Trunk Formation Research Articles

Variants of the Architectonics of the Internal Iliac Vein and Their Applications

The aim was to study the variants of the formation and architectonics of the internal iliac vein (IIV) using postvital and vital methods of research. Material and methods. Typical and atypical variants of the trunk formation, architectonics and skeletotopy of the IIV were studied on the postvital material (n=70) and with the help of three-dimensional modeling of the IIV according to the computer tomographic angiography data (n=400). Results. According to the three-dimensional modeling data, in 90,25% of observations the fusion of the IIV and the external iliac vein (EIV) was typical, when the trunk of the common iliac vein (CIV) was formed. In 9,75% - atypical, when the IIV did not participate in the formation of the trunk of the CIV, but flowed into the opposite CIV, into the confluence of the inferior vena cava, separate trunks of the IIV flowed into the EIV. Based on the evaluation of the whole material under study, the IIV architectonics was typical in 48,3% and atypical in 51,7%. In a typical variant of the IIV architectonics, the main trunk is supplied by the iliolumbar vein (ILV), the posterior trunk is supplied by the superior lateral sacral vein (LSV), superior gluteal vein (SGV), and in the anterior trunk - the obturator vein (OV), lower LSV, internal pudendal vein (IPV) and inferior gluteal vein (IGV). Atypical variants of the IIV architectonics can be divided into 5 groups depending on the peculiarities of the influx of its main tributaries: 1 - atypical influx of the IGV (2,9%), 2 - SGV (2,1%), 3 - OV (16,8%), 4 - ILV (9,9%), 5 - LSV (20%). In 2% of cases anastomoses between IIV and EIV were revealed, in 30,6% - between anterior and posterior trunks of IIV. In the majority of cases, the fusion of the IIV and EIV was located at the level of the first sacral vertebral body, while the fusion of the anterior and posterior trunks of the IIV was at the level of the S1-S2 intervertebral disc. Conclusion. The obtained data should be used when planning and performing surgical interventions on pelvic organs, especially in evisceration.

The growth character of sago palm based on differences in time of trunk formation

This study aimed to (1) characterized sago palms with different trunk formation times; (2) studied the growth characteristics related to the diameter of the sago trunk. This research was conducted at the Sago Cultivation Experimental Site located in Pengkajoang Village, West Malangke District, North LuwuRegency.Thegrowth characters studied were number of leaves, trunk diameter, leaf length,petiole length, tree height,rachis length, number of suckers, length of the most extended leaflets, number of leaflets and the width of broadest leaflets. A paired T-Test was used to analyze the average of three variables between sago-forming trunks at 3 years, 3.5 years, and 4 years after transplanting. In addition to correlation analysis, variables were compared based on their relationships.The sago palm that formed the trunk at 3 years after transplanting had the highest number of leaves (20 strands), 3.5 years (17 strands), and 4 years (16 strands). Conversely, sago palms that form trunks 4 years after transplanting have the widest leaflets(7.44 cm), 3.5 years (6.04 cm) and 3 years (6.52 cm). Based on correlation analysis and path analysis, it is known that the number of leaves, tree height and rachis length are characteristics of sago palm growth which have a significant effect on the formation of trunk diameter.

Regulatory changes associated with the head to trunk developmental transition

BackgroundDevelopment of vertebrate embryos is characterized by early formation of the anterior tissues followed by the sequential extension of the axis at their posterior end to build the trunk and tail structures, first by the activity of the primitive streak and then of the tail bud. Embryological, molecular and genetic data indicate that head and trunk development are significantly different, suggesting that the transition into the trunk formation stage involves major changes in regulatory gene networks.ResultsWe explored those regulatory changes by generating differential interaction networks and chromatin accessibility profiles from the posterior epiblast region of mouse embryos at embryonic day (E)7.5 and E8.5. We observed changes in various cell processes, including several signaling pathways, ubiquitination machinery, ion dynamics and metabolic processes involving lipids that could contribute to the functional switch in the progenitor region of the embryo. We further explored the functional impact of changes observed in Wnt signaling associated processes, revealing a switch in the functional relevance of Wnt molecule palmitoleoylation, essential during gastrulation but becoming differentially required for the control of axial extension and progenitor differentiation processes during trunk formation. We also found substantial changes in chromatin accessibility at the two developmental stages, mostly mapping to intergenic regions and presenting differential footprinting profiles to several key transcription factors, indicating a significant switch in the regulatory elements controlling head or trunk development. Those chromatin changes are largely independent of retinoic acid, despite the key role of this factor in the transition to trunk development. We also tested the functional relevance of potential enhancers identified in the accessibility assays that reproduced the expression profiles of genes involved in the transition. Deletion of these regions by genome editing had limited effect on the expression of those genes, suggesting the existence of redundant enhancers that guarantee robust expression patterns.ConclusionsThis work provides a global view of the regulatory changes controlling the switch into the axial extension phase of vertebrate embryonic development. It also revealed mechanisms by which the cellular context influences the activity of regulatory factors, channeling them to implement one of several possible biological outputs.

