Formative Measurement Models Research Articles

Structure Equation Model for Costs and Benefits of Distribution Pipe Rehabilitation in Reactive Maintenance

Some water distribution pipe networks were constructed several decades ago and have been damaged. The old pipe network has experienced many leaks and should be rehabilitated. In old cities like Jakarta, with high leak rates (1.6 leaks/km/year), pipeline network managers must frequently repair leaks or perform reactive maintenance. Far too many pipes need to be rehabilitated compared to the available budget. This research will develop an optimization model for selecting rehabilitated pipes under reactive maintenance conditions, which has never been performed before. The selection of pipe segments to be rehabilitated must be optimal to obtain maximum benefits using minimum costs. The variables that influence rehabilitation costs and benefits and the relationship between these variables need to be known to optimize the selection. The influencing variables and their model structure were obtained from literature reviews and surveys of respondents with sufficient experience in water pipe network management. These influential variables have varying characteristics. Data processing and analysis uses the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method with a formative–formative measurement model. In total, 22 variables were found to be valid and significantly influenced the cost and benefits of rehabilitation. The analysis results are a structural model of the relationship between variables that influence the costs and benefits of rehabilitation in reactive maintenance with a limited budget, which can be used to optimize rehabilitation models.

PLS-SEM for Multivariate Analysis: A Practical Guide to Educational Research using SmartPLS

Implementation of PLS-SEM in educational research has developed significantly, but there are variations in the presentation of the analysis results. This study aims to provide practical understanding to researchers who intend to utilize PLS-SEM in multivariate analysis to enhance the recognition and validity of the resultant research outcomes using SmartPLS. This research is a literature study that conducts content analysis of relevant books and publications. The research results present PLS-SEM analysis using SmartPLS on reflective and formative research models with first-order and second-order approaches through measurement model evaluation (outer model) and structural model evaluation (inner model) with various criteria. Evaluation of the reflective measurement model consists of reflective indicator loadings, internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The review of the formative measurement model consists of convergent validity, collinearity, and statistical significance of weights. The structural model evaluation consists of the collinearity test, significance value, f square, R square, Q square, SRMR, PLSpredict, and robustness checks. Therefore, this study can provide guidance using SmartPLS in conducting PLS-SEM analysis and presenting acceptable analysis results.

Big Data Value Proposition in UK Facilities Management: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach

Big data analytics (BDA) has been introduced in the past few years in most industries as a factor capable of revolutionizing their operations by offering significant efficiency opportunities and benefits. To compete in this digital age, businesses must adopt a client-centric service model, founded on data delivering continuous value and achieving optimal performance, whilst also upgrading their own decision-making and reporting processes. This article aims to explore how UK FM organizations are currently capitalizing on BDA to drive innovation and ‘added value’ in their operations. The objective is to shed light on the initial BDA adoption efforts within the UK’s FM sector, particularly capturing the benefits experienced by FM organizations in relation to customer value and improved decision-making processes. Drawing upon exploratory sequential research including a qualitative stage with 12 semi-structured interviews and an industry-wide questionnaire survey with 52 responses, a novel fifteen-variable model for BDA outcomes was developed. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a Higher-Order model using Partial Least Square Structural modelling (PLS-SEM) were used to validate the scale. The EFA output generated three dimensions with 14 items. The dimensions included Improved client value, FM business operations added value, and Improved efficiency added value. Furthermore, the results of PLS-SEM confirmed the validity of the scale items and the reflective–formative measurement model. The findings suggest that the contemporary digitization trend offers the FM service the unique opportunity to develop a smarter, client-centric strategy resulting in more personalized services and stronger customer relationships. Furthermore, efficient resource management and planning powered by analytics and data-driven insights emerge as a key driver for competitive differentiation in the field. As one of the first studies to develop and validate scale items measuring specific dimensions of BDA adoption outcomes, the study makes significant contributions to the literature.

