Formation Of Public-private Partnerships Research Articles

HIV vaccines: Lessons from basic research, clinical trials, and public policy

Forty years since its discovery in 1983, HIV/AIDS still lacks a cure, despite advances in biomedicine that have dramatically improved global understanding of the virus’s biology. Decades of research and improvements to clinical trial infrastructure have promoted the development of novel vaccines for HIV, but these vaccines have shown limited efficacy. The landmark clinical trial “RV144” in Thailand (2003) showed modest efficacy of an HIV vaccine for the first time ever, sparking the formation of public-private partnerships and a wave of other HIV vaccine clinical trials. Around two decades later, the COVID-19 pandemic provided an impetus to move vaccine technology forward and exposed areas for improvement in vaccine and clinical-trial infrastructure. Looking at historical examples from both HIV and COVID-19 research, vaccine trials, and global statistics, it is clear that a successful vaccination campaign will require generous funding, collaboration, clinical trial infrastructure, sharing of data and resources amongst researchers, and policy based on scientific evidence and ethics. Such a successful campaign will also require overcoming several hurdles, such as delivering vaccines to individuals in countries with underdeveloped health care systems and both demographic and geographic disparities in access to care. The perspectives in this article are apropos given the recent development of HIV vaccines that have entered clinical trials.

Determinants of the formation process in public-private partnership projects in developing countries: evidence from China

ABSTRACT Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are expected to play a pivotal role in mobilising financial resources for infrastructure. However, the promotion of PPPs has faced challenges to their success in many countries. This study empirically analysed the determinants of initiation and adoption in PPP projects. It employed Tobit regression models with a Chinese provincial-level panel dataset from 2009 to 2019 for evaluating how government, market, and operating environment affect the number and investments in PPP projects. The results unveiled that local governments are motivated by fiscal pressure to initiate PPP projects. They also showed that the successful adoption of PPPs is associated with the activeness of private capital in local markets while neither PPP policy nor PPP fund at provincial level could facilitate the formation of PPPs. This study distinguished the initiation of PPP projects from their adoption, through which the truly key determinants of formatting PPPs were successfully identified.

Methodological Approach to Determining the Social Significance of a Project in the Field of Social Entrepreneurship

The article emphasizes that a significant direction of state policy is to support social entrepreneurship. The formation of public-private partnerships in implementing socially-oriented projects should be aimed at introducing social innovations. Social entrepreneurship, by its nature, represents an innovative business model. Developing public-private partnerships in social entrepreneurship is a creative project that utilizes innovative development tools. The social significance of project implementation was assessed using the example of three projects in the IT sector of social entrepreneurship to substantiate the proposed methodology. The proposed methodological approach allows for evaluating the entire scope of resources expended during project implementation, including financial and human resources. Also, it permits determining the degree of impact on the social component of society. A SWOT analysis was carried out to investigate the key indicators of social entrepreneurship management in a market environment. This analysis clearly illustrates the process of establishing relationships between the most characteristic development opportunities, threats, strengths (advantages), and weaknesses, the results of which could be used in the future to shape and select strategies for developing social entrepreneurship. In recent years, social entrepreneurship in Ukraine has been dynamically developing through entrepreneurs' initiatives, which indicates society's readiness for change, willingness to take risks, embrace responsibility, and harness new opportunities. Today, social entrepreneurs are experienced individuals focused on innovation, success, profit, and creating social and economic value. They possess initiative, inventiveness, creativity, strategic thinking, innovation, determination, dedication to the cause and mission, and the ability to plan and work with limited resources. Keywords: social entrepreneurship, public-private partnership.

THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN TERMS OF NATIONAL SECURITY

The article reviews the research on public-private partnerships and singles out their features pertaining to national security.
 The purpose of this article is to identify problematic issues of theoretical approaches to the formation of public-private partnerships in the realm of national security and ways to develop secure public-private partnerships in Ukraine, taking into account world best practices.
 The authors’ review of the Ukrainian research shows that there is currently a lack of in-depth and meaningful studies of theoretical and practical significance on this issue, which indicates the need for rethinking and updating the development of public-private partnerships given the requirement to implement national security priorities as set by the National Security Strategy of Ukraine.
 The nature of the threats to the national security and national interests of Ukraine requires a comprehensive study of partnerships between the state and the private sector in the basic areas of national security.
 National security is the result of collective actions of the state and society, while the mechanisms of public-private partnerships in the field of national security are not regulated by Ukrainian legislation. Creating a legal basis and institutional support are fundamental factors in forming an effective model of public-private partnership in the field of security.
 The introduction of public-private partnerships in the areas of the military, defense and military construction, state and public security, cybersecurity and civil protection requires significant state support.
 Furthermore, the non-governmental (private) security sector should become an integral part of the national security system of Ukraine.
 The authors develop proposals for the formation of an effective system of public-private partnership for the purposes of national security. First and foremost, these include the improvement of the legal framework for the development of public-private partnership and the joint development of specific measures.

Quantitative Assessment of the Likelihood of Disputes in PPP Projects Using Fault Tree Analysis

Disputes involved in public–private partnership (PPP) projects destroy the relationship between governments and private partners and generate huge losses. To multiply the chances of successfully preventing disputes, a holistic understanding of how a PPP dispute occurs is necessary. This paper contributes to the PPP dispute studies domain in (1) identifying various contributors that lead to the formation of PPP disputes at different levels, (2) proposing a fault tree (FT) framework of a PPP dispute, and (3) evaluating the likelihood of a PPP dispute and displaying the weakest part of a PPP project. First, three basic components that drive the development of PPP disputes are identified: project uncertainty, opportunistic behaviors, and contractual incompleteness. Second, scenario modeling of PPP disputes through fault tree analysis (FTA) depicts a more intelligible structure of PPP disputes. Furthermore, the fuzzy sets evaluation method was employed to compute the fuzzy occurrence likelihood of a PPP dispute. The results indicate that dispute is inevitable in PPP projects (with an occurrence likelihood of 0.9464). Additionally, opportunism is the dominant dispute inducer in PPPs. Our findings are expected to help PPP participants understand how various drivers contribute to the occurrence likelihood of PPP disputes where past data is inadequate. Then, more cost-efficient and appropriate preventive strategies can be developed based on the assessment to minimize the occurrence of PPP disputes.

IMPROVEMENT OF TAXATION OF INDIRECT TAXES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article discusses the induction method of considered to have established a solid legal and institutional framework for public-private partnership (PPP) projects, which led to a sharp increase in the formation of PPPs: In addition to the fact that Kazakhstan is a leader in Central Asia in terms of creating a legal and institutional framework for PPP and the number of signed PPP contracts, Kazakhstan has also achieved success in implementing the control concession project Big Almaty Ring Road with a length of 66 km (toll road around the city of Almaty), also known as BAKAD. The financial closure of this project took place on August 7, 2020, making it the largest PPP project in Central Asia. In order to define the concept of the control environment and its place in the audit of the internal control system, it is necessary to establish the essence of internal control, its goals and structure. The goal includes the goals of the organization for doing business, namely, operational objectives, profitability indicators, business activity, as well as ensuring the safety of assets. The second goal concerns the preparation of reliable financial (accounting) statements, as well as management information. The third purpose of internal control implies ensuring compliance of the company's activities with the requirements of both general legislative acts and specific ones directly regulating the activities of the organization. In addition to compliance with the law, this goal also applies to ensuring compliance with the requirements of internal regulatory documents of the organization.

BINOMIAL REAL OPTIONS MODEL WITH DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO THE EVALUATION OF RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN BRAZIL

This paper presents a methodology for evaluating public investments in railway infrastructure based on the theory of real options, using the binomial model combined with dynamic programming procedures and Monte Carlo simulation. This modelling was proposed in order to overcome the inefficiencies in the evaluation process of projects conducted by the Brazilian public agencies, as pointed out by World Bank studies. According to these studies, there is evidence that the various managerial and regulatory instances of the Brazilian government have been limited to applying classical analysis techniques, considering only the discounted cash flow indicators, instead of paying more attention to risk issues, as well as to the possibilities of managerial flexibility. The proposed analytical procedures are recommended to support infrastructure investment decisions that can be transferred to the private sector or to guide the formation of public-private partnerships (PPPs).