An unusual combination of a bilateral aberrant suprascapular artery with neurovascular structures variants

PurposeThe report describes a bilateral suprascapular artery (SPSA) of atypical origin in coexistence with neurovascular aberrant structures.MethodsThe variants were identified in a 91-year-old formalin-embalmed male cadaver, derived from a body donation program after a signed informed consent.ResultsThe left-sided SPSA emanated from the 1st part of the axillary artery, coursed between the brachial plexus lateral and medial cords, accompanied by the suprascapular nerve, and passed below the superior transverse scapular ligament. Ipsilateral coexisted variants were the lateral thoracic artery multiplication, the subscapular trunk formation, and the musculocutaneous nerve duplication. In the right supraclavicular area, a SPSA duplication was identified. The main artery emanated from the thyrocervical trunk in common with the transverse cervical artery and the accessory SPSA emanated from the dorsal scapular artery. Both SPSAs coursed over the superior transverse scapular ligament, while the suprascapular nerve ran below the ligament.ConclusionsThe current study reported a bilateral aberrant SPSA, originating from the AA 1st part (left side) and from the dorsal scapular artery (right side), which coexisted with adjacent neurovascular structures’ variants. The left SPSA atypically coursed below the superior transverse scapular ligament. Such an unusual combination of variations, present bilaterally in the current study, may be challenging for radiologists and surgeons.

Histologic evidence of brachial plexus compression sites at the thoracic inlet and variations in formation of the lower trunk in cadavers.

In thoracic "outlet" syndrome (TOS), pathologic evidence is well documented for vascular but not neurologic compression. We hypothesized that histologic evidence of compression would be identified at sites where the upper trunk was impacted by the anterior scalene muscle and the lower trunk by anatomic anomalies or the first rib. The purpose of this study was to investigate this hypothesis in human cadavers. Twenty-five cadavers' brachial plexuses were dissected and excised. Histologic and descriptive analysis was directed at juncture 1, the upper trunk and anterior scalene muscle, and juncture 2, C8 and T1 nerve roots (lower trunk) with the posterior border of the first rib. Measurements were obtained at the juncture of the T1 nerve root with the C8 nerve root in relationship to the first rib. Histologic analysis demonstrated epineurial and perineurial fibrosis, myelin thinning, and Renaut bodies at junctures 1 and 2. Lower trunk formation occurred on or lateral to the first rib in 66% of specimens, with asymmetry in 32% of cadavers. A muscle of Albinus was present in 18% of cadavers. A large dorsal scapular artery coursed through 36% of plexuses with a high, arched subclavian artery. We report histologic changes consistent with chronic compression of the upper and lower plexus in the thoracic inlet at hypothesized sites of brachial plexus compression that may correlate with clinical neck/shoulder (upper trunk) and "ulnar nervelike" (C8-T1/lower trunk) symptoms. Anatomic anomalies identified should alert the surgeon to variations of lower trunk formation at compression sites.

