Forms Of Economic Organization Research Articles

Research on the Reform of Authorized Capital System in Chinese Stock Companies: Against the Background of the Implementation of the New Company Law

With the rapid development of the Chinese economy and the continuous improvement of the market economy system, joint-stock companies, as an important form of economic organization, have gradually become the main force of economic development. In order to adapt to the new development trend, China has successively introduced a series of laws and regulations, attempting to reform and improve the authorized capital system, enhance corporate governance, protect investor rights, and promote the healthy development of the market economy. This article analyzes the current situation and problems of the statutory capital system of Chinese joint-stock companies, and based on this, analyzes the reform effects of the new Company Law on the authorized capital system of joint-stock companies. It also explores the transformation path of the authorized capital system of Chinese joint-stock companies after the implementation of the new Company Law, providing reference opinions for the development of joint-stock companies and the optimization of the efficiency of capital system reform.

Job quality in worker cooperatives: Beyond degeneration and intrinsic rewards

AbstractWhile there are normally positive expectations concerning job quality in cooperatives, many studies have described a more complex picture. The extant literature has, however, found it difficult to deal with evidence of poor working conditions in these organisations. Some contributions downplay the relevance of this issue, arguing that poor extrinsic aspects of job quality are compensated by intrinsic rewards, as confirmed by higher levels of job satisfaction. Others focus on external market pressure and interpret bad labour conditions as a form of degeneration of originally good employment practices. Through a qualitative analysis of job quality in cooperatives in three sectors of the Italian economy (social services, hotel cleaning and meat processing), we advance a different argument: we contend that employment practices associated with poor job quality are not the result of difficult market conditions but are rather the key explanation for the quantitative expansion of this form of economic organisation, which has moved from being an instrument for promoting good employment to a way of ensuring lower labour costs and higher flexibility within outsourcing relationships.

Pengaruh Kemampuan dan Motivasi Kerja Pegawai terhadap Daya Saing Koperasi pada Unit Salapak di Kota Bandung

Cooperative as a form of economic organization that plays an important role in the economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ability and work motivation of employees on the competitiveness of cooperatives. The research method used was to collect data through questionnaires which were distributed to cooperative employees involved in operational activities. This study used a quantitative method using the SPSS 23 analysis tool. The total population in the Salapak cooperative unit in the city of Bandung is 15 people. By using the saturated sample technique, the total sample is the entire population, namely 15 people. From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that simultaneously H3 is accepted, meaning that the ability and work motivation simultaneously have a positive effect on competitiveness.

RISK MANAGEMENT TRAINING FOR DELTA SURYA PURNAMADI JOMBANG SAVINGS AND LOAN COOPERATIVE

Cooperative is a form of economic organization based on the principles of cooperation and shared ownership between its members. The dominant form of cooperative in Jombang Regency is the Savings and Loans Cooperative (KSP) whose activities are similar to People's Credit Banks, but in practice it turns out they do not have the principles of prudence and risk management. The scope of the KSP is very limited because it can only accept deposits or provide loans to members/prospective members. This training is in the form of risk management training. It is hoped that KSP Delta Surya Purnama management will gain additional knowledge about the importance of the precautionary principle. The implementation method is carried out through training for 2 (two) days, in collaboration with LPPM ITB Ahmad Dahlan Lamongan. The result of this training is an increase in management's understanding and ability to manage the risks of deposit and lending activities, for example in calculating and converting interest rates, as well as forming reserves for uncollectible loans, analyzing and binding credit agreements

Wang Jia, Huang Yi, Li Bing and Other Partnership Disputes Case Study Report

Partnership has a long history and lasting vitality. The earliest partnership is the product of capitalism and the result of modern commercial trade development. With the development of human society, partnership continues to improve and improve, with the advantages of simple operation, high credit, flexible forms, etc. Today, partnership has become an extremely important form of economic organization in the market economy, widely existing in free industries such as lawyers and accountants. Because of the advantages of partnership, it is widely used, so that the form of development is gradually complicated, and the disputes involving partnership in economic activities are not uncommon. How to protect their own interests and solve disputes legally and effectively has become a problem widely discussed by many scholars and judicial practitioners.

Economic geography II: The economic geographies of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This is the second of three reports on economic geography. It focuses on research that addresses issues deemed to be both urgent and generative of crisis. This report focuses on the crisis created by the emergence of COVID-19. While the virus may have been novel, many of its implications were not, as several important processes of uneven development and inequality accelerated. The paper first determines the extent to which the emergence of a pandemic virus constituted a 'crisis', before examining some of the most salient economic geographical impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. These include the rise of friction within the global economy resulting in significant disruption to global supply chains; the acceleration of the digital platform as an ever more dominant form of economic organisation; and how the pandemic deepened social inequalities and uneven development. The report concludes with observations about the emergence of what has been described as a post-pandemic polycrisis.

