Forms Of Aquaculture Research Articles

PENGOLAHAN PRODUK DIVERSIFIKASI IKAN BAGI KELOMPOK WANITA NELAYAN MANDIRI DESA LAMUNDRE, KECAMATAN WATUBANGGA, KABUPATEN KOLAKA

Lamundre Village is one of the villages located in Watubangga District, Kolaka Regency which has promising marine natural resource potential, both in the form of aquaculture and capture fisheries. Various types of fish catch produced by the Lamundre Village Community include skipjack fish 30 tons/year and lure fish 70 tons/year. The catch is only dried and sold raw to the market. However, this potential can still be increased to increase the income of the Lamundre Village Community and increase the diversity of fishery products from the village. The Lamundre Village Independent Fishermen's Women's Group is a partner that operates in the fish processing sector. The main problem with partners is the low level of knowledge and skills of group members in processing fishery products. Therefore, it is very necessary to provide training and assistance to partners in processing fishery products. The fish processing products carried out are making fish balls and fish floss. Fish balls and fish floss are one of the fish processing activities that can increase the added value and shelf life of fish. The aim of this community service activity is to improve the skills and knowledge of the Independent Women Fishermen Group partners in processing fish independently into a product, namely fish balls and fish floss. This community service activity will be carried out in September 2024 in Lamundre Village, Watubangga District, Kolaka Regency. The activity method is carried out at several stages including the observation stage, preparation stage, training and mentoring stage, and evaluation stage. The result of this community service activity is an increase in partners' skills and knowledge in making fish balls and fish floss. Based on the results of the interview, the partner's skill level became 85% and the knowledge level increased 100% after the training. Partners are able to make fish balls and fish floss according to the materials provided. The fish balls and fish floss produced in this training activity do not smell or fishy, ​​this is because the process of making fish balls and fish floss complies with the quality standards for making fish balls and fish floss (SNI 7690.2013). This community service activity is able to improve the skills and knowledge of partners in making fish balls and fish floss.

The Development of an ‘Incidental’ Form of Aquaculture During the Late Old Kingdom? Cattle as ‘Marshland Modifiers’ of the Nilotic Marshes and Their Potential Impact upon Old Kingdom Fishing Behaviors

Abstract During the latter half of the Old Kingdom, Egypt experienced irregular water supply. Lower than normal inundations resulted in nutrients normally lost from the river remaining within it. Over the same time, unusually strong rainfall events occurred, transferring even more nutrients into the river. These excess nutrients changed the ecology, affecting the local environment. These changes may have influenced the ecological characteristics of the riverine habitat, and how society responded and adapted. In the latter half of the Old Kingdom, depictions of cattle fording increased, suggesting that cattle were able to take advantage of the plants that now flourished upon the riverbanks as a result of the excess nutrients available. As the movement of cattle across the various river channels increased, the physical structures of the marshlands changed, which may have impacted upon those organisms also exploiting those areas, and affected fishing practices therein. Were these responses accidental, incidental, or co-incidental?

Biological life‐history and farming scenarios of marine aquaculture to help reduce wild marine fishing pressure

AbstractAquaculture (freshwater and marine) has largely supplemented fisheries, but in theory could help reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks. Although not the sole factors, some potential benefits depend on aquaculture pressures on fished species, including collection of wild ‘seed’ material—earlier to later life stages—for rearing in captivity and the capacity of aquaculture to increase. Here we first classify 203 marine (saltwater and brackish) animal species as being produced by either open‐cycle capture‐based aquaculture (CBA) or closed‐cycle domesticated aquaculture (DA)—based on their likely reliance on wild seed—and assess the extent to which these forms of aquaculture could support seafood production and greater wild biomass. Using a data‐limited modelling approach, we find evidence that current aquaculture practices are not necessarily helping reduce fishing to sustainable levels for their wild counterparts—consistent with emerging scientific research. However, if some wild capture species (87 equivalent spp.) were instead produced through CBA, almost a million extra tonnes could theoretically be left in the wild, without reducing seafood production. Alternatively, if reliance on wild seed inputs is further reduced by shifting to DA production, then a little less than doubling of aquaculture of the overexploited species in our study could help fill the ‘production gap’ to support fishing at maximum sustainable levels. While other ecological (e.g. escapes), social and economic considerations (e.g. market substitution) are important, we focused on a critical biological linkage between wild fisheries and aquaculture that provides another aspect on how to improve management alignment of the sectors.