Cubital tunnel syndrome of the ulnar nerve caused by an epineural ganglion cyst: a case report and review of the literature

BackgroundThe ulnar nerve has a long and complex anatomical course, originating from the brachial neural plexus in the neck with nerve trunk formation at the posterior neck triangle, and on to the axilla. This intricate anatomical pathway renders the nerve susceptible to compression, direct injury, and traction throughout its course. Compression of the ulnar nerve is the second most common compression neuropathy of the median nerve adjacent to the wrist joint, after carpal tunnel syndrome.Case presentationA 45-year-old Sudanese housewife complained of progressive right forearm and hand muscle wasting, pain, and neuropathic symptoms. She was diagnosed with right-sided cubital tunnel syndrome. The diagnosis was derived intraoperatively from a nerve conduction study suggesting the level of conduction block and recommending decompression. Magnetic resonance imaging was not done preoperatively due to financial limitations. An epineural ganglion (15 × 20 mm2) compressing and flattening the ulnar nerve was diagnosed intraoperatively. Surgical decompression of the ulnar nerve and removal of the epineural ganglion achieved a remarkable postoperative result and pleasing outcome.ConclusionSurgical management is the cornerstone of treatment for compressive neuropathy and ranges from simple nerve decompression to complex neurolysis procedures and nerve transposition to adjust the anatomical course of the nerve.

Annelid functional genomics reveal the origins of bilaterian life cycles

Indirect development with an intermediate larva exists in all major animal lineages1, which makes larvae central to most scenarios of animal evolution2–11. Yet how larvae evolved remains disputed. Here we show that temporal shifts (that is, heterochronies) in trunk formation underpin the diversification of larvae and bilaterian life cycles. We performed chromosome-scale genome sequencing in the annelid Owenia fusiformis with transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling during the life cycles of this and two other annelids. We found that trunk development is deferred to pre-metamorphic stages in the feeding larva of O. fusiformis but starts after gastrulation in the non-feeding larva with gradual metamorphosis of Capitella teleta and the direct developing embryo of Dimorphilus gyrociliatus. Accordingly, the embryos of O. fusiformis develop first into an enlarged anterior domain that forms larval tissues and the adult head12. Notably, this also occurs in the so-called ‘head larvae’ of other bilaterians13–17, with which the O. fusiformis larva shows extensive transcriptomic similarities. Together, our findings suggest that the temporal decoupling of head and trunk formation, as maximally observed in head larvae, facilitated larval evolution in Bilateria. This diverges from prevailing scenarios that propose either co-option9,10 or innovation11 of gene regulatory programmes to explain larva and adult origins.

Identification of differentially expressed transcripts for trunk formation in sago palm using annealing control primer GeneFishing technique

Identification of differentially expressed transcripts for trunk formation in sago palm using annealing control primer GeneFishing technique

Effectiveness of Tending Activities in Broadleaved Forests

The aim of the study is to assess the response of plantations in general and individual trees to thinnings of different intensity. The research target is forests located on the forestry fund lands of the Bashkortostan Republic. The research is based on the method of test areas used in complete enumeration and selection of sample trees of Tilia cordata Mill. There was conducted an analysis of variability of morphological characteristics of lime trees after thinnings of different intensity in young stands (from 50 to 75%). After cleaning from 1 to 10 shoots were on mother stumps. The analysis showed that thinnings have a direct impact on formation of trunks and crowns of target trees: low intensity thinning provides a strong variation (the crown length -- 21.2%, the crown projection diameter -- 37.9%), while high intensity cutting brings in less change (the crown length -- 11.7%, the crown projection diameter-- 18.0%). The felling intensity influenced the nature of flowering and distribution of flowers: on the plot with an intensity of 75% and 1 shoot on the stump, there is the highest occurrence of flowering trees -- 20.8%; while on the plot after thinning with 50% intensity and an average number of 10 shoots on the stump, 55.3% of trees didn't bloom. In general, there are 4.2-20.8% trees with very good flowering and uniform arrangement of flowers throughout the crown. Studies have found that thinning of young stands in aspen forests, located close to beekeeping apiaries, makes it possible to restock the plots with nectar plantations of predominantly small-leaved lime trees.

Сезонный роcт сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) в таежной зоне Карелии на разных этапах онтогенеза

The studies were conducted in 2014–2015 in southern Karelia (middle taiga subzone). The aim of the research was to study the seasonal growth of shoots, needles and trunks in young (22 years old), middle-aged (55 years old) and ripening (86 years old) stands of Pinetum vacciniosum. The study found that the dynamics of the seasonal growth of vegetative organs in trees during ontogenesis varies somewhat. The beginning of the growth of shoots, needles and trunks does not depend on the age of the tree. The formation of wood cells in the lower part of the trunk in relatively young trees begins on days 8–12 earlier. The end of the growth of shoots and needles in trees of different ages is observed at the same time. The formation of trunks in relatively young stands lasts for 18–25 days longer. The growth rate of the trunks decreases with the age of the tree, the needles — increase, and in shoots it reaches its greatest value in middle age. On average, the annual growth of trunks in young, middle-aged and ripening stands is 2,54, 2,11 and 1,06 mm, respectively, needles — 11,3, 15,5 and 18,8 mg, shoots — 35,1, 38,4 and 34,4 cm. Differences in annual growth of shoots and needles are associated exclusively with the change the intensity of their growth, and the trunks, in addition, and with a difference in the duration of their formation. The features of the curves reflecting the dynamics of growth of vegetative organs in stands of different ages generally remain unchanged, the culmination of their growth being observed almost simultaneously.

