Learning Formative Assessment Research Articles

HOTS-Based Formative Assessment: The Key to Improving The Quality of Learning

This study aims to explain Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)-based formative assessment in learning and reveal the principle of constructivism in comprehensively building students' high-level thinking skills. Literature studies are used as a research method. Relevant literature derived from books and articles in scientific e-journals was collected through documentation techniques. Furthermore, the data obtained was analyzed for content. The results show that HOTS-based formative assessment is the key to improving the quality of learning. This assessment trains students to think critically, analyze, and solve problems independently. In addition, teachers can also get more accurate feedback on student learning development so that they can provide appropriate interventions. The theory of constructivism provides a solid foundation for developing HOTS-based formative assessments. These assessments measure students' learning achievements but also encourage students to think critically, creatively, and independently. By consistently implementing HOTS-based formative assessments, it can create graduates with the competencies needed to face the challenges of the 21st century.

Design and implementation of a project management training program to develop workforce ready skills and career readiness in STEM PhD students and postdoctoral trainees

A growing number of STEM doctorates pursue careers across the broader biomedical workforce, including industry, policy, and healthcare. Graduate and postdoctoral trainees need training to develop professional skills that prepare them for diverse workforce options. Through engagement with faculty and trainees, we determined that formal management skills are underdeveloped in trainees, particularly around managing projects in a way that is translatable to broader industries. At Georgetown University Medical Center, we adapted Kern's six-steps of curriculum design to develop the Academy for Transferable Management Skills (ATMS) program to help graduate and postdoctoral trainees develop linear experience in utilizing project management tools in their academic research contexts. ATMS includes a self-paced online CANVAS course with learning objectives and content modules that map to the project management cycle from initiation to closure, developed in consultation with PhD-level industry experts. From 2021–2024, 25 trainees have completed the ATMS program, including the capstone project and posttest evaluation. Trainees also complete brief quizzes after each module as a formative assessment of learning. The pre-test evaluation (n = 92) revealed a baseline of project management “pain points” regularly encountered by trainees (risk management, project charters, work breakdown structures, and managing project scope). Posttest data (n = 25) reveal a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in project management self-efficacy measures across the aforementioned pain point scales. Notably, 100% of trainees indicated that they may/would refer the program to colleagues. ATMS offers trainees the flexibility to pick frameworks that apply to their projects with trainees planning to use project schedules (84%), Work Break Down Structures (80%), lessons learned reports (68%), and communication plans (68%) in their work. This integrated experiential learning approach equips trainees to develop and execute their projects according to industry-informed project management principles, which allows them to perform their current research more efficiently and to utilize project management frameworks in a way that is directly transferable to broad careers.

Formative Assessment in Kurikulum Merdeka for Ornamental Drawing Lessons in Secondary School

This study aims to identify the form of formative assessment instruments used by teachers and to understand the implementation of formative assessment within Kurikulum Merdeka in ornamental drawing lessons at the secondary school level. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with activity analysis methods. Primary and secondary data were obtained through interviews and observations. The sample in this study consists of eight cultural arts teachers from secondary schools. The results indicate that the application of formative assessment in learning leads to students achieving good learning outcomes because teachers can identify students' strengths and weaknesses, thus facilitating the improvement of the learning process and focusing on indicators such as the process of cultural arts (decorative patterns) learning in class, the form of formative assessment instruments, the implementation of formative assessment, and examining the strengths and weaknesses of formative assessment implementation. Furthermore, the implementation of formative assessment has been well-executed in the learning process, as observed directly by the researchers during the learning activities and the teachers' evaluation methods. Formative assessment in ornamental drawing lessons at the secondary school level applies three assessment instruments within one sub-chapter or material, including knowledge, attitude, and skill assessments. Teachers conduct formative assessments for each sub-material, and the evaluations cover the three aspects in every session.

