Formation Of Political Parties Research Articles

ETHNOPOLITICAL PROCESSES IN SLOVAKIA (1989-1995)

This article provides the first overview in Ukrainian historiography of the preconditions, emergencу, establishment and initiation of the activities of a political entity representing the Ukrainian population of the Slovak Republic – the Podduklianske Democratic Community (hereinafter referred to as the PDC, original name: Podduklianske Civic Forum). The PDC collaborated with the Regional Government in Prešov, primarily in the socio-economic sphere, and outlined the party’s objectives. The PDC is aimed to address political, economic, social, and national-cultural issues of the Ukrainian population in the Prešov region. At the same time, there is a recognition of the increased political activity of representatives of the Hungarian national minority in Slovakia, resulting in the formation of Hungarian political parties in Slovakia, which emerged immediately after the collapse of the communist regime. It is noted that Hungarian political entities in Slovakia had their representatives in Parliament as a result of the elections in 1990, 1992, and 1994, which allowed them to actively participate in the political life of the state. The positive aspect of the activities of Hungarian political parties in Slovakia was that different party platforms did not prevent them from creating an electoral coalition. It is mentioned that the Roma community was also represented at the level of the Slovak national and regional political arena. However, Roma political parties failed to gain significant electoral support and representation in the Slovak Parliament.

Analysis of the effectiveness of electoral technologies as mechanisms for regulating and manipulating electoral behaviour (using Ukraine and Kazakhstan as examples)

This study conducts a comparative analysis of Ukraine and the Republic of Kazakhstan, two post-Soviet states facing ongoing contradictions and challenges in mutual understanding. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, these states embarked on their own paths of national development, influenced by various political, economic, socio-cultural, and ethnic factors. This study examines the formation of political parties, the development of political and electoral culture, and the legal approaches to organizing the electoral process in Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Additionally, it explores the manipulation of electoral behavior through a specific case study. The study employs standard political research methods such as comparative analysis, anthropological and structural-functional approaches, content analysis, and a systematic approach. The findings of this study serve as valuable information for experts involved in organizing electoral processes, researchers in comparative political science, and readers interested in the subject matter.

Politično delovanje Slovencev na Tržaškem, Goriškem in Videmskem po podpisu Pariške mirovne pogodbe leta 1947

For Slovenians, who became a national minority in Italy, the new border demarcation resulting from the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947 opened a new chapter of political engagement, with the formation of new political parties with clear ideological and national profiles. There were significant differences in the political field among Slovenians who lived in the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine, stemming from different historical, social as well as national contexts. Ideological differentiation was also prominent in 1947, further “enriched” in 1948 by the dispute between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union following the Cominform resolution. Ever since the pre-war times, a dividing line had been based on two concepts of political action: independent Slovenian political engagement on the one hand and integration into Italian parties on the other.

PENGARUH ETNIK DALAM PEMBENTUKAN PARTI-PARTI POLITIK AWAL DI SARAWAK, 1959-1963

This paper discusses the influence of ethnicity in the formation of early political parties in Sarawak. The cession of Sarawak to the British government has led to the emergence of the people’s nationalism awareness leading to the formation of political parties in Sarawak. Discussion is done through the library method by analysing books, dissertation and articles by previous researchers. The results of this study found that the plurality of races in Sarawak played a significant role in shaping the political pattern in Sarawak. The evidence can be seen in the formation of political parties that are heavily influenced by racial elements. Thus, ethnic factors have become the main factor in the formation of political parties in Sarawak. This considering that the purpose of establishing the parties is to safeguard the interests of their respective races. Therefore, the influence of ethnicity in a party can be seen according to the composition of party membership which is dominated by certain races. However, there are also several other factors that influence the formation of early political parties in Sarawak. Among them are, differences in idealism, the effects of the 1956 municipal elections, the desire for independence, regional sentiments and the influence of a party's ideology. Overall, this study can disclose to the public that the racial nature has been rooted in political parties in Sarawak since the beginning. Therefore, it is suggested for the future studies, the researcher can analyse whether this race-based party has an impact on the political development in Sarawak.

The Decline of Local Political Parties in Post-Conflict Aceh: A Qualitative Study

The Aceh peace process has been ongoing for nearly two decades. Some studies note that an essential aspect contributing to the Aceh peace context is the presence of local political parties in the post-peace era. This article aims to describe the declining existence of local political parties in the political life of Aceh society. This study employs a qualitative method, with primary data obtained from interviews and secondary data gathered from relevant literature reviews. The study reveals that local political parties in post-conflict Aceh have essentially gone through three of the four phases and are beginning to enter the fourth. The first phase is the formation of local political parties, the second is their rise, and the third is their victory in Aceh's political contestation. The fourth phase is decline or reduction, characterized by local parties being abandoned by their supporters. This research identifies several factors indicating the current existence of local political parties in the decline phase: 1) Loss of public trust; 2) Pessimism among political actors; 3) Weak party integrity and human resources; 4) Unprofessional organizational management; and 5) Internal conflicts within the party. These factors are not independent but are interconnected with one another.

