Formation Of Reaction Products Research Articles

Changes in the flavor formation and sensory attributes of Maillard reaction products by different oxidation degrees of beef tallow via cold plasma

It remains unclear how the oxidation degree of animal fat affects the flavor formation and sensory attributes of Maillard reaction products (MRPs). To oxidize beef tallow differentially under mild conditions, an atmospheric pressure cold plasma (APCP) was applied due to its easy, economical, and controllable manipulation and effectiveness. As the duration of APCP increased after 10 min, the oxidation degree of beef tallow increased significantly (p < 0.05). The beef tallow was incorporated into the cysteine-xylose model system and heated at 120 °C for 90 min. Volatiles from lipid oxidation products increased, whereas sulfur-containing compounds decreased significantly when the model included APCP-treated beef tallow (p < 0.05). MRPs with 10-min APCP-treated beef tallow showed reduced off-odor (p < 0.05). Thus, moderate APCP treatment to beef tallow may be beneficial for sensory attributes of MRPs. It suggests the potential of APCP to improve the flavor of heat-sensitive foods by controlling lipid oxidation.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING THE RATE CONSTANT OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID REACTION WITH A CARBONATE ROCK FORMATION

One of the main factors reducing acid stimulation efficiency is the intensive reaction of active acid in the immediate vicinity of the wellbore, which leads to insufficient completeness of reservoir rock dissolution in the remote reservoir zone. The reservoir hydrodynamic characteristics are not being improved properly, and the efficiency of oil production stimulation measures does not reach the planned values.To get high results of acid treatments it is necessary to achieve deep penetration of acid into the formation thickness. The reaction rate constant is used to compare the reactivity of different acid compositions and to select the most suitable acid composition for the geological and physical conditions of the treated object, which provides the highest treatment efficiency. It relates the initial substances concentrations with reaction products formation rate. To determine the reaction rate constant, a volumetric apparatus was created and methodological aspects were developed to work on it, allowing to minimize the measurement error and to achieve the greatest accuracy in determining the kinetic parameters of the reaction. But in the course of further investigations in the work of the existing algorithm for experimental data processing, a number of significant deficiencies distorting the results of calculations were revealed. The aim of the research is to develop a new improved algorithm for reaction rate constant calculation, which will improve the understanding of the process of determining the kinetic parameters of acid reaction with carbonate rock.To achieve this aim, the authors conducted a series of experiments according to the unified methodology, the results of which revealed ways to eliminate the identified deficiencies using a new algorithm. It includes obtaining and saving initial data, subsequent treatment and direct calculation of reaction kinetic parameters with results saving.The developed algorithm makes it possible to unify and automate the process of determining the kinetic parameters of the acid reaction with the formation rock, as well as to determine the reaction characteristics with higher accuracy and reduce the influence of the human factor on the research results, thus reducing the errors of the calculation results.

Effect of waste glass powder on the durability and microstructural properties of fly ash-GGBS based alkali activated concrete containing 100 % recycled concrete aggregate

This research investigates the effective utilization of waste glass powder (WGP) in fly ash (FA)-ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) based alkali-activated concrete (AAC) containing 100 % recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) cured at ambient temperature. FA substituted with WGP in the range of 0–25 %, and the percentage of GGBS was kept unaltered at 50 %. The influence of WGP on the strength, durability, and microstructural properties of FA-GGBS based AAC was evaluated. The experimental results showed that the strength and durability were enhanced with the increases of WGP of up to 20 %, and then started to decrease. The highest compressive strength (51.4 MPa) and ultrasonic pulse velosity (UPV) (4.35 km/s) were obtained for F30W20 (FA:GGBS:WGP - 30:50:20). In addition, sorptivity, chloride, and water permeability were reduced by 39.92 %, 56 %, and 64.13 %, respectively for optimized specimens as compared to a control sample (without WGP). Furthermore, the microstructural analysis was carried out to investigate the alteration in the mineralogical and morphology. On the basis of microstructural investigations, WGP notably enhanced the microstructure of FA-GGBS-based AAC by enhancing the formation of reaction products, including C-S-H and C-(N)-A-S-H gel. At last, this study found that CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and cost analysis were lowered by approximately 60 %, 28 %, and 41 % compared to conventional concrete of the same quality.