Constructive Cognitive Assessment of Learning in a Course on the Computational Cognition in Psychology Students

<p style="text-align: justify;">Learning evaluation is a complex task, and this study illustrates the Constructive Assessment of Learning as a complementary alternative to evaluate the computational cognition schema construction. The authors designed a mental representational task under the Chronometric Constructive Cognitive Learning Evaluation Model. Control and experimental groups performed a conceptual definition task based on the Natural Semantic Network technique (NSN). They defined ten target concepts related to computational cognition theory, using verbs, nouns, and adjectives as definers. Afterward, the participants rated the conceptual quality of each definer one by one, on a scale of one to ten; the higher the rating, the greater the quality of the definer to define the target concept. The results indicate that the NSN technique was sensitive to measuring and discriminating cognitive changes in knowledge structures produced by the specific learning of computational cognition theory. In contrast, the learning of broad psychology subjects produced general cognitive changes without organization related to the specific learning of the evaluated course. Data showed more sophisticated cognitive change patterns on the evaluated schema in the experimental group than in the control group. The findings of this study suggest that cognitive assessment techniques can be helpful in the formative assessment of learning and provide clear indicators of students' knowledge management skills.</p>

The Formative assessment of learning in the area of physical education

La evaluación formativa (EF) ha cobrado gran relevancia debido a la naturaleza misma que representa centrando su enfoque en el logro de competencias a través de recojo y valoración de información de manera sistemática y continua durante el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje para la oportuna toma de decisiones; el presente artículo tiene como objetivo revisar los principales aportes conceptuales y la cantidad de publicaciones relacionadas a la evaluación formativa relacionada al área de educación física entre el periodo del 2017 y el primer trimestre del 2022. El estudio se enmarcó dentro del enfoque cuantitativo, retrospectivo, apoyándose de la estadística descriptiva; para ello se recurrió a la búsqueda de información en tres principales bases de datos, SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS) y Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) seleccionándose un total 50 artículos científicos referentes a la evaluación formativa relacionadas al curso de educación física y afines, tanto en la educación básica como superior, en el plano nacional e internacional en los idiomas español e inglés; se hizo búsquedas generales con el nombre de las variables y los operadores booleano AND, OR para poder delimitar la recopilación de documentos a la materia a investigar de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Finalmente se menciona que la evaluación formativa en relación a la Educación física es un instrumento que permite tanto a docentes como estudiantes recopilar información durante el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje para luego analizarla y tomar decisiones pertinentes de manera oportuna.

Effect of Workplace-Based Assessment Utilization as a Formative Assessment for Learning Among Family Medicine Postgraduates at the Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University: A Prospective Study.

Background Workplace-based assessment (WBA) is a group of assessment approaches that assesses the trainees' performance through their observation and monitoring in real clinical settings and then provides them with constructive and relevant feedback. Many WBA tools are available, including the mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX), direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS), case-based discussions, and multisource feedback (peers, seniors, and patients). A WBAcan help medical students improve their clinical competencies and ensure that qualified physicians graduate. Methods This prospective study was done in the family medicine department at the Menoufia Faculty of Medicine in Egypt and passed through two phases. Phase I was introducing an orientation lecture for family medicine staff and a convenient sample of 21 family medicine postgraduates about WBA. Phase II was conducting a monthly mini-CEX and DOPS for the postgraduates. Finally, students' satisfaction with the WBA was assessed, and all collected data were analyzed via Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results A total of 105 feedback sheets were obtained. These feedback sheets were subdivided into 63 mini-CEX feedback sheets (21 sheets from each mini-CEX session for three sessions) and 42 DOPS feedback sheets (21 sheets from each DOPS session for two sessions), all of which were collected and analyzed. A significant improvement was detected in the mini-CEX and DOPS feedback scores of the postgraduates throughout the consecutive sessions (9.5 ± 2.7, 24.9 ± 2.5, 27.29 ± 1.5) (P < 0.001) for Mini-CEX and (6.1 ± 1.8 versus 9.0 ± 1.2) (P < 0.001) for DOPS. About 93% of the postgraduates recommended the application of WBA for their peers, and 86% of them requested to perform it again for other different clinical cases and procedures. Conclusion Workplace-based assessment in the form of Mini-CEX and DOPS revealed its ability to improve clinical knowledge and skills among family medicine postgraduates who became motivated to undergo it again in search of improving their clinical performance and reducing their stresses related to final summative and objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs).

