Form Of Conflict Management Research Articles

Negosiasi sebagai Alternatif dalam Manajemen Konflik di Lembaga Pendidikan

Negotiation is a form of conflict management that provides a forum for resolving conflicts that can satisfy parties and build opportunities by establishing stronger relationships. However, awareness of the importance of negotiation is still low, even though negotiation skills, especially for students, prepare themselves to face various kinds of conflicts in the outside world. Therefore, this research explains Negotiation, types of Negotiation, Negotiation skills, and key Negotiation factors. This research uses a library research method by collecting books, previous research and articles related to Conflict Management and Negotiation. The results show that negotiation is a process of resolving problems between two or more parties, where the problem arises on the basis of different points of view which are then united in one common agreement. Negotiation types are divided into distributive and integrative. Negotiation skills by separating feelings, focusing, collecting options, and assessing objectives. Key factors through various self-skills. And the implementation of Negotiation is an effective alternative in resolving conflicts that occur in Educational Institutions, whether or not there is a mediator, both conflicts related to the learning process to conflicts over Educational Institution policies.

Extant commitment, risk, and UN peacekeeping authorization

ABSTRACT Do aspects of current UN peacekeeping operations affect the willingness of that body to authorize new operations? Our theoretical arguments center on the capacity and costs of the organization – specifically the committed resources and risks associated with ongoing operations – with the assumption that greater existing commitments and perceived risks lessen the likelihood that the UN will create new operations. Related to the concern with risk, does successful diplomacy that produces a peace agreement in the conflict at hand lessen expected costs and therefore make authorizing new peacekeeping operations more attractive? To answer these questions, we examine UN peacekeeping authorization decisions over the period 1989–2016. Our results demonstrate that UN decisions to authorize new peacekeeping missions are connected to two forms of conflict management. First, successful attempts at peacemaking (evidence by peace agreements) increased the likelihood that a UN peacekeeping operation would be sent to that conflict in the aftermath of the agreement. We also demonstrate that the number of ongoing UN peacekeeping efforts are a strong negative predictor of whether or not the UN authorizes new missions. Theoretically, the concepts of perceived carrying capacity and risk, derived from other conflict management efforts, provided the explanatory bases for these effects.

Settlement and resolution as a form of conflict management in an organization

Settlement and resolution as a form of conflict management in an organization

Dealing with conflict in learning teams immersed in technology-rich environments: A mixed-methods study

Understanding the nature of conflict and the role that it plays in the dynamics of teamwork has the potential to improve group processes and make teams more successful. This research study investigates how learning teams deal with conflict in technology-rich environments using a mixed-method research approach. In regard to the study’s quantitative component, a correlational study was conducted. The participants were 28 graduate students enrolled in a team-based, graduate-level course at a large university in the Midwestern United States. The findings showed that perceptions of conflict evolve over time, moving from less favorable views to more constructive ones. Perceptions of successful teamwork progressed from focusing on the tasks at hand to investing on fulfilled working relationships. Teams used different modes of conflict management throughout the study. Generally, they evolved from less cooperative to more integrative forms of conflict management which supported collaborative learning. Students who were less proficient in the use of technology generally perceived conflict as having negative effects on the project’s outcomes. More proficient users, on the contrary, tended to perceive conflict as having a positive influence on their teamwork.

Waves Across the Pond: Exiling Clerics in Late Antiquity

Exiling a Christian cleric in Late Antiquity—something that happened hundreds of times between the fourth and the sixth centuries—was like throwing a stone in a pond. It often generated a spectacular splash that served to make a statement about the rightfulness and agency of the exiler through an act of deterrence, humiliation, but also mercy. It separated the cleric from his previous surroundings, immersing him in an unfamiliar and at times unpleasant environment. Yet, exiling a cleric also often created an enormous ripple effect that was felt by people and in places far removed from the initial rupture and a long time after it had subsided. Over the last decades our understanding of the first two aspects of clerical exile in Late Antiquity has made significant advancements. We now know exile was the main method emperors and bishops employed to suppress religious dissidence during Late Antiquity, fostering unprecedented collaboration between, but also struggle over, imperial and ecclesiastical legal spheres. Those who suffered exile—either as banishment proper or as flight from arrest—connected their experience to specific Christian understandings of cosmopolitanism, asceticism, and imagined wandering, and attempted to reinsert their stories into a Christian trajectory of persecution, martyrdom, and salvation. The study of clerical exile therefore has opened a window into the institutionalization of the Christian Church, the changing relationship between ecclesiastical and imperial law, the construction of sanctity, and the quest for Christian orthodoxy amidst religious conflict. The third aspect—the “waves across the pond” that clerical exile generated—has so far remained relatively unexplored. Scholarly efforts to illuminate the legal dimensions of late antique clerical exile, its usefulness as a form of conflict management, and its generation of a type of holiness and Christian leadership mean that the emphasis has mostly been on those who exiled and those who were exiled. This …