Status of rice-fish farming and rice field fisheries in Northern Laos

IntroductionRice-fish farming can play an important role in increasing food production in less developed countries. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos) is one of the least developed countries in the world, and rice is the most important crop in Laos.MethodsThe present study conducted field surveys in 2022 in order to get a better understanding of the status of rice-fish production systems in mountainous areas in Northern Laos. Rice-fish farming was defined as one form of aquaculture in the present study, characterized by seed stocking and feed input. Rice field fisheries is mainly the harvesting of wild fish with no seed and feed input.ResultsWe found that rice-fish production systems, including both integrated rice-fish farming and rice field fisheries, are still in resources poor status with low input levels of fertilizer and chemicals. Rice-fish farms generally have higher intensification levels in rice farming than that rice field fisheries farms. Rice-fish farms generate significantly more value output of rice than that rice field fisheries farms. Overall, rice-fish farms use land and labor more efficiently and generate higher land and labor productivity measured in value output than rice field fisheries farms.DiscussionWe suggest that more rice field fisheries farms can be intensified with extra seed and feed input to move to rice-fish farming to produce more aquatic products and more value output with the same rice field areas in Northern Laos.

Attached Macroinvertebrates Inhabiting Marine Plastic Debris from the Beach and Port Areas of the Southern Sea of Korea

The increasing amount of marine plastic debris (MPD) poses risks of ingestion, entanglement, and transport of alien species. A new ecosystem called the “plastisphere” is currently being studied, but relevant research on it is limited. In this study, we analyzed the frequency of appearance of macroinvertebrate species on MPD. Macroinvertebrates attached to MPD were collected once every three months from March to December 2021 in eight regions. MPD in the form of aquaculture and fishing gear was detected most frequently during the study. In total, two phyla, 14 orders, 19 families, and 41 species of attached macroinvertebrates were detected during the study. There were more attached macroinvertebrate species, and they were more frequent, on fishing/aquaculture MPD (sea origin) than packaging MPD (land origin). Most fishing/aquaculture MPD is made of softer or rougher materials than packaging MPD and has a longer exposure time in the sea. In particular, the alien species Mytilus galloprovincialis was found on all longer-exposure MPD. These findings suggest that the macroinvertebrates attached to MPD are affected by the duration of exposure to the water and the characteristics of the MPD material. Therefore, in the future, fishing/aquaculture MPD could be used as an indicator for monitoring MPD-attached organisms.

PENGEMBANGAN BUDIDAYA UDANG VANAME SEBAGAI UPAYA PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DI DESA SEMUT, WONOKERTO, PEKALONGAN

One of the villages in the Pekalongan Regency area which is located on the coast, and has great potential in the fisheries (catch and cultivation) and marine sector, namely Semut Village. Shrimp and milkfish cultivation is a form of aquaculture that is widely developed in this village. In addition, there are also crab catching activities. Community empowerment activities through the use of existing land for the development of vaname shrimp cultivation. This activity lasts 2 months from April to June 2021. The main goal is to improve community skills in the process of vaname shrimp cultivation. Training, both practical and theoretical, was provided mainly in the form of knowledge and technical skills regarding the preparation of vaname shrimp ponds. The community involved in vaname shrimp cultivation activities in Semut Village is the "Kolbu Vaname Amanah Semut" group. The empowerment scheme is carried out by providing assistance in the form of a package of vaname shrimp fry, feed, and windmills through this group. Through this activity, the community felt a change in the form of additional knowledge, harvests, income, and technology development.

Instruments to implement sustainable aquaculture in the European Union

The article gives an overview of instruments aimed to promote sustainable aquaculture which is used in European Union legislation and policy. Pursuant to FAO’s definition aquaculture involves the reproduction, breeding, cultivation and marketing of aquatic plants and animals, in controlled or semi-controlled environments. Today, a one fifth of the fish and seafood produced in the EU already comes from fish farms and other forms of aquaculture. The EUs’ regulation of Common Fisheries Policy comprises: protection, management, and exploitation of living aquatic resources, aquaculture, processing and trade in fishery and aquaculture products. A large number of regulations, guidance documents and policy papers have been produced in the past decade in the EU which address many implementation issues which are relevant for aquaculture. Attention is drawn not only to the Common Fisheries Policy but also to the uneven development and current importance of aquaculture globally.

