Formation Of Porous Structure Research Articles

Analysis of the Influence of Activated Carbons' Production Conditions on the Porous Structure Formation on the Basis of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption Isotherms.

The results of a study of the impact of activation temperature and the mass ratio of the activator to the carbonised precursor on the porous structure of nitrogen-doped activated carbons obtained from lotus leaves by carbonisation and chemical activation with sodium amide (NaNH2) are presented. The analyses were carried out via the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, the Dubinin-Raduskevich, and the density functional theory methods applied to carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms. Carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms' analysis provided much more detailed and reliable information about the pore structure analysed. The analyses showed that the surface area of the analysed activated carbons is strongly heterogeneous, but the analysed activated carbons are characterised by a bimodal pore structure, i.e., peaks are clearly visible, first in the range of pore size from about 0.6 to 2.0 nm and second in the range from about 2.0 to 4.0 nm. This pore structure provides optimal adsorption performance of carbon dioxide molecules in the pore structure both for adsorption at atmospheric pressure, which requires the presence of narrow pores for the highest packing density, as well as for adsorption at higher pressures, which requires the presence of large micropores and small mesopores. However, there are no micropores smaller than 0.5 nm in the analysed activated carbons, which precludes their use for carbon dioxide adsorption for processes conducted at pressures less than 0.01 MPa.

One-Step Synthesis of 3D Pore-Structured Adsorbent by Cross-Linked PEI and Graphene Oxide Sheets and Its Application in CO2 Adsorption.

In this study, a one-step method of polyethylenimine (PEI) cross-linking graphene oxide (GO) was used to prepare a 3D pore-structured adsorbent with abundant amine groups for chemisorption of CO2. The cross-linking of PEI with GO sheets and the vacuum freeze-drying step are the keys to the formation of the 3D pore structure. The results of characterization analysis revealed that the as-prepared adsorbent had a 3D porous structure rich in amine groups. Besides, the adsorption/desorption test showed that the prepared adsorbent has excellent and stable adsorption performance, and the maximum CO2 adsorption capacity is 2.18 mmol/g at 343 K and 10 vol % CO2. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics analysis indicated that the adsorption process was dominated by homogeneous adsorption, and the adsorbent had a strong affinity with CO2. Finally, the correlation analysis shows that the kinetic constants obtained by the Avrami model simulation can be effectively used for the actual CO2 adsorption process design.

Role of Carbon Phase in the Formation of Foam Glass Porous Structure.

The production of durable, non-combustible, heat-insulating materials is currently very important. One of the most promising materials is foam glass. Modern enterprises widely use organic foaming agents in foam glass production. The purpose of this work is to study the role of the carbon phase formed during the organic foaming agent's (glycerol) thermal destruction in the processes of glass mass foaming. The samples were synthesized using the powder method with high-temperature treatment. Different ratios of glycerol and waterglass in a foaming mixture showed that amount of glycerol should be less than in waterglass. Otherwise, the amount is excessive and the glycerol burns out. It was shown that the quantitative description of the carbon phase structure and properties is complicated by its nanometer size and fusion into the glass. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that carbon particle size cannot be greater than 535 nm. Using a set of methods, it was proved that the carbon phase is represented by nanometer particles of amorphous sp2-carbon. Therefore, the foaming mechanism includes nanoparticles settling and immersing into the glass surface, a reaction of carbon with the sulfate ions from glass with a release of gases. Conclusions on foaming intensification via using sulfur additions and other organic foaming agents were drawn.

Altering substrate properties of thin film nanocomposite membrane by Al2O3 nanoparticles for engineered osmosis process

ABSTRACT The scarcity of energy and water resources is a major challenge for humanity in the twenty-first century. Engineered osmosis (EO) technologies are extensively researched as a means of producing sustainable water and energy. This study focuses on the modification of substrate properties of thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane using aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles and further evaluates the performance of resultant membranes for EO process. Different Al2O3 loading ranging from zero to 0.10 wt% was incorporated into the substrate and the results showed that the hydrophilicity of substrate was increased with contact angle reduced from 74.81° to 66.17° upon the Al2O3 incorporation. Furthermore, the addition of Al2O3 resulted in the formation of larger porous structure on the bottom part of substrate which reduced water transport resistance. Using the substrate modified by 0.02 wt% Al2O3, we could produce the TFN membrane that exhibited the highest water permeability (1.32 L/m2.h.bar, DI water as a feed solution at 15 bar), decent salt rejection (96.89%), low structural parameter (532.44 μm) and relatively good pressure withstandability (>25 bar).