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИСТВОРЕННЯ СУЧАСНИХСИСТЕМУПРАВЛІННЯ ЗБРОЙНИМИ СИЛАМИ

Despite the development of information technology in the security and defense sector, the management of the Armed Forsec requires a fundamentaly new approach to meeting the challenges set. Network-centric warfare, as a form of conflict management with the use of network-based forms of organization, doctrine, strategies and technologies, adapted to the modern information age, allows to increase the combat capabilities of heterogeneous forces and means at the expense of synergistic effect and shortening of the management cycle. The main element of the network-centric warfare model is information, primarily intelligence (location of troops, strategic object, dynamic of change of operational environment in the area of warfare, land, surface, air targets). The overall concept of network-centric wars is to create a single information and communication spase that provide comprehensive integration of management, intelligence, communications, wich will be a primary element in the path to achieving a synergistic effect. A functional feature of the network-centric concept is the continuitly and ability to adapt to a dynamic environment and to transfer combat and operational control funcktions to any level vertically and horizontally in accordance to the emerging needs of operational planning and command of the troops. The poorpose of the article is to substantiate the feasibility and necessity of using a network-centric form of conflict management. The object of research is the information and technological component of modern armed forces (AF), wich contains questions about the role of IT in the military strategies of developed countries, especially the US, Russia and the transition to network-centric technologies, namely aspects of the use of IT, network technologies in the planning and conduct of modern combat. The purpose of the article is to research the role of IT in the current armed conflicts and military strategies of the states, rationale for the transition to network centric technology.

Процедура медиации как инструмент урегулирования конфликтных ситуаций в сфере трудовых отношений

The objective of the article is to show specific features and the possibilities of mediation procedure in the sphere of employment relations as a new form of conflict management. The effective conflicts solution is one of the main items of managerial decisions, mechanisms of conflicts management in the sphere of employment relations. In contemporary conditions the greatest importance belongs to professional conflicts solution with the help of mediation procedure. Mediation is the combination of certain goal-oriented managers’ types of actions. Each of them is observed in the article. There is an example of industrial dispute which is defined by different specific interests of employees and personal management staff. These differences cover almost all aspects of social-working relations in the organization. At the same time an employer can be interested in prevention of conflict increasing. This is an efficient, rational base for mediation procedures in the frames of employee-employer disputes.

The relationship among ethics and conflict management in Hungarian metal and machinery supply chains

It seems that ethics has become an important issue because more and more firms accept ethical codex and make them public as well. On contrary all of us know some stories when unethical behaviour resulted tragedy. Nowadays in business life ethics and responsibility appear as necessary value from the aspect of success. More papers state that ethical behaviour offers various benefits in business relationships. Our paper seeks these positives in empirical way by interviewing members and experts of Hungarian metal and machinery supply chains but we take into consideration the network effects as well. Our survey investigates how fair behaviour can prevent or decrease conflicts in business. The results of our qualitative research show that fair behaviour brings certain benefits but the economic reality and the direction of money flow are dominant. We have met various forms of conflict management and found that respondents want to maintain even very problematic business ties as well.

The relationship among ethics and conflict management in Hungarian metal and machinery supply chains

It seems that ethics has become an important issue because more and more firms accept ethical codex and make them public as well. On contrary all of us know some stories when unethical behaviour resulted tragedy. Nowadays in business life ethics and responsibility appear as necessary value from the aspect of success. More papers state that ethical behaviour offers various benefits in business relationships. Our paper seeks these positives in empirical way by interviewing members and experts of Hungarian metal and machinery supply chains but we take into consideration the network effects as well. Our survey investigates how fair behaviour can prevent or decrease conflicts in business. The results of our qualitative research show that fair behaviour brings certain benefits but the economic reality and the direction of money flow are dominant. We have met various forms of conflict management and found that respondents want to maintain even very problematic business ties as well.