Implementation of eco-control system by Indonesian manufacturing firms: Understanding the mediating role of organizational culture

Implementing eco-control is a strategic way for companies to prevent environmental damage. This paper aims to analyze the effect of perceived environmental uncertainty and stakeholder pressure on system implementation through environmentally oriented organizational culture as a mediating variable. This study utilizes the PLS-SEM model using a sample of 104 manufacturing companies in Indonesia; 197 respondents from those companies completed the survey. All variables used in the research model are significant for a formative measurement model, and an internal model applied met all criteria. This study confirms a negative relationship between perceptions of environmental uncertainty and environmentally oriented organizational culture (β = 0.174, p < 0.01). The opposite effect is shown by the relationship between stakeholder pressure and organizational culture (β = 0.379, p < 0.01), and the positive effect of organizational culture on the implementation of eco-control in companies is significant (β = 0.650, p < 0.01). In addition, organizational culture partially mediates the relationship between perceptions of environmental uncertainty and the implementation of the eco-control system (β = 0.317, p < 0.05) and between stakeholder pressure and the implementation of this system (β = 0.401, p < 0.05). When companies through managers face uncertainty from the ecological environment and stakeholder pressure, they should utilize an eco-control system, which can succeed in profit goals and environmental responsibility.

The conceptualisation implies the statistical model: implications for measuring domains of teaching quality

ABSTRACT Classroom observation rubrics are a widely adopted tool for measuring the quality of teaching and provide stable conceptualisations of teaching quality that facilitate empirical research. Here, we present four statistical approaches for analysing data from classroom observations: Factor analysis, Rasch modelling, latent class or profile analysis, and formative measurement models. Each statistical model conceptualises the latent variable differently, which may or may not align with the observation rubric’s conceptualisation of teaching quality. We discuss the differences across these models, focusing on the alignment between the rubric’s conceptualisation of teaching quality and the model’s modelling of the latent variable. We discuss the need to align model selection with observation rubric so that the measured teaching quality reflects the theoretically conceptualised teaching quality.

Human resource records management culture and privacy control in Ghana: the roles of employee experience and top management commitment

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of employee experience and top management commitment in the relationship between human resource (HR) records management culture and HR records privacy control in organisations in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modelling was used in analysing the data. Following the specification of the model, three main types of analyses were carried out. They were reflective measurement model analyses to test reliability and validity; formative measurement model analyses to test redundancy, collinearity, significance and relevance of the lower-order constructs; and structural model analyses to ascertain the explanatory and predictive powers of the model, significance of the hypotheses and their effect sizes. Findings The study confirmed that communication, privacy awareness and training and risk assessment are dimensions of HR records management culture. Concerning the hypotheses, it was established that HR records management culture is related to HR records privacy control. Also, the study showed that employee experience positively moderated the relationship HR records management culture has with HR records privacy control. However, top management commitment negatively moderated the relationship HR records management culture has with HR records privacy control. Practical implications Organisations committed to the privacy control of HR records need to ensure the retention of their employees, as the longer they stay with the organisation, the more they embody the HR records management culture which improves the privacy control of HR records. For top management commitment, it should be restricted to providing strategic direction for HR records privacy control, as the day-to-day influence of top management commitment on the HR records management culture does not improve the privacy control of HR records. Originality/value This study demonstrates that communication, privacy awareness and training and risk assessment are dimensions of HR record management culture. Also, the extent of employee experience and top management commitment required in the relationship between HR records management culture and HR records privacy control is revealed.

Reconsidering the implications of formative versus reflective measurement model misspecification

AbstractThe literature on formative modelling (“formative measurement”) in the information systems discipline claims that measurement model misspecification, where a reflective model is used instead of a more appropriate formative model, is widespread. In this research, we argue that this cannot be true because models misspecified in this way would fail the measurement validation procedures used with reflective models and thus would not be publishable. To support this argument, we present two extensive simulation studies. The simulation results show that in most cases where data originates from a formative model, estimating a reflective model would not produce results that satisfy the commonly used measurement validation guidelines. Based on these results, we conclude that widespread publication of models where the direction of measurement is misspecified is unlikely in IS and other disciplines that use similar measurement validation guidelines. Moreover, building on recent discussions on modelling endogenous formatively specified latent variables, we demonstrate that the effects of misspecification are minor in models that do pass the model quality check. Our results address important issues in the literature on the consequences of measurement model misspecification and provide a starting point for new advances in this area.

METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH OF SOCIAL COHESION IN CONTAMPORARY FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. We note that compared to the number of works dedicated to the phenomenon of “social cohesion” in general, their list, which is specifically related to research methodology, is not so impressive. This experience was formed by the works of such researchers as Caroline Beauvais, Jane Jenson they analyzed the state of research on the phenomenon of social cohesion in Canada and the possibilities of its measurement; as R. Berger-Schmidt, who singled out the principles of measuring social cohesion; like Leif Braaten, who proposed a multidimensional model for elucidating group cohesion; as a group of scientists Georgi Dragolov, Zsóáfia Ignácz, Jan Lorenz, Jan Delhey, Klaus Boehnke who, comparing the application of various methods of measuring social cohesion in different countries, derived several generalizing principles of this measurement; as experts in social cohesion research methodology Xavier Fonseca, Stephan Lukosch, Frances Brazier, who reviewed its most common concepts based on numerous international publications; as David Schiefer David and Yolanda van der Noll, who proposed measuring social cohesion based on three key indicators: social relations, identification with a geographical unit, orientation to the common good; as Fernando Rajulton, Zenaida Ravanera, and Beaujot Roderic presented models for measuring social cohesion based on summarizing data from the Canadian National Survey etc. The research objective. Relying on the works of foreign scientists of the phenomenon of “social cohesion”, primarily from the USA and Western European countries, who have accumulated a sufficiently thorough experience in this area, reproduce the course of scientific discourse regarding the methodology of researching the phenomenon. Pay attention to certain methods that have proven to be productive in the study of social cohesion and the use of which opens up new opportunities in the study of various aspects of the phenomenon. The statement of basic materials is grounded on the analysis of the key points of the social cohesion research methodology, which we highlight in the works of foreign scientists, partially listed above (see: Analysis of recent research and publications). Attention is focused on the clarification of the content of social cohesion, on the application of this or that technique to determine its main areas and indicators of its measurement. A special place is given to the structural approach to the study of the functioning of social cohesion in certain socio-economic and socio-cultural contexts. At the same time, emphasis is placed on: secondary data analysis, structural equation modeling, confirmatory approach, factor analysis, reflective measurement model, formative measurement model.

Developing a conservation behaviour scale for understanding birdwatchers’ behaviour towards birds

ABSTRACT Determination of the psychological factors of human activity towards species supports the achievement of conservation-oriented management goals in an ecotourism setting. This paper develops measures related to the causes that predict intentions toward disturbance behaviour on birds among Malaysian birdwatchers. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB), the theory of normative conduct and the cognitive hierarchy model are incorporated into a comprehensive model of study as the Predictor Bird Conservation Model (PBCM) based on a quantitative approach, a five-point Likert scale of measurement was developed for the items. The measures were assessed for convergent validity, collinearity, significance and relevance of the formative indicators for each construct. The structural equation model (SEM), specifically the partial least squares method, was used to assess the convergent validity of the formative measurement model. Results from 50 birders in the initial test and 421 birders in the primary test show that the instrument is reliable and valid for further study to assess the structural model in the future. Our results supported a conservation measurement model of birdwatchers’ behaviours towards birds. This research can also provide useful instruction for developing psychological measures to monitor tourist behaviour towards wildlife.