Marinising a terrestrial concept: Public money for public goods

Exiting the EU allows the UK to unilaterally change the frameworks that govern its environment and natural resources. This opportunity is timely given the urgent need to address the biodiversity and climate emergencies, and deliver the necessary policy changes to meet associated international agreements. The UK's divergence from EU environmental policy has already begun. The new Agriculture Act uses the concept of “public money for public goods” (PMPG) to seemingly revolutionise direct agricultural subsidies, replacing the much-maligned funding mechanisms under the Common Agricultural Policy and making the provision of their replacement dependent upon actions delivering societal gain. However, the potential benefits of transposing this concept to marine fisheries and aquaculture are yet to be recognised despite similar criticisms of funding mechanisms under the Common Fisheries Policy. This paper therefore considers the key distinctions between our use of marine and terrestrial environments and how PMPG could be applied to fisheries and aquaculture. The findings suggest that some forms of aquaculture are well-placed to benefit from a ‘marinising’ of the PMPG concept. Currently, capture fisheries, because they do not have ownership over marine space and interact with the marine environment in an extractive manner, have a greater challenge to adapt their business models to receive public money under this framework.

Growth rate of african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and plankton diversity in ponds under organic and inorganic fertilization

Aquaculture offers the opportunity for safeguarding local and global food security in the face of declining capture fisheries. However, the form of aquaculture that is commonly practiced in Kenya is characterized by the use of agrochemicals such as fertilizers that negatively impact biodiversity especially when effluents from fish ponds drain into water bodies. This study aimed to determine differences in the growth rate of Clarias gariepinus, an important aquaculture fish in Kenya, to assess plankton diversity, and to identify phytoplankton species associated with pollution under organic and inorganic fertilization regimens using chicken manure, Diammonium phosphate, and urea, respectively. Average growth rate calculated per day was higher in the organically-fertilized ponds at 0.06 cm/day, followed by inorganically-fertilized ponds at 0.05cm/day and then, the control at 0.04 cm/day. Average weight gain was higher in organically-fertilized ponds at 0.08 g/day followed by ponds fertilized with inorganic fertilizer at 0.07 g/day and the control, at 0.06g/day. There were significant differences in growth rate across fertilization regimens (length: F2, 264= 24.06, p = 0.0399; weight: F2, 264 = 20.89, p = 0. 0457). Specifically, although differences in growth rate of fish in organically and inorganically fertilized ponds were not significant, fish in fertilized ponds were on average, longer and weighed more than those in the control pond. Jaccard’s similarity index for phytoplankton was highest (0.38) between organically-fertilized ponds and control but lowest (0.25) between inorganically-fertilized ponds and control. Use of chicken manure produced the highest diversity of zooplankton (Shannon-Weiner’s H in organically-fertilized pond = 1.886; inorganic = 1.044, and control = 0.935). The use of DAP and urea produced the highest proportion of phytoplankton species associated with pollution. These results do not support the commonly reported notion that ponds fertilized using inorganic fertilizers are more productive. Findings suggest that the use of inorganic fertilizers may threaten biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems through the production of toxic algae.

Elements of circular technologies in aquaculture on the waters of energy facilities

The elements of circular technologies in aquaculture on various energy waters are considered. The development of forms of aquaculture from pasture to industrial with an increase in the share of circular technologies is shown. It is noted that the use of cage fish farming on warm waste waters of energy facilities is complicated by eutrophication at high fish stocking densities and the peculiarities of temperature and hydrochemical regimes. The necessity of selection of new aquaculture objects with a fast growth rate, thermophilic and not demanding to the oxygen content in water is noted: a promising object of cultivation in warm waters is the African clary catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Possibilities of including other representatives of catfish - shill catfish (Pangasius) are considered. The results of experimental cultivation of spicy vegetable crops on waste products of crucian carp and clary catfish are presented. The analysis of own data and data of foreign sources is carried out. The dependence of the growth of valuable plant species on the type of fish in aquaponics is shown. Aquaculture and aquaponics as specific components of the modern agricultural sector in the development are focused on industrial production technologies using circular technologies for the efficient use of resources.