Early-age structural build-up and rheological assessment of alkali-activated slag-red clay brick waste pastes: Influence of silica modulus and precursors proportions

Sustainability plays a crucial role in the current context of the cement industry, and alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are emerging as eco-efficient alternative binders. On the other hand, the massive generation of red brick waste worldwide and its lack of a defined destination emphasizes this material as an alternative precursor that has been insufficiently explored in the literature. Based on this context, the present study aims to investigate the structural build-up, reaction kinetics, and rheological properties of alkali-activated pastes based on blast furnace slag (BFS) and red clay brick waste (RBCW). Fresh properties such as structural build-up, rheology, and reaction kinetics are lacking in the literature on RCBW-based AAMs, highlighting these properties as a research gap to be filled and discussed in depth in this paper. The flow sweep test was performed, linked to yield stress and viscosity properties. The structural build-up was evaluated by strain sweep and small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests based on viscoelastic parameters: storage modulus, loss modulus, and phase angle. Isothermal calorimetry and in-situ FTIR were also conducted to complement the analysis and provide insight into the reaction kinetics, chemical structure, and product formation. Higher silica modulus (Ms) resulted in a lower structural build-up rate and a delayed reaction. Higher content of RCBW resulted in a delayed structuration process, which was linked to a delay in the precipitation of aluminosilicate gels. Early increase in the structural build-up in 25 % and 50 % RCBW blends (Ms = 1.0) is associated with the early formation of a well-percolated network.

Balancing Maillard reaction products formation and antioxidant activities for improved sensory quality and health benefit properties of pan baked buns

This study investigated the impact of processing temperatures (190 °C, 210 °C, and 230 °C) and durations (7 min, 10 min, and 14 min) on the formation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) and antioxidant activities in pan baked buns. Key Maillard reaction indicators, including glyoxal (GO), methylglyoxal (MGO), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), melanoidins, and fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGEs) were quantified. The results demonstrated significant increases in GO, MGO, 5-HMF contents (p < 0.05), and antioxidant activities (p < 0.05) when the buns were baked at 210 °C for 14 min, 230 °C for 10 min and 14 min. However, the interior MRPs of baked buns were minimally affected by the baking temperature and duration. Prolonged heating temperatures and durations exacerbated MRPs production (43.8 %–1038 %) in the bottom crust. Nonetheless, this process promoted the release of bound phenolic compounds and enhanced the antioxidant activity. Heating induces the thermal degradation of macromolecules in food, such as proteins and polysaccharides, which releases bound phenolic compounds by disrupting their chemical bonds within the food matrix. Appropriate selections of baking parameters can effectively reduce the formation of MRPs while simultaneously improve sensory quality and health benefit of the pan baked buns. Considering the balance between higher antioxidant properties and lower MRPs, the optimal thermal parameters for pan baked buns were 210 °C for 10 min. Furthermore, a normalized analysis revealed a consistent trend for GO, MGO, 5-HMF, fluorescent AGEs, and melanoidins. Moreover, MRPs were positively correlated with total contents of phenolic compounds, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and color, but negatively correlated with moisture contents and reducing sugars. Additionally, the interaction between baking conditions and Maillard reactions probably contributed to enhanced primary flavors in the final product. This study highlights the importance of optimizing baking parameters to achieve desirable MRPs levels, higher antioxidant activity, and optimal sensory attributes in baked buns.

ULTRASOUND IN CATALYSIS

The results of studied on the use of ultrasound in catalyst synthesis and processing are summarised. It is demonstrated that exposure to ultrasound can regulate the textural and structural characteristics of catalysts by varying exposure time and the amplitude of ultrasonic radiation. Optimisation of the conditions of ultrasonic treatment of the catalysts is determined to provide improvement of their physicochemical properties. This allows achieving higher reagents conversion and selectivity of the formation of target products in various chemical reactions. Examples of ultrasound application from the viewpoint of following the green chemistry principles are considered. It is shown that ultrasound application in organic synthesis promotes improvement of chemical process characteristics and reduces reaction time.