Teaching for Values in Interaction Design: A Discussion About Assessment

We experience an increased attention in the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field towards the social and environmental responsibilities of interaction designers. In line with this increased attention, a need arises to teach students about values in interaction design and consequentially assess their learning. However, there are few academic examples of how to assess whether students know how to deal with values in interaction design or whether they have become responsible interaction designers. In this paper, we aim to start a conversation on assessment of teaching for values in interaction design. We first introduce our own experiences with teaching for values in interaction design, and extend this with an argument for authentic, formative assessment forlearning, including active participation of students in the design of learning goals and assessment activities.

Online Project-based Learning Integrated Quizizz as a Formative Assessment to Trigger High Order Thinking Skills

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused various impacts in the learning process, one of which is learning loss. Learning loss will directly and indirectly affect higher order thinking skills. This study aims to analyze the difference in HOTS between students who take Online Project-based Learning integrated quizizz as a formative assessment and HOTS students who take regular online learning. This study involved a population of 129 people and a sample of 39 people who were determined by random sampling technique. This type of research is a quasi-experimental research, with a non-equivalent control group design. The instrument used to collect data is the HOTS test in the form of a description. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, which had previously been tested for prerequisites. All data analysis using the help of IBM's SPSS for Windows 16.0. The results of data analysis show that there are differences in HOTS between students who take Online Project-based Learning integrated quizizz as a formative assessment and HOTS of students who take regular online learning. For this reason, teachers are expected to apply Quizizz's integrated Online Project-based Learning as a formative assessment in learning to obtain maximum higher-order thinking skills.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN ASESMEN FORMATIF DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPA DAN FISIKA : LITERATURE REVIEW

In the 21st century education demands the creation of quality students. One of the methods used is to apply formative assessment in learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of formative assessment based on student learning outcomes, education level, learning materials, and integration used. In this study using a literature study (library research) with a literature review approach. The articles used are in the 2015-2020 range. The results of this study are: 1) the use of formative tests can improve various student learning outcomes where the most measured is the understanding/mastery of concepts, 2) the application of formative assessments is more widely used at the junior high school level compared to the high school level, 3) the application of formative assessments in science learning and physics consists of various materials which indicate formative assessment is often used in learning, and 4) there are various kinds of integration used in formative assessment where the most widely used is integrating formative assessment with the web.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTEGRATING FEEDBACK FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN ENHANCING STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE ABILITY ON WORK AND ENERGY

Assessment of feedback formative is an important assessment technique in monitoring the development of students' understanding. However, this assessment technique is still not optimally implemented in learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of feedback formative assessment in improving students' cognitive abilities. The research method used was Quasi-Experimental with Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Participants in this study consisted of 72 students of grade 10 in one of the public high schools in Cimahi, namely 36 from the experimental class and 36 from the control class were selected by the convenience sampling technique. The instruments used in this study were cognitive ability tests and formative tests. The results showed that the integration of feedback formative assessment was effective in improving the cognitive abilities of students. The integration of feedback formative assessment in learning can be used as an alternative to bridge the needs of students for the development process of how a concept is obtained and understood in physics learning.

Loma Linda University School of Medicine.

Loma Linda University School of Medicine.

Formative Assessment for Learning How to Learn: Exploring University Student Learning Experiences

The push for better English as a Foreign Language (EFL) pedagogy continues in Asia. In Japan, particularly, developing self-regulated learning (SRL) skills is a major objective in the new national curriculum for primary and secondary schools. Research in education suggests the practice of formative assessment (FA) in the classroom fosters SRL skills. The importance of FA in EFL is discussed here, along with an investigation of the relationship between FA and SRL skills of Japanese university students. An examination of 118 participants measured secondary school experiences of FA practices and its connection to the development of participants’ SRL skills. Quantitative results showed that participants experienced FA practices in secondary schools, however, qualitative data showed these experiences did not sufficiently lead to the development of SRL skills to the extent of participants’ out-of-class study time. In conclusion, we recommend EFL teachers to implement more FA practices and explicit instruction of SRL skills to meet curriculum objectives of fostering the lifelong language learner.

