occur and be understood. In this paper we present the model and discuss its usefulness in the efforts to avoid gender bias. In the model gender bias is analysed in relation to assumptions concerning difference/sameness and equity/inequity between women and men. Our model illustrates that gender bias in medicine can arise from assuming sameness and/or equity between women and men when there are genuine differences to consider in biology and disease, as well as in life conditions and experiences. However, gender bias can also arise from assuming differences when there are none, when and if dichotomous stereotypes about women and men are understood as valid. This conceptual thinking can be useful for discussing and avoiding gender bias in clinical work, medical education, career opportunities and documents such as research programs and health care policies. Too meet the various forms of gender bias, different facts and measures are needed. Knowledge about biological differences between women and men will not reduce bias caused by gendered stereotypes or by unawareness of health problems and discrimination associated with gender inequity. Such bias reflects unawareness of gendered attitudes and will not change by facts only. We suggest consciousness-rising activities and continuous reflections on gender attitudes among students, teachers, researchers and decision-makers.

Gender and rural reforms in China: A case study of population control and land rights policies in northern Liaoning

Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this paper explores the gender dimensions of population control and land tenure policies in a rural village in Northeast China. Gender bias was explicit in the implementation of both policies in the village between 1980 and the mid-1990s. Since that time, explicit gender bias has been reduced and both policies have stressed market incentives more, reflecting China's modernization goals and accession to the WTO. Yet the policies are not gender neutral in their implementation, effects, and interactions. Women remain the target of the eased population policy, and they are more likely to become “landless” at marriage. The policies work together to reinforce traditional and emerging forms of gender bias, though at times they offset each other. They impact women's bargaining power within the home, status in the community, and social security. Together they provide a richer view of the gendered experience of living in the village.

Systemic Barriers in Athletic Administration: An Analysis of Job Descriptions for Interscholastic Athletic Directors

The purpose of this study was to determine if the job descriptions for interscholastic athletic directors (AD) used by school districts contained some form of gender bias that might deny women the opportunity to compete for those positions. Job descriptions were collected from 112 school districts within the state of Texas. A content analysis of each job description showed that 17% of the job descriptions listed as a qualification that the AD also serve as the head football coach (HFC). The link between the AD position and the HFC suggests that those districts may be engaging in an unfair employment practice because the courts have determined that such a requirement fails to meet the standard as a bona fide occupational requirement. In addition to the analysis of this possible systemic barrier for women in interscholastic athletics, suggestions are offered for further research to explore the root causes of the disparity between the number of men and women who serve as athletic directors.

Gender Representation in Television Commercials: Updating an Update

We replicated the studies of O'Donnell and O'Donnell (1978) and Lovdal (1989) to analyze trends in gender representation in television commercials. A total of 757 commercials in Spring 1998 were recorded and analyzed for type of product, gender of the product representative, and gender of the voice-over. Similar to previous studies, findings indicated that men were underrepresented in commercials of domestic products, and women were underrepresented in commercials of nondomestic products. In fact, this form of gender bias was higher compared to Lovdal's data. Findings also revealed a decrease in the percentage of male voice-overs from about 90% to 71%.

Communicating gender equity: Representation and portrayal of women and men in introductory communication textbooks

Content analytic procedures were used to examine sex representation and gender bias in hybrid introductory communication textbooks. Although findings of the study suggest that men are used more frequently as the focal point within the texts analyzed, no significant differences exist between the representation of women and men in the written and pictorial content of the textbook chapters. Results do indicate, however, that an unintentional form of gender bias may exist as both sexes are depicted in traditional roles in both textual examples and photographs. To address such subtle forms of gender bias, it is recommended that current standards for addressing biased symbols be revisited.

HOW WOMEN RESHAPE THE PRISON GUARD ROLE

This article describes the innovative job performance strategies used by women who work as guards in men's prisons. It suggests that women guards perform the job differently from men guards not only because women face structural and discriminatory barriers on the job but also because most women bring to the job a set of prior experiences, skills, and abilities different from those of most men. One of the reasons women may fail to receive positive performance evaluations in jobs traditionally held by men is that they are being evaluated on the basis of how well their work behavior matches that of men doing the same work. This article argues that there are multiple ways to perform jobs and that to expect women to perform jobs in the same manner as their male colleagues is a form of gender bias. Women should be judged by how effective they are, not by whether their approaches to work are similar to those of men.