Valuasi Ekonomi Terumbu Karang Pasca Penetapan Kawasan Konservasi Laut Sawu Di Kabupaten Kupang

This research has been carried out in the Savu Sea Waters. The method used in data collection through interviews and questionnaires. Data collected and analyzed in this study are Direct Use, Indirect, Option, Existence and Bequest Value. The types of benefits identified and quantified are coral reef resources in the Savu Sea, especially those in Kupang Regency Coastal Area for Use Value, the Direct, Indirect, Option, Bequest, and Existence Value. Then a comparison is made between the direct value of coral reefs consisting of capture fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. While the value of indirect of coral reefs includes abrasion, carbon sink, fish nursery, spawning and Feeding Ground. And Non Use Value which consists of Option Value, Bequest, and Existence. The results of the analysis show that the value of direct is Rp. 218,027,971,623, 69 / year, indirect is Rp. 20,795,211,891.89 / year, option value is Rp. 3,967,284,324.32 / year, the existence is Rp. 4,121,520,000 / year, and the value of inheritance is Rp. 4,087,245,405.41. The highest Direct Use Value is in the form of capture fisheries value, while the lowest is in the form of aquaculture. Furthermore, for the economic value of Indirect as a Feeding Ground is the highest value compared to the others and the value of research benefits is the lowest. Meanwhile, the highest Non Use Value is the Existence and the lowest is the Bequest.

Pen Culture Detection Using Filter Tensor Analysis with Multi-Temporal Landsat Imagery

Aquaculture plays an important role in China’s total fisheries production nowadays, and it leads to a few problems, for example water quality degradation, which has damaging effect on the sustainable development of environment. Among the many forms of aquaculture that deteriorate the water quality, disorderly pen culture is especially severe. Pen culture began very early in Yangchenghu Lake and Taihu Lake in China and part of the pen culture still exists. Thus, it is of great significance to evaluate the distribution and area of the pen culture in the two lakes. However, the traditional method for pen culture detection is based on the factual measurement, which is labor and time consuming. At present, with the development of remote sensing technologies, some target detection algorithms for multi/hyper-spectral data have been used in the pen culture detection, but most of them are intended for the single-temporal remote sensing data. Recently, a target detection algorithm called filter tensor analysis (FTA), which is specially designed for multi-temporal remote sensing data, has been reported and has achieved better detection results compared to the traditional single-temporal methods in many cases. This paper mainly aims to investigate the pen culture in Yangchenghu Lake and Taihu Lake with FTA implemented on the multi-temporal Landsat imagery, by determining the optimal time phases combination of the Landsat data in advance. Furthermore, the suitability and superiority of FTA over Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM) in the process of pen culture detection were tested. It was observed in the experiments on the data of those two lakes that FTA can detect the pen culture much more accurately than CEM with Landsat data of selected bands and of limited number of time phases.

Diurnal stratification of oxygen in shallow aquaculture ponds in central Europe and recommendations for optimal aeration

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an important livestock in regions of Central Europe, where it is bred in shallow, turbid ponds (mean depth 1 m). A frequent problem observed in this form of aquaculture is hypoxia, which confines the fish close to the surface, preventing them from optimally feeding at the bottom. According to information propagated in textbooks and good practice guidebooks and internet documents, the best solution to that is aeration in the early morning hours, when oxygen concentration is supposed to be minimal. While we wanted to test the feasibility of photovoltaic power for aeration of ponds, we detected that on days with bright sunshine the lowest oxygen concentration occurs in the afternoon at the bottom layer of a shallow pond, and that oxygen distribution is highly influenced by thermal stratification. This formation of layers of different temperatures within the water body inhibits the diffusion of oxygen. A breaking of the stratification effectively increases the oxygen concentration, elevating the overall amount of oxygen in the pond. Consequently, the drop in oxygen concentration at night is less dramatic, and critically low levels of oxygen in deeper zones of the pond are avoided. A comparison between the oxygen distribution and daytime or nighttime aeration showed that on days with bright sunshine it is more effective to force mixing of the entire water column during the day, making the use of a photovoltaic power system feasible. This offers a simple and elegant solution for ponds which are not connected to the power grid.