Justiça restaurativa e racionalidade penal moderna: uma real inovação em matéria penal?

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a justiça restaurativa, considerada uma forma alternativa de administração de conflitos, a partir de um quadro teórico das teorias da pena baseado na concepção de Álvaro Pires. Procura-se demonstrar como a justiça restaurativa escapa à racionalidade penal moderna, apresentando-se como uma alternativa ao sistema de ideias que embasa o nosso atual sistema de justiça penal. O método de pesquisa utilizado é qualitativo e a pesquisa partiu do estudo de caso de programas de justiça restaurativa que funcionam no estado de São Paulo, além de entrevistas com profissionais e observação participante de círculos restaurativos que aconteceram em uma escola na cidade de São Caetano do Sul (SP). Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que a justiça restaurativa, a despeito de seu potencial transformador, ainda tem se defrontado com dificuldades para ser efetivamente implantada. As resistências com as quais tem que lidar reportam-se desde aos operadores do direito até a população que é atendida pelos programas, que não entendem o modelo enquanto expertise (caso dos profissionais do Direito), ou como um benefício para os envolvidos (caso dos adolescentes e familiares participantes), ainda inscritos dentro um marco punitivo em relação à gestão de conflitos. As conclusões da pesquisa mostram que a justiça restaurativa se apresenta como inovação, tensionando o sistema de justiça penal ao propor uma nova forma de gestão dos conflitos que desvia o foco da punição para a restauração das relações afetadas pelo ocorrido, embora ainda tenha um longo caminho a percorrer para que sua expertise seja traduzida em práticas transformadoras.

<em>Oiling the Frictions in Sociopolitical Conflicts:</em> Faith-based Institutional Leadership of the JDPC in Grassroots Peacemaking in Nigeria

The Justice Development and Peace Commission (JDPC) of Roman Catholic Church has been directly in- volved in different forms of conflict management and peace - making within Nigeria's sociopolitical arena. These have marked it out as an important, nondiscriminatory, faith- based institutional leader in peace initiatives in country. This paper critically examines origins, nature, and dynam - ics of JDPC's mandate and mission in Nigeria, focusing especially on its activities in Ibadan and Ijebu-Ode Roman Catholic Archdioceses in Nigeria. The paper establishes that mandate of JDPC is to fulfill Church's role in the building of a just and peaceful world by answering its foun- dational question: what must Church in Africa become for her message to be authentic and credible? In examining variety of grassroots peace initiatives undertaken by JDPC, paper shows how organization has been collaborating with individuals and groups (faith-based or otherwise, Chris- tian or not). It thus argues that partnerships towards peace- making, between faith-based groups and non-faith-based groups, on one hand, and with other diverse religions and

Von Scherzen und Duellen. Wettkampfspiele als Typus von Ehrkonflikten im schwedisch-pommerschen Offizierskorps

Of Jokes and Duels. Competition Games as a Type of Honour Conflict in the Swedish-Pomerarian Officer Corps Without a doubt, honour was a central part of early modern society and conflicts over honour were a central part of everyday life. But when trivial matters or teasing, playful conversations turned deadly, then it is only with difficulty that the logic and functions of these disputes is revealed. The goal of this article is to suggest an analytical definition and interpretation of such conflicts. Within the field of early modern honour battles, these types of disputes are best conceptualized and characterized as group-oriented. It will be suggested to conceptualize these honour conflicts as ‘competitive games’ because they took place in a playful, yet charged setting (using Bourdieu's concept of a game). Early modern officer corps are the protagonists of this investigation. Membership in this group and the group's own specific form of collectivization were crucial for creating the settings from which such conflicts arose. These same settings, however, were also essential for the settlement of these competitive games. Competitive games, therefore, can be considered as a typical phenomenon of homo-social groups: they are the expression and result of everyday, communicative practices that were dominated by concerns over one's image. The typical strategy was to ‘playfully’ jeopardize the honour status of one's communication partner. Besides conflicts within the realm of competitive games, a form of ‘substitute conflicts’ were also common. In these instances, one disputant would publicly attack or challenge the other on an issue, seemingly unrelated to their original quarrel. For example, to get an unwilling debtor to pay, one would publicly attack their honour, forcing the debtor to respond. The attack on the debtor's honour was merely a cover to the real conflict at hand: the unpaid debt. The contrast of substitute conflicts and competitive games make it clear that substitute conflicts should be seen as a form of conflict management; while competitive games came about without ‘serious’ motives and are better conceptualized as a form of habitual behaviour. Through the settlement of competitive games, membership in and the community of the officer corps was first of all created and through supplementary re-enactments obtained lasting power. As a result, the representation of the conflict came to have long-term meaning and served a fundamental function. The representation offered the possibility to present the acts as evidence for honourable fighting and in this manner to stress the observance of group-specific norms.