Feasibility of adding calcium hydroxide to FETNS–OPC: working performance, mechanical properties and reaction mechanism

To solve the problem of low early-phase reactivity of ferrous extraction tailings of nickel slag (FETNS), the effects of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) as an alkali activator on the working performance, mechanical properties and hydration products of FETNS–ordinary Portland cement (OPC) composite cementitious systems were studied. The addition of calcium hydroxide was found to shorten the initial setting time by about 40% and the final setting time by about 20%. The compressive strength at 3, 7, 28 and 60 days was increased by 51.95%, 45.27%, 8.53% and 8.9%, respectively, with the addition of calcium hydroxide. Microstructural assessment (by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, simultaneous thermal analysis, nitrogen adsorption test and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis) showed that the incorporation of calcium hydroxide increased the reaction degree of the FETNS–OPC system, and more calcium silicate hydrate gel and ettringite were generated to fill internal pores, thus improving the compactness of the matrix. In summary, the incorporation of calcium hydroxide stimulated the early-phase reactivity of the composite system, promoted the formation of reaction products and optimised the internal pore structure.

Strength and deformation characteristics of waste mud–solidified soil

The treatment, disposal, and resource utilization of waste mud are challenges for engineering construction. This study investigates the road performance of waste mud–solidified soil and explains how solidifying materials influence the strength and deformation characteristics of waste mud. Unconfined compressive strength tests, consolidated undrained triaxial shear tests, resonant column tests, and consolidation compression tests were conducted to evaluate the solidification effect. The test results show that with an increase in cement content from 5 to 9%, the unconfined compressive strength of the waste mud–solidified soil increased by over 100%, the curing time was extended from 3 to 28 days, and the unconfined compressive strength increased by approximately 70%. However, an increase in initial water content from 40 to 60% reduced the unconfined compressive strength by 50%. With the increase of cement content from 5 to 9%, the cohesion and friction angles increased by approximately 78% and 24%, respectively. The initial shear modulus under dynamic shear increased by approximately 38% and the shear strain corresponding to a damping ratio decay to 70% of the initial shear modulus decreased by nearly 11%. The compression coefficient decreased by approximately 55%. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction tests showed that a higher cement content led to the formation of more hydration reaction products, especially an increase in the content of AlPO4, which can effectively fill the pores between soil particles, enhance the bonding between soil particles, and form a skeleton with soil particles to improve compactness. Consequently, the strength of the waste mud–solidified soil increased significantly while its compressibility decreased. This study can provide data support for dynamic characteristics of waste mud solidified soil subgrade.

Enzymatic Transglycosylation Features in Synthesis of 8-Aza-7-Deazapurine Fleximer Nucleosides by Recombinant E. coli PNP: Synthesis and Structure Determination of Minor Products.

Enzymatic transglycosylation of the fleximer base 4-(4-aminopyridine-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole using recombinant E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) resulted in the formation of "non-typical" minor products of the reaction. In addition to "typical" N1-pyrazole nucleosides, a 4-imino-pyridinium riboside and a N1-pyridinium-N1-pyrazole bis-ribose derivative were formed. N1-Pyrazole 2'-deoxyribonucleosides and a N1-pyridinium-N1-pyrazole bis-2'-deoxyriboside were formed. But 4-imino-pyridinium deoxyriboside was not formed in the reaction mixture. The role of thermodynamic parameters of key intermediates in the formation of reaction products was elucidated. To determine the mechanism of binding and activation of heterocyclic substrates in the E. coli PNP active site, molecular modeling of the fleximer base and reaction products in the enzyme active site was carried out. As for N1-pyridinium riboside, there are two possible locations for it in the PNP active site. The presence of a relatively large space in the area of amino acid residues Phe159, Val178, and Asp204 allows the ribose residue to fit into that space, and the heterocyclic base can occupy a position that is suitable for subsequent glycosylation. Perhaps it is this "upside down" arrangement that promotes secondary glycosylation and the formation of minor bis-riboside products.