Peran Perceived Quality Pada Hubungan Credible Online Review Terhadap Purchase Intention Pada Konsumen Online Shop Gramedia Surabaya

The research conducted by researchers has aims to be able to determine the effect of Credible Online Review on Purchase Intention mediated by Perceived Quality for online shop consumers at Gramedia Surabaya. The population used in this study were all consumers who shop using the online shop Shopee, Lazada, and Gramedia.com and know about Gramedia brands and products, and in all range age. The sampling technique, namely random sampling, was used to obtain as many as 150 samples. SmartPLS4 software is used to analyze the data. Using reflective measurement model test, formative measurement model test, R2 test, f2 test, Goodness of Fit (GOF) test, and hypothesis test and mediating effect. Questionnaires distributed via Google Form with a total of 15 question items, the assessment used was on a Likert scale of 1-5. The results obtained in this study are to determine the effect of Credible Online Review on Purchase Intention mediated by Perceived Quality for online shop consumers at Gramedia Surabaya.

Psychometric Analysis of the Health Self-Care Neglect Scale.

The Health Self-Care Neglect (HSCN) scale is a measure of self-care neglect developed for use in informal caregivers, where self-care is defined as behaviors undertaken to maintain health. There was no formal psychometric analysis of the scale, so we tested a 9-item, dichotomous-response version of the HSCN scale in a sample of 250 informal caregivers of adults with chronic heart failure. As the indicators of self-care neglect were considered formative (influencing the latent variable directly) rather than reflective (influenced by the latent variable), we used a procedure for the specification of formative measurement models. First, maximally correlated composites of indicators were identified for the latent variable, and optimal scoring weights were developed. Then, the reflective factor was tested with confirmatory factor analysis, and longitudinal invariance of the factorial structure was tested by introducing model constraints. Reliability was assessed with composite reliability model-based estimates. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating the HSCN scale total score with the maintenance scale score of the Self-Care Inventory. Strict invariance, the highest level possible, was achieved. Reliability was 0.81 at baseline. Concurrent validity was demonstrated ( r = -0.475, P < .0001). The results of this analysis indicate that the HSCN scale is reliable, stable, and valid as a measure of health self-care neglect when tested in a sample of caregivers. The HSCN scale measures the successful performance of self-care, whereas existing measures of self-care reflect intention. Understanding both intention and behavior is useful, so we recommend using the HSCN scale in addition to existing measures of self-care.

What Are the Relationships between Plankton and Macroinvertebrates in Reservoir Systems?

Macroinvertebrates and plankton play crucial roles in reservoir food webs; however, their relationships have received limited attention. This study investigates the associations between plankton and macroinvertebrates in fifty selected reservoirs. During the spring season, significant concordances were observed in species richness between phytoplankton and zooplankton, as well as between zooplankton and macroinvertebrates. In contrast, during the summer season, the concordance in species richness between phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates was higher compared to other assemblages. Although macroinvertebrates showed a strong connection with phytoplankton in terms of species richness in both seasons, the congruencies were not statistically significant. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis revealed that the densities of phytoplankton, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, and protozoans significantly influenced the total macroinvertebrate density in both seasons. Additionally, the densities of mollusks and aquatic insects were affected by the densities of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta, while the density of oligochaetes was influenced by the density of Chlorophyta. These findings indicated that phytoplankton and zooplankton serve as primary food sources for macroinvertebrates, highlighting the close relationship between plankton and macroinvertebrates in reservoir systems. Moreover, the results of formative measurement models indicated a strong association between zooplankton and macroinvertebrates during the spring, whereas phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates exhibited a close association during the summer. The substantial concordance in density between phytoplankton and zooplankton revealed by the formative measurement models confirmed that assemblages with similar body sizes exhibit stronger concordance compared to those with significant differences in body size.

Exploring the structural characteristics of the Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT) and ASCOT-Carer.