Mediation among young immigrants in the juvenile penal justice system

• Summary: Multicultural modern society shows the necessity for a systematic assessment of needs and the formulation of policies which are based on rigorous and systematic research. Specifically, in Spain juvenile penal justice represents one of the major contexts where the presence of cultural diversity has made itself forcefully felt. This situation has led to an ongoing reappraisal of the way in which the forms of conflict management which currently form part of the Spanish Juvenile Penal Code are applied. This article represents an attempt to take a closer look at the way mediation is used as a policy alternative in the penal context, and in particular how it is used in situations when one part of the process involves a young immigrant. We focus on the meaning attributed to penal mediation from the perspective of the victim or the offender and on the difficulties in applying mediation programs among young immigrants. • Findings: This analysis shows the presence of several asymmetries in intercultural mediation and suggests the importance of intercultural communication in mediation. • Application: We aim to develop a more comprehensive framework in order to improve the way such processes are implemented in practice, paying special attention to the possible application of mediation in other contexts.

To Assert or Not to Assert: Conflict Management and Occupational Therapy Students

As occupational therapists prepare to fulfill the vision of the profession and face the challenges of this century, asserting themselves professionally and effectively collaborating with others is of critical importance. The conflict resolution behaviors used to manage current and future practice environments have significant implications for job retention, work climate, patient care and the development of professional relationships. The literature suggests that occupational therapy students tend to use unassertive forms of conflict management. In an effort to identify potential inconsistencies between students' tendencies and professional demands, this study examined the conflict resolution behaviors that graduate, traditional, and nontraditional occupational therapy students, are likely to use (n = 145). The design of the study was descriptive and correlational. The Thomas Kilmann's MODE instrument and a Conflict Case questionnaire were used as measures of the conflict resolution styles. Results indicated that traditional students favored collaborating while nontraditional students preferred competing and avoiding. The management strategies used by the two groups differed based on the outcome focus and the power relationship between disputants. Findings are relevant for occupational therapy education and continuing professional development. Training in conflict management strategies that would strengthen students' assertiveness and interpersonal skills would be helpful in fostering the leadership needed for fulfilling the profession's vision.

Do meerkats engage in conflict management following aggression? Reconciliation, submission and avoidance

Group-living primates and other animals use postaggression (PA) behavioural strategies to reduce the social costs of aggression. However, the relative frequency with which individuals use these conflict management strategies is unclear in many species, and functional analyses of these behaviours are rare. We observed aggression by dominant individuals against group members in cooperatively breeding meerkats, Suricata suricatta, and examined the incidents and effects of PA affiliation between the opponents (reconciliation), avoidance and submission. Aggression had a negative effect on the social relationship between opponents because of an elevated probability of aggression occurrence and an increased time interval until the first nonagonistic PA encounter compared to nonagonistic (control) encounters. The probability of aggression reoccurrence did not decrease with increasing time interval until the first PA encounter, indicating that aggression had long-lasting negative effects on social relationships. Evidence of reconciliation following aggression was not confirmed in this species. Avoidance and submission by the victim characterized the social behaviour following aggression. Although avoidance by victims in the first PA encounter reduced the probability of aggression reoccurrence, submission during aggression neither reduced the probability of aggression reoccurrence nor shortened the time interval until the first PA encounter. These results suggest that avoidance is the only behavioural option for victims of aggression to deal with PA hostility. Reconciliation and other forms of conflict management may be more important in species with low reproductive skew and with opportunities for negotiating relationships between group members than in despotic singular cooperative breeders.