Monitoring the Changes in Heat Transfer and Water Evaporation of French Fries during Frying to Analyze Its Oil Uptake and Quality.

The effect of frying temperature on heat transfer, water loss kinetic, oil uptake kinetic, and quality of French fries was evaluated. With increasing frying temperature, the core temperature of fries increased, and the Biot number and heat transfer coefficient (h) first decreased and then increased significantly (p < 0.05). The water loss rate (kw) and water effective diffusion of fries increased with the increasing frying temperature. The kw of fries fried at 150−190 °C were 0.2391, 0.2414, 0.3205, 0.3998, and 0.3931, respectively. The oil uptake rate (ko) first increased and then decreased with increasing frying temperature, and the ko of samples fried at 150−190 °C were 0.2691, 0.2564, 0.4764, 0.3387, and 0.2522, respectively. There were significant differences in the a*, L*, ΔE, and BI between fries with different temperatures (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the b* (p > 0.05). The hardness and crispness of fries increased with increased frying temperature. The highest overall acceptability scores of fries were fried at 170 °C. Therefore, the changes in color, texture overall acceptability, and oil content were due to the Maillard reaction and the formation of porous structure, which was induced by h and water evaporation of fries when they changed.

GaN nanostructure for hydrogen gas sensor

The growth of heterostructure of n-type GaN/AlN/Si(111) is carried out using the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) Veeco model Gen II system. The surface morphology of the as-grown GaN sample showed pits on the GaN surface in a ratio small than those found by other research groups. Porous GaN samples were synthesized by an electrochemical etching technique combined with increasing the current density to 75 mA/cm2. The formation of pore structures are of different sizes, the etched surface became hexagonal, and pore structures are confined to a smaller size. The PL results showed greater blue shift luminescence in comparison to results found by other research groups. The reduction in crystallite size is confirmed by an increase in the broadening of XRD spectra. Raman spectra also displayed a strong band at 522 cm−1 from the Si(1 1 1) substrate, and a small band at 301 cm−1. These are due to the acoustic phonons of Si. Two Raman active optical phonons are assigned to h-GaN at 139 cm−1 and 568 cm−1, due to E2 (low) and E2 (high) respectively. The sensitivity of the gas sensor is increased as a function of the hydrogen flow rate and they became much higher compared to the as-grown sample.

Self-assembly of biomass derivatives into multiple heteroatom-doped 3D-interconnected porous carbon for advanced supercapacitors

The rational design of the pore structure of carbon materials is of great significance for solving the low specific capacitance and poor rate performance of supercapacitors. Herein, we propose a multiple heteroatom-doped three-dimensional (3D) interconnected carbon material obtained from the self-assembly of biomass derivatives including chitosan and sodium lignosulfonate with the assistance of boric acid. The amino group of chitosan protonated by boric acid can form electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bonding with the sulfonic acid group of sodium lignosulfonate to form a carbon network structure. Boric acid also acts as a template, and in combination with KOH activation, further promotes the formation of the hierarchical porous structure, resulting in the as-prepared carbon possessing a high specific surface area of 2700.65 m2 g−1. As the electrode material in 6 M KOH electrolyte, it manifests a decent specific capacitance of 332 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in the three-electrode system, while the symmetric electrode achieves a high energy density of 17.7 W h kg−1 at 166.4 W kg−1. Moreover, the contribution rate of the fast and slow kinetic process, as well as the fast diffusion of electrolyte ions are deeply revealed through the ultrafast charge/discharge and the ion diffusion kinetics analysis, respectively. The symmetric electrode in PVA/KOH gel electrolyte maintains 97% capacitance retention and 100% Coulombic efficiency over 10000 cycles, indicating excellent cycling stability.