Machinability improvement by in-operando Tool Protection Layers through designed steel alloying: The case of manganese steel

Improvements in machinability by alloying of the workpiece often adversely impact the end user properties of a material. For example, the common use of non-metallic inclusions can lead to improved tool life during turning or milling, but often adversely affects weldability, corrosion, and wear resistance. A cutting tool material meets kilometers of workpiece material during a machining operation. Hence elements in small quantities in the workpiece may insignificantly affect the end user properties but may have large effects on tool wear. One such effect is the formation of refractory and wear resistant reaction products between the workpiece and tool. Such reaction products forming on tool surfaces may lead to improved machinability. This paper proposes the use of small amounts of alloying to induce such a Tool Protection Layer. Additionally, the paper develops a computational framework for designed alloying which balances formation of Tool Protection Layers, its in-process retention, and the functional properties of the alloy. The method has been validated for a case of manganese steel. The calculations were validated first by a wide range of diffusion experiments. Then by industrial turning of cast alloys, by comparing one reference and two newly designed alloys based on the alloying concept. The alloy with 0.003 mol fractions of Al resulted in more than 3 times increase in tool life, due to in-operando formation of Al2O3 Tool Protection Layer. The designed manganese steel maintained its functional properties with respect to abrasive wear resistance and retained its ability to work harden.

New Method for Obtaining Carboxylic Derivatives of Oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine Based on 3-Aminopyridine-2(1H)-ones

Current methods for synthesis of oxazolo[5,4-b]- and oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridines have several limitations, such as severe reaction conditions, lengthy reaction times, low yields and concurrent formation of side reaction products. This article presents the results of study focused on a one-step method for the synthesis of new derivatives of oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine incorporating an aliphatic carboxylic group as a linker. During the investigation of acylation reactions of 3-aminopyridine-2(1H)-ones with cyclic anhydrides of dicarboxylic acids (succinic, maleic and glutaric), it was found that the monoamides formed at the initial stage undergo intramolecular cyclization yielding derivatives of oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine. Subsequently, the reaction conditions were studied and optimized to achieve the target compounds with high yield and purity. The potential anti-inflammatory activity of the obtained derivatives of oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine was evaluated by molecular docking method using AutoDock Vina software. Compounds 11-14b exhibited higher binding affinity with the selected target protein Prostaglandin synthase-2 (1CX2) compared to the reference anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Thus, taking into account the results of in silico analyses, the newly synthesized oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine derivatives based on 3-aminopyridine-2(1H)-ones are promising candidates for further investigation of their potential anti-inflammatory activity through in vivo methods.

Effect of different lithological stone powders on properties of alkali-activated slag

This article studies the diverse effects of lithological on the properties of alkali-activated slag systems by blending different stone powders - limestone (LP), dolomite (DP), quartz (QP), and magnesite (MP). The physical and chemical properties of the raw materials were first analysed, followed by the investigation of reaction kinetics, resulting products, and microstructure. Rheology, strength, and shrinkage were then evaluated. Results indicate that increased LP and DP content improves flowability due to their particle size, while QP has limited effect. All stone powders reduce the degree of reaction, although the stronger affinity of LP and DP for Ca2+ promotes the formation of more reaction products. Microstructural analysis highlights superior bonding of LP and DP to the paste, as evidenced by the lower macro-scale strength loss at low mixing ratios. DP can also mitigate drying shrinkage, whereas MP has the most adverse effect due to its highest capillary pore proportion.

Impact of a minimally processing route for the production of infant formulas on their sensory properties

Infant formulas (IFs), the sole adequate substitute to human milk, undergo several thermal treatments during production that can damage milk proteins and promote the formation of Maillard reaction products, modifying nutritional and sensory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a minimally processing route based on membrane filtration associated with different levels of heat treatment, on the odor, taste, texture and color attributes of IFs, then to compare with those of commercial milks. Three experimental IFs (produced with membrane filtration associated with low - T-, medium - T+, or high thermal treatments - T+++) were evaluated. Triangular tests conducted with a panel of 50 adults highlighted clear disparities between all the IFs. The same panel applied the Check-All-That-Apply method to evaluate the IFs: the range of variability between T- and T+++ was similar to that between the 2 commercial IFs, and the sensory characteristics of the experimental IFs were not far from the commercial brands for flavor and texture attributes. Analysis performed on the citation frequencies for each descriptor differentiated T-/T+ from T+++, but all the experimental IFs were described with positive sensory characteristics, unlike one commercial IF. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) content of IFs with low and high thermal treatments were analyzed. Forty VOCs were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. T- contained a higher quantity of VOCs than T+++, except for benzaldehyde (Maillard reaction product), and aldehydes (oxidation-related products) were the most represented compounds. In conclusion, the processing was associated with sensory differences among IFs, but no marked difference in flavors was found according to CATA and physicochemical analysis. Additionally, no unpleasant sensory descriptors were noted. This shows that the minimally processed route leads to IFs that could fit well within the market from a sensory point of view.