Enforced consociationalism and deeply divided societies: some reflections on recent developments in Fiji

Consociationalism is seen as a useful tool in dealing with intractable ethnic, religious, linguistic and other tensions in deeply divided societies and is often preferred over federalism, partition, secession, assimilation or other forms of conflict management in such societies. This article examines the validity of many of the assumptions which underlie the concept of consociationalism by looking at the experience of its use in the Pacific island state of Fiji, which has had a long record of strife between the country’s two main ethnic groups, the indigenous Fijians and the Indo-Fijians. It argues that the consociational model – particularly one which is highly prescriptive and involves strong mandatory power-sharing – has certain structural shortcomings which make it unsuitable for adoption in societies (like Fiji) where the ethnic or other cleavages run deep. In such cases, says the author, the society concerned would do well to explore other options such as a looser form of power-sharing, proportional representation, or outright majoritarian rule but with strong minority protections. The article also examines the limitations of judicial intervention in the enforcement of consociational agreements.

Social Structure, Robustness, and Policing Cost in a Cognitively Sophisticated Species

Conflict management is one of the primary requirements for social complexity. Of the many forms of conflict management, one of the rarest and most interesting is third-party policing, or intervening impartially to control conflict. Third-party policing should be hard to evolve because policers personally pay a cost for intervening, while the benefits are diffused over the whole group. In this study we investigate the incidence and costs of policing in a primate society. We report quantitative evidence of non-kin policing in the nonhuman primate, the pigtailed macaque. We find that policing is effective at reducing the intensity of or terminating conflict when performed by the most powerful individuals. We define a measure, social power consensus, that predicts effective low-cost interventions by powerful individuals and ineffective, relatively costly interventions by low-power individuals. Finally, we develop a simple probabilistic model to explore whether the degree to which policing can effectively reduce the societal cost of conflict is dependent on variance in the distribution of power. Our data and simple model suggest that third-party policing effectiveness and cost are dependent on power structure and might emerge only in societies with high variance in power.

The Role of Silence and Avoidance in Interpersonal Conflict

Conflict is an inevitable process in relationships. Effective strategies must be used to manage conflict accordingly. If one is to understand how to incorporate effective strategies when dealing with conflict, the emotional experience related to conflict must be understood. The expression of anger is the emotion most associated with conflict; therefore, anger is an important emotion in the assessment of conflict. Anger is associated with arousal that may be traced to have its roots in the evolution of humankind. The emotion of anger is in part biological which links it to dispositional properties and to another extent largely communicative as it has expressive properties. From a communication perspective, fight and flight responses can be modified to contribute to more productive forms of conflict management. This paper argues that avoidance and silence are strategies that are viewed negatively in Western Cultures; however, these strategies can in fact be effective strategies in promoting peace in relationships when conflict arises. Peace and Conflict Studies - 85

Conflict management in Japanese public affairs talk shows

Although it is often suggested that Japanese discourse is cooperative and harmonious, conflict talk exists and should be examined closely. This study attempts to clarify the interactional structure of conflict talk in Japanese public affairs talk shows by examining conflict in three different talk shows. First, I describe the ways in which various kinds of conflicts are initiated and managed, and then examine how the form which conflict takes is correlated with the structural arrangement of the shows. The results indicate that although conflict management differs greatly, in all cases, it is shaped by two opposing processes: ‘conflict’ and ‘facework’ against conflict. The study also demonstrates that the forms of conflict management are strongly related to the participation structures of the shows.

Third-party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts

Recent research has begun to focus on the role of outside interventions in the duration of civil conflicts. Assuming that interventions are a form of conflict management, ex ante expectations would be that they would reduce a conflict's expected duration. Hypotheses relating the type and timing of outside interventions to the duration of civil conflicts are tested. The data incorporate 150 conflicts during the period from 1945 to 1999, 101 of which had outside interventions. Using a hazard analysis, the results suggest that third-party interventions tend to extend expected durations rather than shorten them. The only aspect of the strategy for intervening that reduces the likelihood that a conflict will end in the next month is that it be biased in favor of either the opposition or the government. In effect, neutral interventions are less effective than biased ones.