Forms Of Child Labour Research Articles

Child labors in brick kilns industries: A case study of Bhagalpur District

The presented research paper studies the problems of child laborers working in brick kilns in Bhagalpur district. The main objective of this research paper is to study the future of India which is being ruined in the form of child labor in Bhagalpur district. On the basis of analysis of the data obtained in the presented research study, it has been found that the condition of child laborers working in brick kilns in Bhagalpur district is quite pathetic. His health and nutrition were found to be inadequate. The parents of these children working as child laborers also work in brick kilns all day long and their children also remain engaged in work all day long, due to which these children do not get a chance to study. These children work hard all day and earn very little wages. Apart from this, they also lack of sufficient money and resources, hence these children are moving away from schools. In fact, it is not only the future of these children being ruined as child labors, but the future of India is being ruined.

Traces of childhood exploitation: A comprehensive study on the forms of child labour in Iran

Traces of childhood exploitation: A comprehensive study on the forms of child labour in Iran

Child labor as a barrier to foundational skills: Evidence from Bangladesh and Pakistan.

According to the International Labor Organization, at least 160 million children ages 5 to 17 around the world were involved in some form of child labor at the beginning of 2020, including 79 million children performing hazardous labor. This article uses recent representative data from Bangladesh and Pakistan to investigate the relationship between foundational skills and child labor engagements for 12- to 14-year-old children. It found a consistent negative association between child labor and reading and numeracy foundational skills. In particular, it found that engagement in hazardous child labor had large negative associations with reading and numeracy foundational skills. It also found negative associations between engagement in economic labor and reading foundational skills. Finally, the article found that intense engagement in household labor was also negatively associated with foundational skills. It discusses the implications of these findings which paint a deeply concerning picture of the challenges ahead of the global community to ensure that all children acquire foundational skills (and beyond). It notes that systematic efforts to define, document, and measure child labor will be crucial to better understand the negative implications of child labor for foundational learning and the potential policy solutions to address these impacts.

Child Labor: Prevalence, Reasons and Knowledge of Early Learning of Handicrafts in Couffo, Benin in 2018

Introduction: One form of child labor is early learning, which is a less worrying phenomenon in our communities in Benin. The objective of this study was to assess the practice of early learning for children in rural areas. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study combined with a qualitative component conducted in the Kissamey district of Benin with four targets: child apprentices (52), master craftsmen (41), parents and guardians (34), local authorities (9). The collection tools were a questionnaire and an interview guide. Results: The frequency of early learning among children was 32.07% with difficult socioeconomic conditions: polygamy (75%), strong siblings (79%), out of school (33%), unmet food needs (96%). The reasons for early learning according to parents were: refusal of the child to go to school (44%), financial difficulties (31%), school failure (22%), but 38% of these children did not know the reason for their learning. The actors had little knowledge of the regulatory texts. Conclusion: Early learning remains a societal problem related to out-of-school and difficult socioeconomic conditions.

Toward eradication of child labour: Assessment of the present situation in a Nigerian City

Background: Child labour deprives children of their childhood, their potential, and their dignity and is harmful to their physical and mental development. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the pattern and adverse effects associated with child labour in Enugu, Nigeria. Patients, Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using an in-depth interviewer-administered questionnaire guide on child labour and adverse effects among children aged 6 to <18 years. Results: The most common labour was hawking (39.2%) and shopkeeping (22.8%). Majority of the children work to support their families. Adverse conditions experienced by the participants include prolonged work hours (100%), assault (15.8%), hunger (15.2%), sexual abuse (14.6%), and accidents (9.9%). Children aged 6–12 years were at a higher risk of sexual abuse (P = 0.005, odds ratio = 2.463, 95% confidence interval = 1.311–4.630). Conclusion: Children in Enugu are still involved in the various forms of child labour which have detrimental effects on their well-being.