Wood waste ash as sole solid precursor in a novel alkali-activated material: Influence of the ash particle size

Wood waste ash (WWA) was utilized as sole solid precursor in alkali-activated material (AAM) with NaOH as alkaline activator. WWA was milled at different times (15–30-60–120-180–240-300–360-600 min) to obtain the optimum milling time. Characterization results showed that WWA was mainly composed of SiO2 (68.6 wt%); XRD identified amorphous phase, quartz, and calcite; and volume moment mean diameter (D[4,3]) was 9.97 µm after 240 milling minutes. XRD/FTIR of pastes showed that WWA reacted with NaOH, chemical shrinkage concluded that occurred formation of expansive reaction products, and SEM/EDS identified poorly compacted and layered Na-Si reaction products. Compressive strength of mortars reached 17.0 ± 0.8 MPa (3 days at 65 °C) and 5.0 ± 0.2 MPa (7 days at 25 °C). Highest reaction development and strength were obtained for AAM produced with WWA milled for 240 min.

Effects of thermal treatment on the formation and properties of whey protein isolate/whey protein hydrolysate-sodium hyaluronate complexes

In dairy products, the added sodium hyaluronate may form complexes with proteins, thereby affecting product properties. In the present study, the interaction between whey protein isolate (WPI)/ whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) and sodium hyaluronate (SH) was characterized under thermal treatment at different temperatures (25 ℃, 65 ℃, 90 ℃ and 121 ℃) after studying effects of protein/SH ratio and pH on complex formation. The addition of SH reduced the particle size of WPI/WPH and increased potential value in the system, with greater variation with increasing treatment temperature. The structural properties of complexes were studied. The binding with SH decreased the contents of free amino group and free thiol group, as well as the fluorescence intensity and surface hydrophobicity. FTIR results and browning intensity measurement demonstrated the formation of Maillard reaction products. Moreover, the attachment of SH improved the thermal stability of WPI/WPH and decreased their antigenicity.

Geopolymer composites for marine application: Structural properties and durability

In marine environments, traditional ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and reinforced concrete structures are prone to corrosion, reducing their durability and service life dramatically. Geopolymers, with exceptional corrosion resistance, have great value and application potential in marine engineering. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the research advances on geopolymer cements and concretes in marine environments in terms of mechanical properties, durability, and structural properties. The research so far has demonstrated that geopolymers exhibit superior mechanical properties and durability due to their denser interface and lower porosity compared to OPC. However, geopolymers have significant brittleness defects, and their performance in marine environments, especially in splash and tidal zones with alternating wet and dry conditions, is severely affected. This is due to the influence of chloride ions, divalent cations, pH, and sulfate in seawater, which promote or inhibit the formation and transformation of reaction products and microstructures, thereby affecting their mechanical properties and stability. Nevertheless, the use of composite technologies such as modified precursors, fibers, and nanomaterials has a positive effect on enhancing their structural properties and durability. This provides guidance and solutions for the application of high-durability, low-carbon emission, and more sustainable building materials in maritime engineering.