Implementation of formative assessment through oral feedback to develop 21st century critical thinking skills of student on plantae learning

The challenges of 21st century globalization require students to have various skills needed in compete at the global level. One of the 21st century skills students need to have is critical thinking skills, but student’s critical thinking skills in Indonesia are still relatively low. To develop this skill, learning is needed along with appropriate assessment. The application of formative assessment in learning is one of the efforts in developing the skill. Through formative assessment, teacher can make appropriate learning strategies to facilitate student learning needs. However, the practice of assessment for learning rarely facilitates student learning needs. Thus, this study was needed for investigating the effect of formative assessment in develop critical thinking skill of students. The quasy experiment method is used in this study with the pretest posttest control group design. The experimental group was given the application of formative assessment through oral feedback during learning, while the control group was given the conventional assessment. The result showed that formative assessment through oral feedback can develop critical thinking skill of students, indicated by the experimental group has higher critical thinking skill improvement than control groups in Spermatophyta and Bryophyta chapter.

Learning formative assessment in the field

PurposeIt is suggested that mentor teachers engage in reflective conversations with preservice teachers to develop formative assessment as a teaching skill. However, there is minimal evidence documenting this process. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process and impact of reflective conversation on preservice teachers’ learning about implementing formative assessment in the classroom.Design/methodology/approachThis study draws on two dyads of mentor and preservice teachers to examine the role of conversation in helping preservice teachers learn to use formative assessment in elementary classrooms in the USA. A comparative case study method is used to analyze and synthesize the similarities, differences and patterns across both cases.FindingsQualitative data indicate that reflective conversations enable preservice teachers to reflect on their teaching practices and learn how to conduct formative assessment. However, a lack of critical reflection in the conversations results in generic solutions that do not focus on specific aspects of student learning.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that mentor teachers using reflective conversation to guide preservice teacher’s critical analysis of their prior assumptions and teaching practices while referencing actual student learning is an essential element in learning to use formative assessment in the classroom.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the line of research that explores conversation between mentor and preservice teachers and provides an empirical analysis of conversations focused on learning to use formative assessment in elementary classrooms.

Measuring intangible outcomes can be problematic: The challenge of assessing learning during international short-term study experiences

Short-term international study experiences, or study tours, aim to increase students’ global awareness, educate and empower them to be productive global citizens, and contribute to their future employability. Learning outcomes from study tours often include intangible personal characteristics or soft skills, as opposed to specific disciplinary skills and knowledge, and yet, these are not easily identified. Using an iterative Delphi process, this study aimed to understand the pedagogical experience of tour leaders (experts) and assist in future development of effective assessment. Findings include four key areas of agreement among the experts: (1) both discipline-based knowledge and the acquisition of intangible personal characteristics are important learning outcomes and are considered to be almost equally important, (2) assessment almost always occurs on tour, (3) formative assessment for learning is predominantly used (rather than learning for summative assessment to test the learning), and (4) facilitated reflection is an important way to encourage learning during a study tour. Yet, the findings also reveal uncertainty about assessing outcomes that include intangible personal characteristics and soft skills. The article concludes with pedagogical implications and recommendations for future research.

Views and practices from the chalkface: development of a formative assessment multimedia learning environment

Recently, technology-supported formative assessment has caught researchers’ increasing attention. Most of the relevant studies have been carried out in experimental situations to demonstrate the effectiveness of technology-supported formative assessment for learning. However, little is still known about how technology-supported formative assessment is viewed and experienced by teachers in their classrooms. To fill this gap, this study investigated teachers’ voices and practices when they used a formative assessment multimedia learning environment (FAMLE) in their classrooms during three semesters, which involved continuous platform refinement. The findings show that the teachers encountered a number of problems in four major aspects, namely students’ engagement, assessment task design, feedback and follow-up issues. FAMLE went through corresponding refinement in two rounds. A change was evident in teachers’ pedagogical practice of FAMLE from summative and revision use, diagnostic use, to integrative use.