The Prevalence of Child Vulnerability and Its Nature: An Analytical Study on Bangladesh Perspective

Child vulnerability refers to the conditions where children have not the ability to protect them from harassment, maltreatment, and malnutrition which could them weakens. This study has tried to reveal the prevalence and the nature of child vulnerability in Bangladesh, and the root causes of child vulnerability have also been explored and debated, and discussed throughout the article. However, the study is narrative and qualitative in the manner and secondary data have been used to develop and support the arguments for the study. As findings, the study has also found that children are at great risks due to some notable reasons, such as excessive academic pressure, the worst form of child labor in the working place, disability, child trafficking, and natural disasters which led them to be victimized with maltreatment and malnutrition which is more prevalent in the rural and urban slum areas. Moreover, climate change and disasters have been playing an adverse role to increase the prevalence of children's vulnerability in Bangladesh. In conclusion, the study suggests that decision-makers and policymakers need to be more conscious and responsible to revise the existing legal frameworks and their effective implementation for the protection of children against vulnerability.

Setting the table, not running it: An inclusive approach to access to healthy foods

Food Empowerment Project (F.E.P.) is a vegan food justice nonprofit in northern California. We focus on making a more just and sustainable food system for everyone involved. Since injustice in the food system crosses the species barrier, we work to connect the dots between the exploitation of human and nonhuman animals. We focus our efforts on four main areas: ending the use of animals in the food system, improving access to healthy foods in Black, Brown, and low-income communities, exposing the worst forms of child labor (including slavery) in the chocolate industry, and advocating for farmworker rights. These seemingly disparate areas have much in common: they are interlocking forms of oppres­sion, marginalization, and domination in the food system. We recognize that the intersecting nature of oppression necessitates a nuanced response. For example, as an organization working on both farm­worker justice and food apartheid, we cannot advocate for lowering the price of food as this would negatively impact produce workers who already suffer grave systemic injustice. Instead, we advocate for equality of access and living wages for everyone.[1] In this piece, we focus on our approach to the lack of access to healthy foods, and specifically our community-based efforts in Vallejo, California.

Acceptance, obedience and resistance: Children's perceptions of street trading in Nigeria

AbstractStreet trading is an under‐researched form of child labour. This study explores experiences of children aged 10–15 in Nigeria, using interviews and focus groups. Children largely accepted the need to contribute economically to the family, as well as their own school expenses. Trading was demanding, and there were hidden costs, such as reduced school attendance, but an emphasis on obedience made challenge difficult. Children felt resistance, but knowledge of their rights did not support acting on these feelings. Accounts demonstrated the difficulties of living at the intersection of competing constructions of childhood.

Behind the scenes: reporting under Australia’s Modern Slavery Act

ABSTRACT Australia’s Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth) (MSA) requires businesses and Commonwealth government entities with an annual turnover of $100 million or more to publish an annual statement on what they are doing to assess and address the risks of modern slavery in their operations and supply chains. Modern slavery includes human trafficking, forced labour, the worst forms of child labour, domestic servitude, and bonded labour. Modern slavery statements submitted by businesses under the Act are publicly available for analysis but may tell us little about the ‘behind the scenes’ processes, tools, structures and relationships within reporting entities. This research contributes to a deeper understanding through 10 in-depth semi-structured interviews with reporting entities where participants discussed the structures and supports they used both internally and externally, the importance of relationships with a range of internal and external stakeholders and the barriers and gaps they experienced in their roles and efforts to comply with the Act. I propose recommendations for strengthening the MSA and its implementation that could inform the three-year review mandated under section 24 of the Act.

Laki rad dece u međunarodnim standardima i zakonodavstvu odabranih stranih država

The protection of children at work was one of the first topics addressed by labor legislation in the world. However, the regulation of child labor remains one of the insufficiently regulated areas in labor law. Within that, one of the newer topics is light work of children. This form of child labor has existed since time immemorial, especially in the family and household, so it is considered useful for acquiring work habits and experience. However, it can be both dangerous and harmful. In this paper, we present the light work topic, with an emphasis on the existing regulations in the world and the possibilities for a best solutions for regulation of this form of work.

Effect of Child Labour on the Academic Performance on School Children in the Kete-Krachi District, Ghana

In Ghana, about 20% of school children are involved in some form of child labour. In the Oti Region of Ghana, the Kete-Krachi district has the highest prevalence rate of about 39 percent compared to 33.2 percent for the whole region (Volta Region, 2007). This paper investigates the impact of child labour among School children in the Kete-Krachi district of the Oti Region. The study explored the major impact of Child labour among school Children. The study interviewed 145 respondents through questionnaire and interviews. The research design for the study was both quantitative and qualitative. The respondents comprised 60 JHS social studies teachers, 60 Victims of child labour, 15 parents or guardians of the victims of child labour and 10 stakeholders of education. Data analysis showed that 67 percent of the victims were from large families of five or more. It was concluded from the findings that, child labour impacts negatively on children's academic work. It results in lateness to school, absenteeism, non-performance of home works, inactive in classroom activities, poor performance in examination and high school dropout rates in Kete-Krachi area.