БЕЗПЕКА ОБ’ЄКТІВ КРИТИЧНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ В УКРАЇНІ: ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-НОРМАТИВНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПІДХОДИ

The theoretical foundations of the functioning of critical infrastructure, which focuses on critical analysis of the content of the concepts of critical infrastructure and critical infrastructure security are revealed in the article. The definition of a number of concepts in the field of critical infrastructure and its safety, which should be used in the relevant legal documents, is proposed and substantiated. The key factors to consider when organizing the security of critical infrastructure are suggested and grounded. It is determined that for the proper organization of the safety of critical infrastructure, the availability of official relevant legal documents and organizational structure is crucial, within which they should be divided into groups with clear content characteristics. Since, the structure of the security system of critical infrastructure facilities in Ukraine, the scope of security powers and responsibilities of their owners and the state will depend on their content. An expert assessment of the feasibility of standardization of basic security concepts and the organization of the security system of critical infrastructure is conducted. It is found that the formation of public-private partnership in the field of critical infrastructure security is important to increase the efficiency of this system. It has been established that security activity in the field of critical infrastructure is a rather complex process, which, in addition to security mechanisms, will include coordination, as well as activities that require appropriate management. All these factors require appropriate specialists, whose training and retraining should begin in higher education institutions that have educational and safety technologies, some experience with the involvement of practitioners. It is determined that the certification and maintenance of registers should be an important and obligatory element in the organization of security of critical infrastructure facilities.

Mechanisms of public-private partnership and ensuring innovation and investment activities in the region

In the paper the analysis of public-private partnership (PPP) in Russia and its regions is carried out. Based on the example of one of the most investment-attractive regions - the Krasnodar region - the in-depth review of the main financial and investment statistical indicators of the formation and operation of PPP was conducted. It is noted that due to the fact that regional legislation in the sphere was ahead of the approval of the Federal law, this led to some differences in approaches to the formation of PPP and system errors. It is emphasized that the greatest differences in approaches to PPP are observed in the formation of innovative projects, as in the absence of Federal legislation on innovation, there are errors of institutional and categorical nature, as a result of which projects of the traditional social and communal direction are sometimes called “innovative”, and they include them in statistics. As a result, it is proposed to introduce a rating by region not only on the level and volume of PPP, but also on the volume of real innovative projects and indicators of innovative development of the region, reflected in the corresponding Strategic program.

Развитие российской и мировой экономики промышленности: теория, практика, специфика венчурного бизнеса

The scientific and practical relevance, timeliness and practical and applied relevance of the selected research topics are empirically substantiated by the processes of sustainable development of world labour markets, improving the quality of human resources, increasing the importance of scientific and educational activities, acquiring unique competencies, knowledge and skills by workers of modern business entities, deepening specialization and differentiation of science-intensive enterprises, permanent scientific and technological progress and acceleration of the pace of formation of industrial-industrial clusters and venture business. The theoretical and practical goals of the publication are to study the socio-economic mechanisms for solving the theoretical and practical-applied problems of sustainable innovative development of the industrial economy and the implementation of science-intensive projects characterized by high production and economic uncertainty and significant socio-economic risk, which are not amenable to formalization. The theoretical and methodological basis of the publication was the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists-researchers of socio-economic algorithms for the development of domestic and world economies of industry, as well as venture business. Scientific novelty lies in the critical rethinking of such a constructive and creative result of the venture business as the formation of public-private partnerships and the author’s interpretation of strategically significant science-intensive segments of the industrial economy (telecommunication technologies, medicine, microbiology, production of substitute products, innovative energy trends, the search for alternative sources of energy supply, etc. etc.). The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the comparative characteristics of the American and Eurasian strategies for the innovative development of industry, as well as the empirical argumentation of their socio-economic advantages and disadvantages. The article reveals a reduction in costs and a regression of transactions between production and economic services of American companies, savings due to the narrow focus of scientific and production processes with a simultaneous absence of material incentives for labour activity and the occurrence of costs due to the regulation of labour functions of workers. The use of a progressive system of remuneration of labour and bonuses to personnel of Eurasian companies has been established in the context of a simultaneous increase in resource and raw materials and monetary costs and the liberalization of in-house management, which are of priority importance for the formation of a strategy for the development of the Russian industrial economy

Public-private partnership: the process of formation and development

The article discusses the theoretical aspects of public-private partnership: goals, objectives, regulation through the improvement of public policy mechanisms. A discourse is being made on the formation of public-private partnerships and the effectiveness of the mechanism of relations between the state and the private sector on the example of foreign countries and Kazakhstan.