The role of the solidarity economy in the development of society (on the example of Asian countries)

Social and solidarity economy (hereinafter referred to as SSE) is traditionally defined by forms of economic organization that have goals for economic activity and income extraction, oriented to the needs of society and managed on the basis of democratic principles. The structures of the SSE reproduce the relations of mutual assistance, solidarity, cooperation, equality and collectivism. The article considers the models of social and solidarity economy of four Asian countries - Japan, China, Malaysia and South Korea. The purpose of the study was to identify the historical and cultural features of the genesis and development of solidarity forms of the economy in these countries. An important characteristic of the enterprises of the Asian solidarity economy is their conditionality with traditional worldview doctrines and power ideas closely related to those. At the same time, the article emphasizes that paternalism in relation to the SE often leads to the loss of its autonomy by its subjects and the deprivation of the principles of direct democracy. Based on the analysis of empirical data, the authors compiled a table – diagram of the economic entities of the Asian SSE, reflecting the essential qualities, which made it possible to visualize their distinctive features from the enterprises of the commercial sector. The formation of the SE, according to the authors, is complicated by the lack of legislative, organizational, statistical, financial, and informational support for this sector of the public economy, which creates unjustified difficulties and risks of the form of economic organization demanded by societies. The materials of the International Labour Organization (ILO), which contain the formulation of the problem of theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of the solidary economy, provided significant assistance in conceptualizing the SSE.

AGRICULTURE, RIGHT TO FOOD AND BIOECONOMY

This work aimed to analyze how the bioeconomy contributes to modify the food system, making it sustainable. Surveys carried out internationally demonstrate the concern of analysts with the map of hunger that will increase due to Covid-19, as well as the megatrends that will increase the demand for food. The challenge will be to implement an economic model that changes the food system. The bioeconomy will allow focusing on sustainable alternatives regarding the use of natural and biotechnological resources and the form of economic organization, so as not to compromise socio-biodiversity. Through bibliographical analysis, it is concluded that the exploitation of biotechnology and biological resources will place Brazil in the focus of the production of products, inputs and food, attracting investors to the domestic market, making it an important player in the production chain. Consequently, it will expand regional markets, contributing to the reduction of food insecurity in the country.

Big Data, Quantum Computing, and the Economic Calculation Debate: Will Roasted Cyberpigeons Fly into the Mouths of Comrades?

Advancements in cloud computing, machine learning and quantum processing are starting to erase long-standing conceptions on the scarcity of information. In this paper, we ask whether removing all limits on the volume, velocity, and variety of data will allow the messiness of the market process to be replaced by a more rational system of resource allocation and distribution that would generate less waste and more equity. We conclude that unlimited access to information will not solve the problem of economic calculation, as some have conjectured. The market process provides valuable benefits beyond the simple aggregation of spatially and temporally dispersed information. As such, it is unlikely to be displaced by more centralized forms of economic organization.

Materials of Land Management Expeditions as a Source for Studying the Population of Local Territories (on the Example of the Anabar District of Yakutia)

The review of the materials of the Anabar-Olenek land management expedition of 1934 that have survived to the present time is given, which may be of interest as sources for studying the population of local territories in comparison with the censuses of 1926-1927 and 1939. An attempt is made to show the value of the source in the study of the population of local territories for the reconstruction of the settlement of indigenous people of the North before collectivization and transfer to a sedentary lifestyle. The study of the materials of the land management expedition was carried out using statistical, comparative-historical, retrospective and cartographic methods, methods of analysis and description. The author examines in detail the characteristics of the population and settlement of the Anabar district, describes in detail how the traditional settlement system was organized and the traditional land use associated with it. The author pays special attention to the form of economic organization of the population – belekh. It is established that the grouping of households in belek was a forced step of survival and joint management dictated by natural and economic conditions. The main conclusions of the study are the reconstruction of the settlement of the population of the area in 1934. A special contribution of the author in the study of the topic is the comparison of the data of the report of 1934 with the materials of the population censuses of 1926-1927 and 1939. The information contained in the reports of the Anabar-Olenek land management expedition fills in the gaps in the characteristics of the population of the Anabar district and is introduced into scientific circulation as a valuable source for studying the history of the population of the North.