Is Child Labor an Issue Today? Factors and Policy-Related

The world has accomplished progress in human right and child education under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); the goal that comprises end modern slavery and human trafficking and secures the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labor in all its forms, nevertheless, child labor issues are continuing to spread to many countries in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to address the issue of child labor and factor that help to eliminate child labor issues in Malaysia. Data were collected through an online survey; the participants included twenty-nine (29) Malaysian civil services. The finding of this research indicated that, although the cost for hiring the children is low compare to the adult as highlighted in supply and demand side, few factors preventing community to use the child as a laborer like religion, awareness/knowledge, humanity, ethic, and culture, therefore, there must be a child labor policy that eliminates all forms of child labor in Malaysia. This research is carried values to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in enhancing the policy to end child labor, reduce poverty and hunger, and improves the quality of education; thus, this research carries values to the minister of labor and social affairs in enhancing the policy on human resources development.

Major Causes of Child Labour Among School Childern in the Kete-Krachi District

In Ghana, about 20% of school children are involved in some form of child labor. In the Oti Region of Ghana, the Kete-Krachi district has the highest prevalence rate of about 39% compared to 33.2% for the whole region. This paper investigates the major causes of child labor among School children in the Kete-Krachi district of the Oti Region. The study examined 145 respondents through questionnaire and interviews. The research design for the study was both quantitative and qualitative. The respondents comprised 60 JHS social studies teachers, 60 Victims of child labor, 15 parents or guardians of the victims of child labor and 10 stakeholders of education. Data analysis showed that 67% of the victims were from large families of five or more. It was found out that some of the victims worked to contribute to their own welfare. Others worked due to poverty. Some victims also work to promote their education. It was also observed that teachers, opinion leaders, NGOs and the Government should help in the eradication of the menace in Kete-Krachi area.

Mechanisms to Eradicate Child Labour among School Children in the Kete-Krachi Area

In Ghana, about 20 % of school children are involved in some form of child labour. In the Oti Region of Ghana, the Kete-Krachi district has the highest prevalence rate of about 39 percent compared to 33.2 percent for the whole region (Volta Region, 2007). This article seeks to suggest various mechanisms to be used to eradicate the menace among the Junior High School students in the Kete-Krachi district of the Oti Region to bring about better academic performance of the students. The study interviewed 145 respondents through questionnaire and interviews. The research design for the study was both quantitative and qualitative. The respondents comprised 60 JHS teachers, 60 Victims of child labour, 15 parents or guardians of the victims of child labour and 10 stakeholders of education. Data analysis shows that teachers, opinion leaders, NGOs and the Government have a role to play in the eradication of child labour in the Kete-Krachi area. Keywords Eradicate, mechanism, control and school children DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-14-06 Publication date:July 31st 2020

Ocupación laboral de niñas y niños agrícolas asentados y migrantes en Sonora

El propósito de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de un estudio exploratorio sobre las formas de ocupación laboral de niñas y niños agrícolas, y su relación con la condición de asentados y migrantes pendulares y circulares en tres de los principales campos agrícolas del estado de Sonora. Con el fin de contribuir, mediante una investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa, en la caracterización del trabajo infantil agrícola. El trabajo infantil en la agricultura es un fenómeno económico y social, que adquiere nuevos rasgos ante los crecientes procesos de asentamiento residencial de las familias jornaleras comparativamente con las que continúan inscritas en los desplazamientos pendulares y circulares. Se concluye que, a pesar de los esfuerzos gubernamentales en esta entidad federativa, persiste la ocupación de mano obra infantil en la agricultura. Sin embargo, se identifican avances por regular las formas de incorporación de acuerdo con la legislación establecida, lo que junto con el aumento de los asentamientos y los arreglos familiares de los migrantes pendulares y golondrinos por permanecer por periodos más largos en regiones de atracción, favorecen la disminución y mejoran las condiciones de trabajo de las niñas y niños agrícolas.