Measurement models inform the approach to assess a measure's validity and also how a measure is understood, applied and interpreted. With preference-based measures (PBMs), it is generally accepted that they are formative; however, if they are applied without preferences, they may be reflective, formative or mixed. In this study, we sought to empirically test whether the reflective, formative or mixed measurement model best describes PBMs of social care-related quality of life (SCRQoL) - specifically, the ASCOT and ASCOT-Carer. We also explored the network approach, as an alternative. ASCOT and ASCOT-Carer data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes models to test reflective, formative or mixed measurement models, respectively. Network analysis of partial correlations using the Gaussian graphical model was also conducted. The results indicated that the reflective measurement model is the worst fit for ASCOT and ASCOT-Carer. The formative or mixed measurement models may apply to ASCOT. The mixed measurement model was the best fit for ASCOT-Carer. The network analysis indicated that the most important or influential items were Occupation and Personal cleanliness and comfort (ASCOT) and Time and space and Self-care (ASCOT-Carer). The ASCOT and ASCOT-Carer are best described as formative/mixed or mixed measurement models, respectively. These findings may guide the approach to the validation of cross-culturally adapted and translated versions. Specifically, we recommend that EFA be applied to establish structural characteristics, especially if the measure will be applied as a PBM and as a measure of SCRQoL. Network analysis may also provide further useful insights into structural characteristics.

Patient-reported outcome measures for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: a systematic review

PurposeTo conduct a systematic review of the quality of existing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for use in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) applying the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) methodology, and to derive recommendations for their use in future research.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science. Studies reporting on the development and/or validation of any PROMs for uncomplicated UTIs in women were considered eligible. We evaluated the methodological quality of each included study using the COSMIN Risk of Bias Checklist, and further applied predefined criteria for good measurement properties. Finally, we graded the evidence and derived recommendations for the use of the included PROMs.ResultsData from 23 studies reporting on six PROMs were included. From those, the Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) and the Urinary Tract Infection-Symptom and Impairment Questionnaire (UTI-SIQ-8) can be recommended for further use. Both instruments showed sufficient content validity. We further found high-quality evidence for sufficient internal consistency of the UTI-SIQ-8, while this criterion was not assessed for the ACSS due to a formative measurement model. All other PROMs have the potential to be recommended for use, but require further validation.ConclusionThe ACSS and the UTI-SIQ-8 have the potential to be recommended for use in women with uncomplicated UTIs in future clinical trials. For all included PROMs, further validation studies are indicated.Systematic review registration: PROSPERO.

A validity and reliability study of the formative model for the indicators of STEAM education creations

There is a growing number of products for learning the interdisciplinary application of science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics (STEAM) in K-12. However, there is no general assessment tool for those STEAM creations, so as to help parents or instructors to experience and evaluate the STEAM products created or sold by companies or proposed by academic institutes when they want to introduce one to their children or students. Therefore, this study developed and validated an assessment of STEAM Creation with formative constructs by utilizing the PLS-SEM technique. The four constructs taken into account based on the theoretical foundations were computational thinking (CT) levels, design thinking (DT) levels, STEAM interdisciplinary levels, and literacy-oriented (LO) levels. CT was operationalized as four indicators (i.e., problem decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithm steps), and DT was operationalized as another four indicators (i.e., analysis of design requirements, creative brainstorming, hands-on experience, and test and verification). Meanwhile, STEAM was operationalized with five indispensable indicators, where each indicator refers to one discipline. LO was operationalized with three indicators (i.e., cooperation and co-creation, problem solving, and daily application). There were 16 indicators in total. Therefore, the formative relationship was established and evaluated in this study. This paper assessed STEAM creations with a formative measurement model comprising four hypotheses indicating that CT has a significant direct effect on STEAM and LO, DT has a significant direct effect on STEAM while STEAM has a significant direct effect on LO. The results reveal that all four hypotheses were accepted and the paths in the model were confirmed. CT has a significant indirect effect on LO through STEAM, which was also deeply discussed.