Trunk formation in a dish

Developmental Biology Building mammalian embryos from self-organizing stem cells in culture would accelerate the investigation of morphogenetic and differentiation processes that shape the body plan. Veenvliet et al. report a method for generating embryonic trunk-like structures (TLSs) with a neural tube, somites, and gut by embedding mouse embryonic stem cell aggregates in an extracellular matrix surrogate. Live imaging and comparative single-cell transcriptomics indicate that TLS formation is analogous to mouse development. TLSs therefore provide a scalable, tractable, and accessible high-throughput platform for decoding mammalian embryogenesis at a high level of resolution. Science , this issue p. [eaba4937][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aba4937

Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites.

Post-implantation embryogenesis is a highly dynamic process comprising multiple lineage decisions and morphogenetic changes that are inaccessible to deep analysis in vivo. We found that pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) form aggregates that upon embedding in an extracellular matrix compound induce the formation of highly organized "trunk-like structures" (TLSs) comprising the neural tube and somites. Comparative single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirmed that this process is highly analogous to mouse development and follows the same stepwise gene-regulatory program. Tbx6 knockout TLSs developed additional neural tubes mirroring the embryonic mutant phenotype, and chemical modulation could induce excess somite formation. TLSs thus reveal an advanced level of self-organization and provide a powerful platform for investigating post-implantation embryogenesis in a dish.

Flow-solidification interaction: A numerical study on solidification of NH4Cl – 70 wt.%H2O solution in a water-cooled mould with a large sample thickness

This study focuses on the flow-solidification interaction during the solidification of NH4Cl – 70.43 wt.%H2O solution in a water-cooled mould with a large sample thickness (100 × 80 × 10 mm3). First part of the paper is to use a volume-average-based dendritic solidification model to reproduce an experiment in which transient flow is monitored in-situ using particle image velocimetry, and the solidification sequence is recorded with a light camera. The striking features of the solidification experiment are that the crystal morphology is dominant in a columnar structure, and four typical flow regimes appear in the bulk solution during cooling/solidification, namely pure thermal convection, unstable turbulent flow caused by double diffusive convection, turbulent-stratified flow, and meandering flow. The results show that there is quantitative agreement between the simulation and experiment results. The focus of this paper (second part) is to study the flow-solidification interaction by correlating the above flow regimes with the solidification quantities in the mushy zone. Owing to the enhanced mass (solute) and energy transport by advection, flow suppresses the growth of the mushy zone, while speeding up the solidification inside the mushy zone, leading to the formation of dense mush and massive columnar dendrite trunks. The crystalline morphology of NH4Cl, as presented by a dendritic envelope and described by morphological parameters, is an important factor that influences the flow; as a feedback, the flow further influences the solidification inside the mushy zone. The numerical model also provides valuable information about the formation of freckle trails.

The Phoebe genome sheds light on the evolution of magnoliids

Lauraceae includes the genus Phoebe, and the family is linked to the evolution of magnoliids. We sequenced the genome of Phoebe bournei Nanmu. The assembled genome size was 989.19 Mb, with a contig N50 value of 2.05 Mb. A total of 28,198 protein-coding genes were annotated in P. bournei. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) analysis showed that Lauraceae has experienced two WGD events; the older WGD event occurred just before the divergence of Lauraceae and Magnoliales, and the more recent WGD was shared by all lineages of Lauraceae. The phylogenetic tree showed that magnoliids form a sister clade to monocots and eudicots. We also identified 63 MADS-box genes, including AGL12-like genes that may be related to the regulation of P. bournei roots and FIN219-like genes encoding GH3 proteins, which are involved in photomorphogenesis. SAUR50-like genes involved in light signal-mediated pedicel or stem development were also identified. Four ATMYB46- and three PtrEPSP-homologous genes related to lignin biosynthesis were identified. These genes may be associated with the formation of straight trunks in P. bournei. Overall, the P. bournei reference genome provides insight into the origin, evolution, and diversification of Phoebe and other magnoliids.