Emergy analysis to evaluate the sustainability of two oyster aquaculture systems in the Chesapeake Bay

Oyster aquaculture is a growing industry in Maryland, USA and other coastal regions with significant estuaries that naturally provide the necessary salinity, food resources, and water flow for oyster growth. Although scientists, industry, and policy-makers promote oyster aquaculture as a sustainable business, studies to determine the environmental sustainability of oyster farming have focused on local environmental impacts without an analysis of the resources required and the overall ecological support needed to maintain a productive oyster farm. Since oyster aquaculture is a coupling of the human economy and the estuarine environment, understanding the sustainability of oyster aquaculture requires quantifying both the efforts of humans and the work of nature required to operate the farms. Emergy analysis, a quantitative tool for evaluating the energy and resources needed to support a process or product, converts the work of nature and human effort into a single metric, the solar emjoule (sej) for ease of comparison. The conversion allows the direct comparison of system flows of differing inputs, outputs and environmental impacts. This study compares two oyster (Crassostrea virginica) aquaculture farms in the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland, USA) that use differing methods of cultivation – floating rafts and on-bottom cages – through an emergy analysis. Our results showed that both farms are intensive systems driven primarily by imported emergy from the economy such as human labor, hatchery products, fuels, goods, and services. In comparison with other aquaculture products, cage- and raft-grown oyster production is supported by a higher percent of local renewable emergy (23% and 28%, respectively), in the form of particulate organic matter and estuarine water circulation. Our results showed a lower environmental loading ratio (3.2 and 2.5, respectively) than other forms of aquaculture; however the emergy yield ratio (1.3 and 1.4) was comparable to other aquaculture products. Between the two methods of rearing oysters, floating cage aquaculture had a lower environmental impact and a higher percentage of renewable emergy due to closer proximity to shore, which reduced motor fuel use, labor, and services. However floating cage used more emergy from hatchery products, due to the purchase of larger spat. Overall, we determined that oyster aquaculture has a lower global environmental impact, higher sustainability rating, and a higher net benefit to society than other forms of aquaculture. Reducing fuel use by locating aquaculture zone close to shore in floating cages and reducing electricity use by accessing natural water flows to drive upweller systems during the nursery stage are two opportunities to enhance sustainability of oyster aquaculture systems.

Nonmedical Uses of Antibiotics: Time to Restrict Their Use?

The global crisis of antibiotic resistance has reached a point where, if action is not taken, human medicine will enter a postantibiotic world and simple injuries could once again be life threatening. New antibiotics are needed urgently, but better use of existing agents is just as important. More appropriate use of antibiotics in medicine is vital, but the extensive use of antibiotics outside medical settings is often overlooked. Antibiotics are commonly used in animal husbandry, bee-keeping, fish farming and other forms of aquaculture, ethanol production, horticulture, antifouling paints, food preservation, and domestically. This provides multiple opportunities for the selection and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Given the current crisis, it is vital that the nonmedical use of antibiotics is critically examined and that any nonessential use halted.

Energy and water use of a small-scale raft aquaponics system in Baltimore, Maryland, United States

Aquaponics is a form of aquaculture that integrates hydroponics to raise edible plants and fish. There is growing interest in aquaponics because it can be practiced in non-traditional locations for agriculture such as inside warehouses and on marginal lands, and it can provide locally grown products without using synthetic pesticides, chemical fertilizers, or antibiotics. Yet questions remain about the ecological and economic sustainability of aquaponics. The objective of this study was to describe the operating conditions, inputs (energy, water, and fish feed) and outputs (edible crops and fish) and their relationship over two years for a small-scale raft aquaponics operation in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The system had roughly 1% water loss per day and used an average of 35,950L for replenishment per year. Predicted values suggest rainfall could completely replace the existing water needs. The average energy use was 19,526kWh for propane and electricity per year at a cost of $2055 US dollars. The largest uses of electricity were in-tank water heaters. Comparing inputs to outputs, 104L of water, 0.5kg feed, and 56kWh energy ($6 in energy costs) were needed to produce 1kg of crops; and 292L of water, 1.3kg feed, and 159kWh of energy ($12 in energy costs) were needed to produce a 1kg increase in tilapia. Raising tilapia was a net loss, while raising crops was a net gain when comparing market prices to energy costs. Understanding energy, water, and feed use in aquaponic systems is essential to inform farm business plans. These data can serve as a point of comparison to other small-scale aquaponic systems, and inform future work on life cycle assessments of aquaponics.