Increasing the willingness to stay – a novel and comprehensive member satisfaction index (MSI) model tested in a leading German tennis club

PurposeThis study aims to address customer focus as an important component of total quality management (TQM) and explore the key drivers of member satisfaction in tennis clubs via a novel theory-based member satisfaction index (MSI) model with high explanatory and predictive power. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate the relationship between satisfaction and behavioral intentions (willingness to stay; WTS) with consideration of the mediating effect of identification with the club.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses variance-based partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to estimate the MSI model, which was tested in a leading tennis club in Germany (n = 185).FindingsThe results reveal that club atmosphere, club facilities and the price/quality ratio of the membership fee are the most important drivers of member satisfaction in tennis clubs. Member satisfaction has a large influence on the WTS of tennis club members. Identification with the club, when included as a mediator in the model, increases the variance explained in WTS considerably.Research limitations/implicationsThe small sample limits the generalizability of findings, and further research is recommended.Practical implicationsThe MSI model is a useful benchmark tool for club managers who want to quantify the satisfaction and WTS of their club members. In addition, because of the integrated formative measurement models, the PLS-SEM results show which indicators can be used to positively impact satisfaction with each of the service quality dimensions, overall member satisfaction and WTS. The most important of these results are discussed in an importance-performance map analysis.Originality/valueThe MSI model is a multi-attribute index model through which members' evaluations of various dimensions of service and value are derived through multivariable linear function with each dimension weighted according to its importance in one holistic model. The model shows the strong impact of satisfaction on WTS of sports club members and reveals that findings of previous research on the relationship between fan and spectator identification and loyalty are transferable to sports club members. The MSI represents a new contribution to the literature; it was applied here to tennis clubs but is also suitable for application to other sports clubs.

Structural Relationship between COVID-19, Night-Time Economic Vitality, and Credit-Card Sales: The Application of a Formative Measurement Model in PLS-SEM

Cities worldwide are actively promoting their Night-Time Economies (NTEs) to recover from the economic crisis caused by COVID-19. However, in the case of Seoul, Korea, the interest in the NTE from an urban perspective remains insufficient. Therefore, this study was performed with the following two objectives: (1) To empirically identify the characteristics of Korea’s NTE and derive an indicator of the nighttime economic vitality (NTEV) by considering the NTE in urban regions; (2) to explore the structural relationship between NTEV, COVID-19, and credit-card sales in Seoul, to which operational restrictions were stringently applied according to the COVID-19 policy of Korea. The NTEV was evaluated using indicators of the nightly floating population, night-lighting value, and number of entertainment facilities. Moreover, to identify the structural relationship between COVID-19, NTEV, and credit-card sales based on abnormal analysis data, a formative measurement model of the partial least squares structural equipment modeling framework was used. The results highlighted that the effect of COVID-19 differed depending on the density of facilities to which the “social distancing policy” was applied, and the NTEV boosted the consumption economy of the entire city. Moreover, we empirically confirmed that an increase in the number of confirmed COVID-19 patients directly or indirectly decreased credit-card sales, which deteriorated the urban economy.

Exploring the conceptual framework and measurement model of intrinsic capacity defined by the World Health Organization: A scoping review.

WHO has defined intrinsic capacity (IC) as the composite of all physical and mental capacities of an individual covering five subdomains: cognition, locomotion, sensory, vitality, and psychological. Despite this well accepted definition, the conceptual and measurement model of IC remains unclear, which hampers a standardized operationalization of the construct. We performed a scoping review to give a comprehensive overview of the extent to which the current literature of IC addresses and assumes the conceptual framework and measurement model of IC as reflective or formative. For inclusion, we considered all types of articles that were published in peer-reviewed journals except for protocol articles. A systematic search of 6 databases from different disciplines led to the inclusion of 31 papers. We found inconsistency and gaps in the descriptions of IC. Most of the papers did not define the measurement model. In the conceptual background and validation articles, we identified descriptions of both reflective and formative measurement models while in empirical studies applying IC measurements the underlying assumptions remained mainly unclear. Defining a measurement model is not merely a theoretical matter but influences the operationalization and validation processes of the construct. This study raised questions about the most fundamental features of the IC construct and discusses whether IC should be considered as an underlying latent trait of all capacities (reflective construct) or an aggregate summary measure of the subdomain capacities (formative construct).