Critical melting assisted freeze-thawing treatment as a novel clean-label way to prepare porous starch: Synergistic effect of melting and ice recrystallization

Porous starch is one of the widely used multifunctional materials in food and pharmaceutical industries. This work was carried out to prepare porous starch by a novel clean-label method of critical melting (CM) and freeze-thawing (FT) treatment. Porous starch prepared by CMFT showed observable grooves and holes on the surface, channels and cavities inside the granule. Repeated FT after CM promoted the formation of porous structures, in which freezing rates showed different effects on the pore-forming properties of starch granules. Compared to the native counterpart, porous starch prepared by CMFT showed significantly increased thermal stability as shown by water solubility, swelling power, DSC, and RVA. CMFT treatment significantly increased water and oil absorption of porous starch from 85 to 75% (native) up to about 160 and 100%, respectively. Moreover, CMFT prepared porous starch showed the appearance of a visible diffraction peak at 20°, indicating a more ordered double-helical structure in starch granules. The synergistic effect of CM combined with FT could be used to prepare porous starch with “clean-label”. • Critical melting with freeze-thawing could be used for porous starch preparation. • The prepared porous starch has an increased thermostability. • Treatment significantly increased the water and oil absorption of porous starch. • Melting energy and ice crystals recrystallization are critical for porous structure formation. • Reassociation of leached soluble starches during treatment raised thermostability of starch.

Composite Porous Structure Formation by Platinum-Particle-Assisted Etching of a Highly-Doped p-Type Silicon: Evaluation of Charge Flow in Silicon

Electroless deposition of metal particles on silicon (Si) followed by the metal-assisted etching (metal-assisted chemical etching) is a simple way to fabricate Si nanostructures. A composite porous structure consisting of straight macropores and a mesoporous layer can be created by platinum (Pt)-particle-assisted etching. In this work, we studied the composite structure formation on a highly-doped p-Si (ca. 5 × 1018 cm−3) in comparison with a moderately-doped p-Si (ca. 1 × 1015 cm−3). The composite structure drastically changed: the ratio of mesoporous layer thickness to macropore depth increased to 1.1 from 0.16 by using the highly-doped Si instead of the moderately-doped Si. The open circuit potential of Si in the etching solution shifted to the positive direction by the Pt deposition. The potential shift of highly-doped Si was smaller than that of moderately-doped Si, which can be explained by the polarization characteristics. We calculated the band bending in Si by using a device simulator that reproduced the conditions of Pt-particle-assisted etching. The results indicated that, in the case of highly-doped Si, the consumption rate of positive holes at the Si surface away from the Pt particles increases due to the tunneling effect, which is consistent with the thick mesoporous layer formation.

Engineered biochar prepared using a self-template coupled with physicochemical activation for highly efficient adsorption of crystal violet

In this study, engineered biochar (EBC) was prepared from rice husk biochar to achieve highly efficient crystal violet (CV) removal. EBCs have critically controlled the structures through the use of three strategies of conventional chemical activation, self-templating coupled with chemical activation and self-templating coupled with physicochemical activation. EBCs are characterized by SEM, EDS, BET, and FTIR. The batch adsorption experiments using kinetic and isotherm studies are applied to investigate CV adsorption. The hierarchical porous structure is only observed in samples prepared by the self-template method using naturally available SiO2 templates inside rice husk. By using the self-template coupled with physicochemical activation, EBC-3 is prepared with an excellent SSA and mesoporosity of 2344 m2 g−1 and 0.70, respectively. As a result, EBC-3 achieves a remarkably high maximum CV adsorption capacity (564.42 mg g–1) and rapid CV adsorption rate (0.035 g mg–1 h–1). The obtained results are due to the formation of a hierarchical porous structure with high mesoporosity, facilitating the transport of CV molecules. The large SSA and rich functional groups provide abundant active sites for CV adsorption. The CV adsorption on EBC was governed by pore filling, electrostatic attraction, π–π interaction and hydrogen bonding mechanisms.