The recruitment of scallops (and beyond) by two different artificial collectors (Gulf of Taranto, Mediterranean Sea)

This study provides for the first time an evaluation of the natural availability of scallop seeds along the coastal area of Taranto (Mediterranean Sea, Southern Italy). To select the best artificial collectors to harvest scallop seeds in this area, cylindrical collectors (Cyl) were compared to traditional ‘Japanese-style onion bags’ (Bag) across three sites. Scallops represented 26.6% of total bivalve recruitment among all collectors (782 ± 331 ind. m−2). The most recruited scallops were Flexopecten glaber and Mimachlamys varia. The white (F. glaber) and black scallops (M. varia) were abundant at all three sites, while the queen scallop, Aequipecten opercularis, was only found at one site. Beyond the recruitment of scallops, numerous other potential commercial bivalve species were collected, including Limaria tuberculata, which was the most abundant bivalve species (33.3% of total recruitment). At all sites, Bag collectors had higher recruitment than Cyl collectors. Scallops recruited in artificial collectors exhibited a multicohort size distribution at most sites, suggesting potentially continuous reproductive activity in the scallop populations. F. glaber, M. varia and L. tuberculata could be good candidates to diversify the aquaculture production because of the availability of seed and their growth rate. Moreover, the farming of these bivalves integrates well with other forms of aquaculture (e.g. mussels), thus potentially offering farmers an additional source of income.

Commercial aquaponics production and profitability: Findings from an international survey

Abstract Aquaponics is the integration of aquaculture and hydroponics. There is expanding interest in aquaponics as a form of aquaculture that can be used to produce food closer to urban centers. Commercial aquaponics uses methods and equipment from both the hydroponics and aquaculture industries. There have been few studies of commercial-scale aquaponics production, and the purpose of this research was to document the production methods, crop and fish yields, and profitability of commercial aquaponics in the United States (US) and internationally. An online survey was used for data collection, and 257 respondents met the inclusion criteria for the study. Eighty-one percent of respondents lived in the US, and the remaining respondents were from 22 other countries. The median year that respondents had begun practicing aquaponics was 2010. A total of 538 full-time workers, 242 part-time workers, and 1720 unpaid workers or volunteers were employed at surveyed organizations. The most commonly raised aquatic animals by percent were tilapia (69%), ornamental fish (43%), catfish (25%), other aquatic animals (18%), perch (16%), bluegill (15%), trout (10%), and bass (7%). Production statistics, gross sales revenue, investments, and sales outlets for operations are reported and compared to other fields of aquaculture and agriculture. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to study which factors were associated with profitability (as a binary outcome) in the past 12 months. Several factors were significantly associated with profitability: aquaponics as the respondents' primary source of income (p

Design of Wireless Cage Culture Monitoring System Based on Remote Programme Update

Cage culture is one of the major forms of aquaculture now. For ensuring the product quality, it is necessary that the status of water environment is estimated. Aiming at the issues of high cost and the difficulty of arrangement cables, intelligent remote monitoring system based on wireless communication technology is developing, and wireless remote program update technology is brought in for adapting to different aquatic products. The system has advantage of wiring easily and networking conveniently, and has wide market prospects.

Ethical Issues in Aquaculture Production

The ethical issues raised by aquaculture were analyzed. A modification of the Ethical Matrix of the Food Ethics Council for the evaluation of novel foods was used; the Ethical Matrix was changed in order to include the various aquaculture production stages separately. The following stages were distinguished: the breeding stage, the growth/feeding stage, the “other-handling” stage (that includes disease and treatment, transportation of organisms, killing procedure, and DNA vaccinations), and the commercialization stage. The ethical issues concerning the producers, the consumers, the environment, and the aquacultured organisms, are discussed. This scheme was fitted to the intensive cage-culture of carnivorous fish. The differences with other forms of aquaculture are discussed, and how the scheme extrapolates to them. The ethical evaluation of aquaculture, in practice, will be rather a utilitarian balancing of cost and benefits of the respective actions. The desired characteristics of an ethical evaluation have been also outlined. Ethical evaluation should not be limited to a purely scientific analysis; it should be holistic, comparable to available alternatives, and should have the flexibility to incorporate new data generated in the fast growing/continuous changing aquaculture sector.