A formative measurement model and development of quality of work-life scale based on two-factor theory: evidence from Indian private industries

PurposeThis study examines the quality of work-life (QoWL) as a formative construct and validates the scale in an Indian context. Taking a cue from the two-factor (Herzberg) theory, the study developed and validated a formative assessment model of QoWL in the current scenario.Design/methodology/approachCross-sectional data and a self-administered questionnaire were used to analyze the QoWL scale based on a sample of 841 respondents from IT/ITES, BFSI, CPG and manufacturing sectors. Indicators/items of QoWL were considered a first-order reflective construct, and factors of QoWL were considered second-order formative construct in the study. Embedded two-stage approach was used to assess the antecedent construct in the model in which QoWL was measured with seven formative indicators in stage one, and all the constructs of the QoWL are measured with a single item (Global_QWL, i.e. the essence of all constructs) in stage two.FindingsThe study found QoWL as a formative construct with seven significant dimensions; namely, hygiene factors included fairness in compensation (FC), job security (JS), interpersonal relationship (IR), health and wellbeing (HWB), where motivational factors had rewards and career growth (RG), work-life balance (WLB) and learning and development (LD). The study also indicated the strong association of a single item (global_QWL) with all constructs of QoWL. The study findings conceptualize a QoWL as a formative construct within the mentioned sector and can be generalized and extended to other sectors of the economy as well.Research limitations/implicationsFuture researchers can take guidance to deal with the formative construct in the development and validation of scale in various topics in the field of HRM. Future researchers can extend the study across cities and different sectors.Practical implicationsIn this VUCA world, employees have to be constantly on their toes to ensure their organization remains relevant. In this context, the least organization can do for their employees is to offer a conducive environment and favorable QoWL. This study aims to assist the key decision-makers in applying the QoWL index as a formative construct and aiding them in improving the quality of their decisions.Social implicationsResearcher believes that applying the QoWL index as a formative construct can aid decision-makers in improving the quality of their decisions by equipping them with relevant inputs and knowledge. Government can focus on the employees' welfare and introduce the current motivational and hygiene factors in the area of quality of life of the Indians.Originality/valueFormative assessment measurement of QoWL model was validated with the two-factor theory to understand the work environment of India in the private sector across different sectors. The unique finding of the study was a single item (global_QWL) to conclude the QoWL index as a formative construct by redundancy analysis.

Specifying, estimating and validating consumer eSports engagement composite model: a composite confirmatory approach

PurposeThe present study aims to specify, estimate, and validate the composite formative model of consumer eSports engagement (CeSE) through utilizing the composite confirmatory analysis (CCA) methodological approach.Design/methodology/approachTo validate the composite model of CeSE, we collected the data using the Mturk online tool from eSports gamers located in European countries. The partial least squares based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach was employed using SmartPLS to conduct CCA analyses.FindingsUsing CCA, the authors first evaluated the reflective constructs (three first-order dimensions comprising cognitive, affective, and activation) and found reliable and valid reflective constructs. The authors then proceeded to assess the composite formative model of CeSE at higher-order level and resulted that CeSE is a valid composite model. Besides, the nomological network of CeSE with technology acceptance variables (e.g. behavioral intention and usage behavioral were estimated and found significant results).Originality/valueThis study contributes to consumer engagement literature in many directions. First, this study applies consumer engagement scale in the eSports context (i.e. eSports game brands). Second, this study notably specifies, estimates, and validates CeSE as composite model comprising cognitive, affective, and activation factors as first-order reflective constructs and CeSE as second/higher-order formative construct. Third, this study applies CCA guidelines to establish the CeSE as a composite formative measurement model and make significant methodology contribution. Fourth, this study extends the TAM model via studying CeSE as an important determinant of behavioral intention to play eSports games, which in turn impacts on eSports gaming/usage behavior.