The Effects of Magnesium Borate Whiskers on the Mechanical Performance of Oil Well Cement

Quasi-brittle behaviors of cement-based material can be reinforced through diverse methods due to its unique multiscale features. Among them, reinforcing agents are the most direct and effective means, such as slag, metakaolin, and fly ash. These materials can improve the performance of cement stone to a certain extent, but their chemical composition is still mainly silica, which does not in essence change the defects of cement. Therefore, in this experiment, magnesium borate whisker (Mg2B2O5) was used as reinforcer of 90°C class G oil well cement and magnesium borate whisker reinforced cement-based material (MBWRC) was prepared. On the one hand, the performance of mechanical strength was controlled, and the resistance to compression, traction, and bending was included. Furthermore, static stress-strain behaviors analysis and toughness behaviors analysis (dynamic multicycle loading test) were further conducted. Second, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to test the characteristics of pores and interfaces of cement-based materials. Through multiscale microstructure analysis, MBWRC was found to have excellent 90°C mechanical performances when compared to control sample’s, for which tensile strength increased to 235% of controlled sample’s, and flexural strength increased to 130%, plus a healthy developed compressive performance, and MBWRC showed much denser pore structure, in which harmless micropore increased from 13.3% to 14.40%, porosity decreased from 17.01% to 16.20%, and permeability decreased from 0.2533% to 0.0205%. Furthermore, MBWRC showed resistance capability to mechanical loading, which can be attributed to the formation of denser pore structure and more excellent mechanical performance.

Microstructural evolution mechanism of plain-woven SiC/SiC during thermal ablation

The ablation characteristics of plain-woven SiC/SiC composites were investigated using an oxy-acetylene flame to reveal the failure process. The results showed that the linear ablation rate decreased linearly with time to 0.035 mm/s at 60 s of ablation. The ablation process of single SiC fibers resulted in the formation of a characteristic SiO2 broken porous tubular structure on the external surface. Due to the characteristics of the warp and weft weave structure of the material, resulting in the formation of "micro-pits" on the surface of the SiC fibers.

Improving the effectiveness of internal curing through engineering the pore structure of lightweight aggregates

A low absorption rate and a small thermal conductivity coefficient are the main targets in the preparation of traditional coarse lightweight aggregate (LWA). Fine LWA is generally used as internal curing materials and crushed from coarse LWA. Large pores or low water absorption will reduce the effectiveness of internal curing. In this study, a waste-based fine LWA with high water absorption (≥20%) has been made of bauxite tailings, silica fume, and paper sludge. The pore structure formation of fine LWA was analyzed. Time-dependent water absorption, water desorption, and pore structure of fine LWA were tested. Their effects on the early-aged hydration, autogenous shrinkage, pore structure, and compressive strength of high-strength mortars were studied. The results showed that different from the isolated and large pore structure of the expanded shale, fine LWA had a connected and fine pore structure of 200–2000 nm. It could absorb about 30.6% water by mass and quickly reaches saturation, and more than 95% of water absorbed was released at 97% relative humidity (RH). Fine LWA had a good water retention capacity and did not result in the delay of the main hydration. The capillary pore size of 20–50 nm increased and the total porosity reduced due to the increased degree of hydration. Compared to the high-strength mortars with the same mixing water content, fine LWA reduced the autogenous shrinkage of mortars by up to 88% and increased the strength of mortars by up to 2.5%.

Rapid and efficient removal of toxic ions from water using Zr-based MOFs@PIM hierarchical porous nanofibre membranes

The development of new adsorbent materials to improve adsorption capacity and selectivity constitutes a significant research direction for removing toxic ions from water. In this study, a series of Zr-based metal–organic framework hierarchical porous nanofibre membranes (MOFs@PIM-W) was designed and successfully synthesised, and their adsorption properties and mechanism for fluoride ions in water were investigated. The formation of Zr–F bonds in Zr-based MOFs is a primary reason for the rapid, effective, and stable removal of fluoride ions from water. Moreover, in contrast to common powder adsorbents and the conventional static adsorption process, the obtained hierarchical porous nanofibre membranes improve the removal rate of fluoride ions, which may be attributed to the formation of hierarchical porous structures. Specifically, by modifying the types of MOFs, the obtained nanofibre membranes can effectively remove Hg(II) ions from water under a wide range of pH environments (pH = 2–10) with a removal rate of up to 99 %. This indicates that the hierarchical porous design of nanofibre membranes incorporated with their specific adsorption provides a viable option for rapidly and efficiently removing toxic ions from water.