Path coefficient analysis for growth characters of sago palm related to trunk formation at three years after transplanting

The trunk formation in sago palm is the most important growth stage as a sign from the start of starch storage activities on the trunk. Generally, sago palm forms trunk at 4-5 years after transplanting. This study aims to characterize and to determine the growth character of sago palm that has a direct influence on the character of the sago trunk diameter in a 3-years after transplanting. The characters observed were trunk diameter, petiole length, rachis length, leaf length, tree height, number of suckers, number of leaves, length of leaflets, the width of leaflets, number of right leaflet and number of the left leaflet. The results showed that there were three characters of sago palm growth which were significantly positive in the formation of trunk diameters i.e. the number of leaves, rachis length, and tree height with the total effect values in cross prints respectively 0.746 **, 0.465 * and 0.676 *.

Application of a human mesoderm tissue elongation system in vitro derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells to risk assessment for teratogenic chemicals

Toxic compounds from the mother’s diet and medication in addition to genetic factors and infection during pregnancy remain risks for various congenital disorders and misbirth. To ensure the safety of food and drugs for pregnant women, establishment of an in vitro system that morphologically resembles human tissues has been long desired. In this study, we focused on dorsal mesoderm elongation, one of the critical early development events for trunk formation, and we established in vitro autonomous elongating tissues from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This artificial tissue elongation is regulated by MYOSIN II and FGF signaling, and is diminished by methylmercury or retinoic acid (RA), similar to in vivo human developmental disabilities. Moreover, our method for differentiation of hiPSCs requires only a short culture period, and the elongation is cell number-independent. Therefore, our in vitro human tissue elongation system is a potential tool for risk assessment assays for identification of teratogenic chemicals via human tissue morphogenesis.

ESTUDIO ANATÓMICO DEL TRONCO VENOSO GASTROCÓLICO

Introducción: el tronco venoso gastrocólico, según lo descrito por Henle en 1868 se forma de la confluencia de las venas gastroepiploica derecha, cólica derecha y pancreático duodenal anteroinferior. Su localización y conocimiento anatómico es de importancia quirúrgica en la movilización duodeno pancreática y colo-epiploica. Material y métodos: se utilizaron 13 cadáveres formolados, adultos, de ambos sexos. Se registró: formación del tronco venoso gastrocólico, calibre de los afluentes y del tronco, distancias entre: cuello del páncreas y borde superior del duodeno III, vena mesentérica superior a duodeno II. Se topografió el tronco venoso en relación a las estructuras mencionadas. Se registró largo del tronco, distancia al borde superior del duodeno III y al borde inferior del cuello de Páncreas. Resultados: la conformación más frecuente fue por confluencia de las venas cólica derecha, gastroepiploica derecha y pancreático duodenal anteroinferior. El calibre medio del tronco venoso fue 5,65mm (3,3mm-10mm). La distancia media entre duodeno III y cuello de páncreas fue de 31,34mm (13,2mm-51mm). La distancia media entre vena mesentérica superior y duodeno II fue de 34,23mm (23,8mm-45,7mm). El largo medio del tronco venoso fue 9,43mm (3,2mm-16,3mm). Conclusión: se constató, en la mayoría de los casos, que la confluencia de formación del tronco venoso se daba según lo descrito clásicamente. Este se situó más frecuentemente de disposición oblicua hacia abajo y adentro, y en el cuadrante ínfero-interno respecto al cuadrilátero dado por una línea vertical desde cuello del páncreas a duodeno III y una horizontal desde duodeno II hasta la vena mesentérica superior.