Investigation of Formative Assessment of Learning (INFORMAL): The Performance Indicator Tool (PIT)

This pilot study evaluated the student user experience of a performance indicator tool (PIT) for formative assessment of a cohort of fourth year medical undergraduates undertaking a 12 week rotation. Scoping and elaboration for the standalone web-based tool was based on the existing paper-based formative assessment system for which training and secure access was made available through the Virtual Campus at King’s College London. Thirty-eight participants were randomly assigned to four groups. A baseline survey on formative assessment was carried out in Term 1 by all groups. In Term 2, two groups received the PIT and two the paper-based system. The PIT and paper-based groups were further split into those who gained formative assessment at the end, and those at the middle and end of rotation. Evaluation was by online student satisfaction questionnaires and focus groups. Term 1 baseline survey (n = 13) revealed a lack of one-to-one formal feedback. In evaluation by satisfaction questionnaire (n = 8) and focus groups (n = 30), students valued personalised feedback, and mid-rotation feedback allowed students to reflect prior to the end of rotation. However, some students felt that their tutor did not know them as well as others, thus adversely affecting their feedback. A functional web-based PIT was developed including tutor–student discussion spaces. Students found feedback very valuable. Those involved found the PIT easy to access and use, preferring formative assessment two thirds into the rotation. The PIT has wider applicability within the College for all healthcare faculties and may help improve student satisfaction.

Teachers and testing: an investigation into teachers’ perceptions of formative assessment

Research conducted within the past decade contributes much to an understanding of the role and potential value of formative assessment in learning. As an Advisory Teacher within a local authority, the researcher was interested to find out how teachers actually perceive formative assessment. This study therefore set out to investigate the range and nature of such perceptions and whether any relationships exist between them and independent variables such as school phase and length of teacher experience. The sample was drawn from teachers working in 24 lower and middle schools within one local authority and the research was conducted in two phases. This paper will focus on Phase 1, during which data was drawn from a questionnaire survey which elicited both quantitative and qualitative responses from 67 teachers. Analysis of this data revealed a range of perceptions about formative assessment among teachers. In particular, they acknowledged the value of formative assessment in promoting learning. However, these findings suggest that perhaps teachers were less confident than they claimed to be in putting actual strategies in place, supporting the findings of Black, Harrison, Lee, Marshall, and Wiliam (2002). Statistical analysis revealed some significant relationships between some of these perceptions and both school phase and length of teacher experience. Both theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations made for future policy and practice.

Assessment orientation in formative assessment of learning to teach

How mentors in their role as assessors appraise practice teaching lessons may strongly influence their student teachers' learning of how to teach. It can be contended that an assessment for learning (AfL) perspective on process and criteria of appraisal will support a shared valuation of student teachers' practice teaching and acceptance of recommendations to improve subsequent performance. However, previous research shows that assessors adopt different orientations to formative evaluation and do not necessarily take into account (learning) perspectives of the student teacher. Therefore, this study gauged whether ‘following recommendations’ as a result of an AfL (to teach) is influenced differentially by a performance perspective as compared to a learning perspective on assessment by the assessor. More specifically, this study deals with the following questions: Is student teachers' acceptance of feedback affected differently by the assessment orientation of their assessors? and How is ‘acceptance of feedback’ related to ‘following recommendations’? The findings of this study show that both assessment orientations are ill‐related to acceptance of feedback and a subsequent following of recommendations.

Formative Assessment for Learning: A Survey of Teachers' Practice in Selected Private Secondary Schools in Osun State, Nigeria

Formative Assessment for Learning: A Survey of Teachers' Practice in Selected Private Secondary Schools in Osun State, Nigeria