Defect structure regulation and mass transfer improvement of cobalt-based oxides for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction

Cobalt-based oxides have been widely studied as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Improving the intrinsic activity of the OER and increasing the number of active sites are two strategies used to enhance the OER performance. However, combining these two strategies to improve the catalytic activity of the OER for CoO catalysts has rarely been reported. Herein, we introduce a simple strategy to prepare CoO for the OER by fine tuning the calcination temperature of the Co(OH)2 precursor. The physical and chemical characterizations of these materials confirm the formation of oxygen vacancies and porous structures. Among the Co-based oxides prepared at different temperatures (300–600 °C), CoO prepared at 500 °C shows the best OER performance. The intrinsic catalytic activity and number of active sites of the CoO nanoflowers are also improved, which is attributed to the formation of oxygen vacancies and porous structures. This work introduces a simple strategy to improve the catalytic activity of the OER for transition metal-based oxides by improving their intrinsic catalytic activity and simultaneously increasing the number of active sites.

Injectable nanofiber-reinforced bone cement with controlled biodegradability for minimally-invasive bone regeneration.

Injectable materials show their special merits in regeneration of damaged/degenerated bones in minimally-invasive approach. Injectable calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) has attracted broad attention for its bioactivity, as compared to non-degradable polymethyl methacrylate cement. However, its brittleness, poor anti-washout property and uncontrollable biodegradability are the main challenges to limit its further clinical application mainly because of its stone-like dense structure and fragile inorganic-salt weakness. Herein, we developed a kind of injectable CPC bone cement with porous structure and improved robustness by incorporating poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofiber into CPC, with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to offer good injectability as well as anti-wash-out capacity. Furthermore, the introduction of PLGA and CMC also enabled a formation of initial porous structure in the cements, where PLGA nanofiber endowed the cement with a dynamically controllable biodegradability which provided room for cell movement and bone ingrowth. Interestingly, the reinforced biodegradable cement afforded a sustainable provision of Ca2+ bioactive components, together with its porous structure, to improve synergistically new bone formation and osteo-integration in vivo by using a rat model of femur condyle defect. Further study on regenerative mechanisms indicated that the good minimally-invasive bone regeneration may come from the synergistic enhanced osteogenic effect of calcium ion enrichment and the improved revascularization capacity contributed from the porosity as well as the lactic acid released from PLGA nanofiber. These results indicate the injectable bone cement with high strength, anti-washout property and controllable biodegradability is a promising candidate for bone regeneration in a minimally-invasive approach.

Improved physicochemical and functional properties of dietary fiber from Rosa roxburghii pomace fermented by Bacillus natto

Rosa roxburghii juice is of increasing importance in recent years and has become a favorite fruit juice in the market due to its extremely high Vc content. Meanwhile, a large amount of pomace from juice process is usually treated as waste. However, the pomace still contains a lot of nutrients and has great reuse value. In this study, the Rosa roxburghii pomace was fermented with Bacillus natto to develop a new healthy food ingredient rich in high quality dietary fiber (soluble dietary fiber, SDF).Under the optimal fermentation process conditions (inoculum concentration 4%, temperature 38.7 °C, time 12 h, and pH 4.97), SDF content of R. roxburghii pomace increased from 7.68% to 10.68%. SEM and FTIR analysis revealed that the fermentation can lead to degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose, resulting in the formation of more porous lax structure, the related functions such as water holding, oil holding, substance adsorption and cation exchange capacity were obviously increased. In addition, 19 phytochemicals from R. roxburghii pomace were quantified by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS, which demonstrated the fruit pomace also could be used as a functional ingredient in food field.