Ramos colaterais do arco aórtico e suas principais ramificações em nutria (Myocastor coypus)

Background: Nutria (Myocastor coypus), also known as Swamp Beaver, is a medium-sized semiaquatic rodent that belongs to the Capromyidae family. Originally from the southernmost part of South America, the species is distributed in several parts worldwide such as Europe and United States, where it has been used for commercial purposes due to the excellent quality of its fur and meat. Information about the nutria morphology is rare. Only a few articles about its abdominal aorta branches can be found, but nothing exists regarding its aortic arch. Consequently, other rodents such as chinchillas, agoutis, guinea pigs capybaras, pacas and rats will be used in the discussion. Therefore, this study aims to obtain morphological information that could justify such discussions in a functional point of view, and that could result in support for a better understanding of the physiology of this animal. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-two Myocastor coypus were used in the study, originated from a breeding facility in the town of Caxias do Sul, RS and authorized by IBAMA. The animals were put to sleep by means of an anesthetic overdose administrated intraperitoneally, and kept in formaldehyde for seven days to be subsequently dissected. After having their arterial system flushed with saline solution, the aorta of thirty specimens received an injection containing latex 603 through the left ventricle, for later observation of the arteries of the cranial mediastinal space and neck. Dental resin was injected in two specimens, for subsequent manufacture of molds by means of maceration. Schematic drawings of all parts were made with the help of a magnifying glass, for posterior composition of results. The brachiocephalic trunk and the subclavian artery arose in sequence from the aortic arch of the nutria in 60% of the samples, whereas the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery arose from the arch in 40% of the samples. The branching sequence of the collateral branches of the subclavian arteries showed a great variation, presenting isolated vessels and forming trunks among the arteries identified (according to the tables). The thoracic vertebral, vertebral, internal thoracic, dorsal scapular arteries and the superficial-deep cervical trunk aroused medially from the right subclavian artery towards a lateral direction, as main collateral branches of highest prevalence. On the other hand, the left subclavian artery also gave off the vertebral artery as its first vessel, followed by the internal thoracic and thoracic vertebral arteries, and its last collateral branch was a common trunk between the dorsal scapular artery and the superficial-deep cervical trunk. Discussion: Other rodents in the study presented the same aortic arch sequence as observed in nutrias i.e., the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery. But the branches of these main vessels showed remarkable differences, with the formation of several common trunks among the arteries. Additionally, the origin sequence of these vessels was different in the rodents studied. Therefore, the aortic arch of nutrias has two model patterns for its branching. In 60% of the samples, the aortic arch gives off the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery as collateral branches. In 40% of the samples, however, the branching sequence is composed of the brachiocephalic trunk, the common left carotid artery and the left subclavian artery.

Особливості росту 30-50-річних культур сосни звичайної Житомирського Полісся на землях із кам'янистими породами

Виявлено закономірності росту та розвитку деревних рослин у насадженнях жердинного віку та середньовікових культурах сосни звичайної Житомирського Полісся. Дослідження проведено на ділянках із різною глибиною залягання кам'янистих порід у ґрунті. Встановлено, що на продуктивність насаджень у цьому віковому періоді впливають не тільки ґрунтові умови, а проведення доглядових рубань різної інтенсивності, що позначається на задернінні ґрунту, конкуренції за вологу та елементи мінерального живлення між деревними і трав'яними видами. Оцінено вплив наявності в ґрунті кам'янистих порід, зокрема їх залягання на різній глибині та кількості, на формування, розвиток та розростання кореневих систем, що надалі визначає ріст і стійкість насаджень загалом. Встановлено, що інтенсивність росту за висотою до 30–31 років дерев сосни звичайної в культурах на землях без кам'янистих порід дещо вища (в цей період різниця становить понад один метр), ніж у культурах із наявністю останніх у ґрунті. Після цього віку інтенсивність росту дерев сосни на обох ділянках однакова, але висота дерев сосни дещо більша в культурах без каміння в ґрунті. Середній діаметр дерев сосни вищий у культурах без каміння в ґрунті впродовж спостережень. Проте, незважаючи на досить високий запас стовбурової деревини в культурах, які створені на землях із наявністю каміння, товарна структура дерев сосни в них низька.

Bilateral Anatomical Variation in the Formation of Trunks of the Brachial Plexus - A Case Report

AbstractThis study presents a bilateral variation in the formation of trunks of brachial plexus in a male cadaver. The right brachial plexus was composed of six roots (C4-T1) and the left brachial plexus of five roots (C5-T1). Both formed four trunks thus changing the contributions of the anterior divisions of the cervical nerves involved in the formation of the cords and the five main somatic motor nerves for the upper limb. There are very few case reports in the scientific literature on this topic; thus making the present study very relevant.