Enhanced wettability of gallium-based liquid metal alloys on copper films by promoting intermetallic reactions

Gallium-based liquid metal alloys (LMs) have promising prospects as circuit components for flexible electronics, while, their high surface tension is now challenging for wetting of LMs on polymer surfaces and further patterning. In this study, we prepared functional Cu thin films on PDMS to enhance wettability of EGaIn liquid metal, using metal reaction-enhanced wetting. By adjusting the deposition pressure for Cu film deposition and introducing silicon-bound PDMS, both surface characteristics and microstructures of the Cu films change greatly. The corresponding contact angle of EGaIn can be tuned from 19° to 79.5°. The folded texture of the Cu film surface reduces the actual contact area, leading to an increase in the contact angle. The higher I(111)/I(200) ratio in the Cu films improves the surface wettability, probably due to the fact that the (111)-phase orientation promotes the formation of CuGa2 reaction products. This tunable wettability of LMs is expected to improve the performance of flexible electronic devices.

Insights in Pt-based electrocatalysts on carbon supports for electro-oxidation of carbohydrates: an EIS-DEMS analysis.

In this work, the electrochemical oxidation of carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) was induced at the interface of Pt-nanoparticles supported on different carbon-based materials as carbon vulcan (C) and carbon black (CB). It was found that the support plays an important role during carbohydrates electro-oxidation as demonstrated by electrochemical techniques. In this context, current-concentration profiles of the redox peaks show the behavior of the pathways at carbohydrates-based solutions. Herein, the trend of current measured was glucose > sucrose > fructose, attributed to differences in the organic functional groups and chain-structure. Raman, XRD, SEM-EDS and XPS put in clear important structural, morphological, and electronic differences linked with the intrinsic nature of the obtained material. Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectroscopy (DEMS) indicated that the selectivity and the conversion of the formed reaction products during oxidation is linked with the catalyst nature (distribution, particle size) and the interaction with the carbon-based support.

Microscale Chaotic Mixing as a Driver for Chemical Reactions in Porous Media.

Mixing-induced reactions play a key role in a large range of biogeochemical and contaminant transport processes in the subsurface. Fluid flow through porous media was recently shown to exhibit chaotic mixing dynamics at the pore scale, enhancing microscale concentration gradients and controlling mixing rates. While this phenomenon is likely ubiquitous in environmental systems, it is not known how it affects chemical reactions. Here, we use refractive index matching and laser-induced fluorescence imaging of a bimolecular redox reaction to investigate the consequence of pore scale chaotic mixing on the reaction rates. The overestimation of measured reaction rates by the classical macrodispersion model highlights the persistence of incomplete mixing on the pore scale. We show that the reaction product formation is controlled by microscale chaotic mixing, which induces an exponential increase of the mixing interface and of the reaction rates. We derive a reactive transport model that captures experimental results and predicts that chaotic mixing has a first order control on reaction rates across a large range of time scales and Péclet and Damköhler numbers. These findings provide a new framework for understanding, assessing, and predicting mixing-induced reactions and their role on the fate and mobility of environmental compounds in natural porous media.

Effect of ball milling-Ca(OH)2 coupling activation on the cementitious properties of ferrous extraction tailing of nickel slag: Basic properties, hydration mechanism and heavy metal safety

In order to improve the reactivity of ferrous extraction tailing of nickel slag (FETNS), This paper delves into the influence of ball milling-activator Ca(OH)2 on the cementitious activity of FETNS. Furthermore, it assesses the combined activation's impact on the working performance, mechanical properties, shrinkage properties, early hydration process, hydration products, and heavy metal element leaching of the FETNS-OPC composite cementitious system. The results show that the coupling activation significantly enhanced the reactivity of FETNS and prolonged the acceleration period of the composite cementitious system during the hydration process, thereby promoting the hydration reaction. This not only shortened the setting time of the composite cementitious system, but also significantly improved its early compressive strength. The microscopic test results showed that the coupling activation improved the reaction degree of the composite cementitious system, promoted the formation of more reaction products, and increased the compactness of the internal structure. In addition, the coupling activation also enhanced the degree of polymerization of the composite cementitious system, and these factors together led to an increase in compressive strength. However, it is worth noting that with the increase of FETNS reactivity under the coupling activation, the autogenous shrinkage change rate and drying shrinkage change rate of the composite cementitious system also increased accordingly. Finally, the results of the heavy metal leaching test showed that the coupling activation reduced the leaching value of heavy metal elements in FETNS, ensuring the safety of practical application.