Developing Public-Private Partnerships in Plant Pathology Extension: Case Studies and Opportunities in the United States.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can be an effective and advantageous way to accomplish extension and outreach objectives in plant pathology. The greatest opportunities for extension-focused PPPs may be in response to large-scale or emerging disease management concerns or in addressing complex issues that impact agriculture, such as climate change, digital technology, and public perception of science. The most fertile ground for forming PPPs is where the needs and strengths of the public and private sectors are complementary. Developing PPPs depends as much on professional relationships as on technical skills or contracts. Defining and making room for the success of all partners, identifying and addressing barriers to success, and earning and maintaining trust are components that contribute to the effectiveness of PPPs. Case studies in plant pathology demonstrate the positive impact PPPs can have on partners and stakeholders and provide guidance on the formation of PPPs in the future.

AN ANALYSIS ON THE ANTECEDENTS OF YOUNG EMPLOYEES’ EARNING POTENTIAL IN SOUTH AFRICA

Concerns surrounding the outcomes of young people in the labour market have become a global phenomenon. None more so has this been evident than in South Africa. While finding employment seems highly unlikely for most, circumstances surrounding the outcomes of those who are employed have likewise raised alarms. Understanding what contributes to decent employment in this regard holds important relevance not only in promoting the wellbeing of the cohort, but also advancing the knowledge on the requirements to utilise their local development potential. The purpose of the study was therefore to identify the antecedents of young South African employees’ earning potential. A quantitative approach and cross-sectional research design were employed, where secondary data collected through the most recent national labour market dynamics survey was used. The sample consisted of 27 493 young employees between the ages of 15 and 34 years. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations and a linear regression were utilised for the analysis. Results of the study showed the earnings potential of young South Africans to be intertwined with an array of aspects. In this regard, the remuneration prospects of young people depend on race, sector of employment and trade union membership. Outcomes were also highly gendered biased, while the impact of labour market inequalities including the lack of social capital and geographical characteristics likewise seems to affect their earnings ability. Recommendations in advancing the cohort’s labour market outcomes must, therefore, include enhanced public-private partnership formation through mandatory apprenticeship programmes. This must be supported by the relaxation of labour market regulations and a strategic focus that seeks to advance both soft and technical skills.

Multiple Pathways to Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Public Service Delivery: A Cross-City Comparison of Bicycle-Sharing Service in China

ABSTRACTAlthough extant studies have examined the factors affecting the formation of public–private partnerships (PPPs) for urban public service delivery, few have conducted case studies on how institutional and strategic complexities have been addressed in service PPPs that recur across a geographical area. This article applies a perspective of collaborative governance to studying Mobike bicycle-sharing services in four Chinese cities: Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Policy learning and regulations address two complexities. Four pathways to the formation of PPPs emerged from comparative case studies: spontaneous market-driven, regulation-driven, innovation-driven and active governance-driven. Shared value and trust, interaction, policy reinvention and joint actions are embedded in these pathways.

Regional management of district heating

Nowadays in Russia we see rapid modernization of power engineering and transport systems. Under these conditions the issue concerning improvement of regional heat supply system energy-efficiency has gained a new importance. The aim of this study is to find new development directions of the public-private partnership (PPP), specifically from the perspective of its energy efficiency. Amid the financial crisis and economic sanctions the formation of public-private partnership allows increasing of energy efficiency of regional fuel and energy complex by means of regional energy service company creation. This paper will be useful both for central and local government and for private business.

Problems of implementing the mechanism of public-private partnership in the field of public transport services in the Russian Federation

The article presents the problems of the formation of public-private partnership in the field of public transport services in the Russian Federation. The risks of the participants of the agreement on public-private partnership are considered. As the most priority mechanism for implementing public-private partnerships in public transport services, the project financing is analyzed, which is based on the formation of a specialized company and the use of various sources of public-private partnership financing. The principles of the agreement of public-private partnership in the sphere of public transport services are proposed.