The essence and features of the measurement of modern firms in the knowledge economy

The article considers a knowledge firm whose work is mainly focused on creating new knowledge , expanding the scope of existing knowledge , which today is a rapidly spreading form of economic organization , reflected in the theory of the firm .

Analysis on Corporate Governance of State-owned Enterprises

Corporate system has become one of the most important forms of economic organization in the modern enterprise system under the condition of market economy. Whether the corporate governance structure is perfect or not plays a decisive role in the normal operation and development of the economy. So far, the reform of state-owned enterprises has lasted for nearly 40 years, and the reform has made great achievements, but there is still a certain distance from the reform goal. The corporate governance problems of state-owned enterprises lead to the rights of state-owned enterprises cannot be fully realized and guaranteed. The Realistic Dilemma of Corporate Governance in China appears. This paper discusses the market disadvantages in the operation of state-owned property rights, the governance structure of state-owned enterprises, and the existing problems of state-owned enterprises, and how to overcome these disadvantages.

The internal morality of markets and artificial intelligence

Friedrich Hayek made an important point when he said that markets permit us to promptly use the knowledge of the circumstances of time and place. Decentralization is often efficient, as opposed to a central planner. But we now face the possibility of an even more efficient economic system based on artificial intelligence. The extraordinary potential of AIs is their ability to produce cheap prediction. This ability may lead to a new form of social ordering, which we call the “coeusian order”. The argument of this paper is that AI brings in an alternative way to organize the economic realm at the cost of some of the features of our current system. It is, therefore, important to take note of the choice of forms of economic organization we have. Any efficiency gains an AI order can bring must be balanced with its encroachment on the privacy and autonomy of the people as well as its likely promotion of price differentiation without self-selection. The important point is that we have a choice of how knowledge is to be used. We can choose a less efficient system, and we often do because we care about more than just efficiency.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COOPERATION IN REALIZING OF THE POTENTIAL OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE "GREEN" COURSE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL AREAS

In article is analyzed energy cooperatives as an organizational basis for the establishment of a "green" economy and the achievement of sustainable development in rural areas. The concepts of "green" economy, "green" energy cooperatives are presented. Ukraine's obligations in the energy sector as a candidate for membership of the European Union within the framework of the European Green Course are determined. Global world changes in electricity production for 2015-2024 are indicated, where the share of renewable energy sources increases every year, and the share of fossil fuels decreases. The necessity of creating energy cooperatives in rural areas is proved, and their economic, social and environmental advantages are given. Cooperatives are a sustainable form of economic organization, because they implement the principles of sustainability, in particular the principle of caring for society. Cooperatives are the most capable integration formations to realize the expectations of sustainable management. In addition, the article links such indicators as the percentage of the population that is unable to properly heat their homes with the number of energy cooperatives in European countries. Accordingly, the number of energy cooperatives and the number of people who can sufficiently heat their homes increases every year. Energy cooperatives provide energy democracy, which is an important element of social justice in the process of building a "green" economy and achieving sustainable development, including in rural areas. The article analyzes the foreign experience of the organizational component of the creation and functioning of energy cooperatives, examples of already established energy cooperatives in our country are given. The role of energy cooperatives in achieving the European Green Deal and the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine is determined. The importance of creating energy cooperatives in the countryside by uniting representatives of local businesses, citizens and municipalities were noted. The increase in economic benefits for business as a result of the creation and participation in the energy cooperative, due to the increase in the added value of its products, has been proven.

Industrial parks in Ukraine: current situation and development prospects in the conditions of digitalization of innovative economy

Introduction. Industrial park (cluster) is a relatively new form of economic organization, which in many developed countries plays a significant role in shaping and ensuring the competitiveness of countries and territories. Despite the economic viability of economic clusters, clusters have not yet become widespread in Ukraine, in contrast to highly developed countries. The modern development of the innovative economy, combined with comprehensive digitalization, makes its adjustments – opportunities and risks – in the functioning of economic entities of all forms and levels, which must be considered. The purpose of the paper is to study the current state of industrial parks in Ukraine and to analyse the prospects for their development. Results. In the article, the authors explored the innovative economy's digitalization features and provided its definition. They assessed the current state of industrial parks in Ukraine, identified fully operational parks, have high-quality infrastructure facilities, and have residents with actually operating plants. Identified the reasons for their inefficient functioning and developed recommendations for improving the formation and operation of industrial parks in Ukraine, using digital tools of the innovative economy. It was noted that the innovative component of successful implementation in practice of a regionally integrated approach is the addition or expansion of activities through narrower (specialized) approaches that have a clear, practical focus. Such specialization can be the development of industrial tourism. The second way of efficiency of an industrial park is its unique specialization, for example, the chemical industry. Each focus or specialization should be evaluated and determined in each case. Conclusion. Industrial parks are an essential tool of the country's economy, which can make the country a leader; however, this form of organization carries risks, the main of which is the imitation of the industrial park for illicit enrichment. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve the mechanism of regulation and especially control by the state over the activities of industrial parks.

ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF KHUSRA COMMUNITY OF PAKISTAN

In the context of Pakistan, existing literature on male-female transgender persons has majorly focused on health-related issues such as Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS. Very few research studies have gone beyond and explored the socio-cultural aspects of khusra lives and their socio-economic organization. The objective of current research is to focus on the economic organization of khusra community using qualitative research as the research strategy. For the purpose of current research, data was collected from 4 locales; Mansehra City, City Kasur, Rawalpindi and Kot Radha Kishan. In-depth interviews were conducted with sampled respondents from sampled sub-locales of 4 main locales. The findings highlight that set against the backdrop of their lives categorized by structural violence, socio-economic discrimination, and ostracization, khusra community manages to integrate with the wider population through various forms of survival strategies, which for the current study are grouped under economic organization. These forms of survival strategies or livelihood options were the focus of the current research. The data elicited through individual and group interviews highlight dhinga/tola bazar, bidhaee and taarhi. dance functions, and prostitution as the forms of economic organization. These forms of economic organization do not guarantee social security and are transient in nature. Furthermore, the narratives also detail various forms of risks and vulnerabilities (socio-economic and health-related), respondents face while earning through prostitution and other forms of economic organization. Keywords: Economic Organization Ethnography, Khusra, and Pakistan

Peanuts minus Schulz: Distributed Labor as a Compositional Practice/Le travail distribué comme pratique organisationnelle

Peanuts minus Schulz: Distributed Labor as a Compositional Practice/Le travail distribué comme pratique organisationnelle

Evaluating an organizational innovation: evidence from the conglomerate merger wave

AbstractHow do we assess new forms of economic organization? As with other innovations, the value of a new organizational form is initially unknown. When assets are traded in financial markets, the information embodied in prices represent one mechanism through which organizational innovations are evaluated. We apply an experimental-learning framework to explore the influence of the capital markets on economic organization, using the conglomerate merger wave of the 1960s and 1970s as an empirical context. In our setting, the initial market popularity of conglomerates, followed by their rapid decline, is indicative of investors attempting to determine the value of a new organizational form. We provide event-study evidence that investors systematically updated their beliefs about the value of the conglomerate form based on new information (positive or negative) about the largest and most newsworthy conglomerates. Our results suggest that financial market participants make judgments not only about specific companies, but about organizational structure itself.

Concessions, Violence, and Indirect Rule: Evidence from the Congo Free State

AbstractAll colonial powers granted concessions to private companies to extract natural resources during the colonial era. In Africa, these concessions were characterized by indirect rule and violence. We use the arbitrarily defined borders of rubber concessions granted in the north of the Congo Free State to examine the causal effects of this form of economic organization on development. We find that historical exposure to the concessions causes significantly worse education, wealth, and health outcomes. To examine mechanisms, we collect survey and experimental data from individuals near a former concession boundary. We find that village chiefs inside the former concessions provide fewer public goods, are less likely to be elected, and are more likely to be hereditary. However, individuals in the concessions are more trusting, more cohesive, and more supportive of sharing income. We interpret our results as reflecting how institutions and culture may act as substitutes in the context of the widespread colonial concession system.

Time's up: Analyzing the feminist potential of time banks

AbstractTime banks are an alternative economic system proposed to address social problems by stimulating work and exchange through time‐based currency. They aim to redefine work and money, through building social capital to alleviate social problems. As women are disproportionately affected by these problems, it follows that membership is predominantly female, often poor. This article takes the position that time banks provide a lens through which to theorize the feminist potential of alternative forms of economic organization. It examines the ways in which feminists, and time banks, have sought to redefine the concepts of work and money, as well as the context of time banks within the Third Sector. “The reality” of these concepts in practice is then critically analyzed using empirical data from a year as an active participant within a time bank. The findings demonstrate the complex issues regarding how the time bank functioned in practice, particularly in relation to how members engaged with it, and articulated their participation. Further, the way in which the system co‐opted feminist potentials of alternative economic practices as part of the Third Sector, through a conception of social capital, is shown to be problematic in terms of exploiting the energies of already exploited women. This research shows the need for ongoing critical examination of initiatives targeted at social problems, particularly those mirroring feminist activism, in order to prevent the co‐option of energies and work.