Constructing inverse opal antimony@carbon frameworks with multi-level porosity towards high performance sodium storage

Metal antimony (Sb) has excellent electrical conductivity and high theoretical capacity of sodium storage based on alloy reaction mechanism and possesses great application potential in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, serious material fracture and volume expansion during the alloy reaction greatly hinder its commercialization process. To overcome these issues, herein a construction method combining ordered silica template, viscous sol casting and high temperature gel reduction is proposed for fabricating ordered 3D antimony/carbon inverse opal framework (3D Sb/C). With the confining effect of the templates, active antimony nanoparticles are highly dispersed. After the etching process, macroporous inverse opal framework can be constructed. The following repeated oxidation and reduction process on active antimony modifies the surrounding microscopic environment, further forming a huge number of mesopores, and finally resulting in the formation of multi-level porous structure. The acquirement of the 3D Sb/C inverse opals realizes the multiple engineering modulations for SIB application, which is conducive to the exposure of active sites, the buffer of volume expansion, and the path of rapid ion diffusion/electron transfer. Benefiting from these structure advantages, the 3D Sb/C 250 inverse opals exhibit excellent sodium storage capacity (550.4 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 ) and cyclic stability (257.9 mAh g −1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g −1 ). • 3D antimony@carbon inverse opal framework (3D Sb/C) was constructed as SIB anode. • Silica template, sol casting and gel reduction are combined for 3D Sb/C construction. • Active antimony nanoparticles are highly dispersed in carbon inverse opal framework. • The repeated oxidation and reduction process results in multi-level porous structure. • 3D Sb/C with the novel porous structure exhibits excellent Na storage performances.

Cover crop influence on pore size distribution and biopore dynamics: Enumerating root and soil faunal effects.

Pore structure is a key determinant of soil functioning, and both root growth and activity of soil fauna are modified by and interact with pore structure in multiple ways. Cover cropping is a rapidly growing popular strategy for improving agricultural sustainability, including improvements in pore structure. However, since cover crop species encompass a variety of contrasting root architectures, they can have disparate effects on formation of soil pores and their characteristics, thus on the pore structure formation. Moreover, utilization of the existing pore systems and its modification by new root growth, in conjunction with soil fauna activity, can also vary by cover crop species, affecting the dynamics of biopores (creation and demolition). The objectives of this study were (i) to quantify the influence of 5 cover crop species on formation and size distribution of soil macropores (>36 μm Ø); (ii) to explore the changes in the originally developed pore architecture after an additional season of cover crop growth; and (iii) to assess the relative contributions of plant roots and soil fauna to fate and modifications of biopores. Intact soil cores were taken from 5 to 10 cm depth after one season of cover crop growth, followed by X-ray computed micro-tomography (CT) characterization, and then, the cores were reburied for a second root growing period of cover crops to explore subsequent changes in pore characteristics with the second CT scanning.Our data suggest that interactions of soil fauna and roots with pore structure changed over time. While in the first season, large biopores were created at the expense of small pores, in the second year these biopores were reused or destroyed by the creation of new ones through earthworm activities and large root growth. In addition, the creation of large biopores (>0.5 mm) increased total macroporosity. During the second root growing period, these large sized macropores, however, are reduced in size again through the action of soil fauna smaller than earthworms, suggesting a highly dynamic equilibrium. Different effects of cover crops on pore structure mainly arise from their differences in root volume, mean diameter as well as their reuse of existing macropores.

Formation of biocompatible MgO/cellulose grafted hydrogel for efficient bactericidal and controlled release of doxorubicin

In this study, MgO-doped CNC-g-PAA hydrogel was synthesized by grafting poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) onto cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and then doped Magnesium oxide (MgO) using pH 7.0 and 12.0 to obtain an efficient nanocomposite hydrogel for antibacterial and anti-cancer activities. The synthesized nanocomposite hydrogels were evaluated by detailed characterization and confirmed the formation of a well-interconnected porous structure. MgO/CNC-g-PAA (pH = 12.0) exhibited improved bactericidal tendencies towards gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, which was further investigated by in-silico molecular docking analyses and also examined the reactive oxygen species production by photocatalysis and free radical-scavenging assay. After this, Doxorubicin (DOX), a model anticancer drug, was successfully loaded into nanocomposites (∼79 %) by electrostatic interaction and confirmed pH-triggered based release, which was over 53.7 % in 24 h. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity-based analysis confirmed the improved antitumor efficacy of nanocomposite hydrogels. These findings revealed that MgO/CNC-g-PAA hydrogels might be prospective carriers for controlled drug delivery.