Victims without a Voice: Measuring Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Indian State of Bihar

ABSTRACTThis study represents one of the most methodologically rigorous attempts at estimating the prevalence, in the Indian state of Bihar, of the worst forms of child labor, defined broadly as coerced labor detrimental physically or psychologically to the development of a child. Based on samples collected through a combination of spatial random sampling and link-tracing strategies, and applying population-based calibrations, we find that the worst the forms of child labor are widespread and pervasive among child workers in urban Bihar, irrespective of whether we apply the Indian legal framework or the international convention. Such pervasive exploitation and abuse of child labor in one Indian state suggest the need to develop solutions that must address the fundamental social forces that compel children to work in slave-like conditions, such as basic livable wages for adult laborers and greater enforcement of existing child protection laws to ensure proper scrutiny of places where children are employed. It will take a long-term commitment from the Indian government as well as the civil society to tackle such a large-scale social problem, and interventions aiming to bring about significant social changes, such as improved enforcement of existing child labor law, public education and awareness campaign, financial as well as legal punishment of egregious employers.

Forced Labour and Trade: A Canada – United States Comparative Analysis

Extract ----- Abstract This article examines legal and policy measures taken in Canada and the United States to intensify the fight against forced labour and the worst forms of child labour in international trade. First, the article explores clauses included in regional trade agreements to combat forced and child labour. It then looks specifically at measures adopted by Canada, contrasting its strong international commitment with the country’s failure to implement policy to support this commitment at national level. The article then compares the Canadian approach to recent legislative amendments in the United States, which strengthen prohibitions in place since 1930 on importing products made from forced labour. Keywords: Forced labour, child labour, regional trade agreements, Canada, United States

The use of children in cocoa production in sekyere south district in ashanti region, ghana: is this child labour or an apprenticeship training?

Concerns have been growing in Ghana about the employment of children, aged between 5-17 years, in cocoa production activities. This concern is echoed by the International Labour Organisation in its attempt to eliminate Worst Form of Child Labour. The objectives of the study were as to: investigate whether the labour of the children are paid for; determine the extent of children’s involvement; and investigate the risks they are exposed to. Using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), participant groups made up of women, men, children and opinion leaders were purposely selected from 10 cocoa producing communities from the study area. Structured questionnaires were also administered to 50 cocoa farmers through face-to-face interviews. The study revealed that harvesting is the stage in the cocoa production process that children are directly and actively involved. The study concludes by indicating that child labour and cocoa production are inseparable in the cocoa producing areas in the study site.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. &amp; Tech. 8 (1): 38-43, June, 2018

A Critical Assessment of The Minimum Age Convention 138 of 1973 and The Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 182 of 1999

The International Labour Organisation (the ILO) has regulated child labour through the Minimum Age Convention and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention. Such conventions aim at the reduction and eventual elimination of harmful labour practices. After the ratification of such conventions, many countries have adopted domestic laws prohibiting harmful labour. Despite such regulations, statistics prove that children still participate in harmful work. The main purpose of this article is to assess the ILO child labour conventions critically, so as to provide further understanding of the provisions of the text of such instruments. While the aim of the Minimum Age Convention was the progressive eradication of child labour, the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention recognises the existence of tolerable forms of child labour, and it seeks to eliminate the worst forms of child labour.&#x0D;

Garbage Collection and Rag Picking: An Issue of Child Labor in Rawalpindi (An Anthropological Approach)

The nature of this study was qualitative and covers the children collecting the Garbage and Rag picking in Rawalpindi city. In the study, Afghan scavengers were selected for qualitative analyses. The family backgrounds of these scavengers and the demographic factors were also analyzed. Most of the qualitative methods including key informant interviews, visit and stay in the area, In-depth interview of 50 participants was applied to observe the phenomenon and collect the relevant information. The process of scavenging and the situation explored presented that besides poverty and economic pressure, the migration, independent nature of scavenging work, higher income as capered to other forms of child labor and increased urbanization were the major causes behind the phenomenon. The study also revealed that scavenging children face isolation due to their Afghan identity, higher health risks due to unprotected exposure to hazardous waste and routine violence from people. A comprehensive strategy is required for dealing with this issue in society.