Формирование инновационных механизмов частно-государственного партнерства как часть реализации Национальной технологической инициативы в Российской Федерации

Формирование инновационных механизмов частно-государственного партнерства как часть реализации Национальной технологической инициативы в Российской Федерации

Entity structure of the system of economic analysis of public-private partnership project formation and implementation

In the course of the research, the authors carry out the analysis of scientists’ works that can be used as the basis for the development of organizational provisions of economic analysis as the instrument for managing inter-entity relations in the process of formation and implementation of public private partnership in various forms and models. It is established that the main provisions in the organization of economic analysis of public-private partnership project formation and implementation are the necessity to substantiate the management areas, for which there is a need to involve the economic analysis entities and the entities of economic analysis organization and implementation. The public-private partnership project formation and implementation involve various entities of economic analysis organization and implementation. The study provides the description concerning the entities of organization and implementation of economic analysis of the public-private partnership project formation and realization. The specified characteristic of the entities of organization and implementation of economic analysis of public-private partnership formation and realization points to their multifunctionality and the need to shape the directions of their involvement at different stages of the project.

Public-private partnership (PPP) development: Toward building a PPP framework for healthy eating.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in public health have gained great attention in the global health literature over the last two decades. Evidence suggests that PPPs could contribute to mitigating complex health problems. There is, however, limited knowledge about the process and specific conditions in which PPPs for healthy eating, in particular, can be developed successfully. To address this gap, this article first summarizes the literature, and second, using qualitative content analysis, identifies factors deemed to influence the process of building PPPs for healthy eating. The literature search was undertaken in two stages. The first stage focused on PPPs in public health to understand what constitutes a PPP, and the types and characteristics of PPPs. The second stage sought empirical examples and conceptual papers related to PPPs for healthy eating to identify critical elements that could facilitate or hinder partnerships between the government and the food industry. The search yielded 38 articles on PPPs in public health and 20 on PPPs for healthy eating. The analysis generated 23 individual elements that have the potential to influence a successful process of building PPPs for healthy eating (eg, endorsement from an individual champion, equal representation from partner organizations on board committees). The analysis also yielded five factors that appeared to well-represent the 23 individual elements of PPP formation: motivation, enablers, governance, benefits, and barriers. These results constitute an important step to understand critical factors involved in the formation of PPPs in public health and should inform additional empirical research to validate them.

A Comparative Analysis of the Socio-Economic Challenges Faced by SMMEs: The Case of the Emfuleni and Midvaal Local Municipal Areas

Flourishing and thriving small, medium and micro enterprise (SMME) sectors have become one of the leading recognised cornerstones of economic development. The ability of these businesses to act as key drivers of economic growth, innovation and job creation make them valuable assets towards any nation’s strive for a more inclusive economic and social outlook. For South Africa in particular, burdened by an epidemic of unemployment, poverty and income inequality, SMMEs role in improving the socio-economic environment proves pivotal. Yet, despite their potential, these businesses face a myriad of challenges, emanating from both internal and external environments, that restricts their growth and development. The primary aim of this study is to identify and compare the main socio-economic challenges faced by SMMEs in two local areas within the Vaal Triangle region. The study made use of a quantitative research approach and a cross-sectional research design through means of the survey method. The sample consisted of a total of 198 SMME owners that resided in both the Emfuleni (ELM) (n = 100) and Midvaal (MLM) (n = 98) local municipal areas. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics, cross tabulations and chi-square tests. Overall the results of the study revealed that amongst the biggest challenges faced by SMMEs included managerial as well as economic aspects such as a lack of skilled labour, insufficient business training and lacklustre local economic conditions. The comparative analysis further revealed more significant infrastructural challenges in the Emfuleni local municipal area while market challenges such as a lack of demand as well as higher transportation costs were experienced by SMMEs located in the Midvaal area. The findings of the study provide valuable insight towards fostering an enabling environment for SMME development, specifically on local levels. In this regard policy stakeholders should adopt a multi-sectoral SMME focus. Possible recommendations include enhanced macroeconomic stability, strong public-private partnership formation and the provision of strong business support structures that facilitate management skills development together with the provision of strategic finance facilities.