Recadoration of Political Parties Preparation of General Elections in the Perspective of Caderization Theory

Examine the cadre formation of political parties in preparation for general elections in the perspective of cadre theory.This study aims to how is the dynamics of cadre formation of political parties in Indonesia and what is the effect of cadre formation of political parties on the progress of the country through elections in the perspective of cadre formation. This research is a type of qualitative research, the nature of prescriptive research. The results of this study indicate that improving the quality of regeneration is a must in solving various problems within the organization. The need to increase the cadre mechanism in accommodating the cadre of existing political parties in Indonesia for political parties as a forum for cadres and forerunners of power holders in the executive and legislative.

Martial and Ritual Arts Groups in the formation of Political Parties in Timor-Leste

Martial and ritual arts groups are a set combination of sports activities in both physical and spiritual accomplishments to protect or defend themselves. This activity was banned a few years ago and decriminalized recently in 2022. However, the existence of these two sports activities reveals a significant controversial debate. This article attempts to analyze the relationship between the presence of political parties, especially the history of parties in Timor-Leste, then continues with a critical analysis of the relations of these groups in the formation of Political Parties in Timor-Leste in the current developments. This article used a secondary data approach, collected from the report documents from the government, non-governmental organizations, and academic publications from similar research. The results of this study indicate that there is indeed an interest in political parties. However, despite the motivation that mobilized this organization’s mass into political party affiliation, the influence of martial arts and ritual groups began to be the backbone of political parties’ support.

AKUNTABILITAS PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN PARTAI POLITIK LOKAL ACEH

The formation of local political parties in Aceh is an example of an asymmetrical political policy being carried out by the Indonesian government in relation to Aceh's status as a region with a special autonomy. In that situation, the concept of accountability inside national political parties needs to be discussed as well in order to figure out how local party accountability is applied in Aceh. When it comes to the presentation of data connected to outcomes that have been produced by earlier researchers, this study makes use of the documentation approach. According to the conclusions of this study of Aceh's local political parties, the level of accountability and transparency that has been maintained by Aceh's local political parties in general has been pretty satisfactory. Even though in general terms the provisions are still not as good as they should be, the Aceh Party has become the most complete in carrying out its principle of financial accountability. This is the case despite the fact that the Aceh Party has become the most comprehensive.

Features of Party Genesis in the Russian Empire Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries

The paper analyzes the primary factors that influenced the formation of political parties in the Russian Empire, determines the conditions and features of political life under which they were born, traces the dynamics of socio-political thought at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The research presents a review of the major literature on the history of political parties at different stages of the development of social sciences. Based on the use of general historical and special historical methods, the authors analyze how the internal policy of the tsarist administration stimulated the formation and development of political views of certain segments of the population, as well as parties of a different spectrum: conservative, liberal and socialist. The study’s result has become the identification of three key features of the process of party genesis in Russia, the origins of which lay in the features of its economic, social and political development in the specified historical period.

Activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine under martial law: shortcomings and areas for improvement

The article shows the essence of the concept of “martial law”, the grounds on which it is introduced in various countries, including Ukraine. The role of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in the imposition of martial law in Ukraine is outlined. The legal acts adopted by the parliament during martial law are analyzed. It was found that the People’s Deputies of Ukraine in the martial law of 2022 paid considerable attention to the formation of domestic and foreign policies of the state, the new content of which was by reason of the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine has adopted important political documents, such as appeals to the world community, which deal with war crimes of the Russian Federation and the genocide of the Ukrainian people. In addition, a number of amendments to laws have been adopted. Among them: added grounds for restricting the formation and activity of political parties; the rules of procedure in cases on administrative lawsuits banning a political party have been determined. The author emphasizes that some issues should have been resolved much earlier. For example, scholars have repeatedly pointed to the statements and actions of some public figures and representatives of political parties that posed a threat to the foundations of Ukraine’s national security. Public authorities, which had to respond to such warnings and take appropriate decisions, including suspending the state registration of such organizations, justified their inaction by the lack of an appropriate prosecution mechanism. The article noted that timely response to the problems could protect the country from many bad events and facilitate increase the level of national security and defense. Analysis of the role of parliament in the imposition of martial law and its activities in these conditions proved: there is a difference between the rules approved by law and the rules that are actually applied in practice (imaginary constitutionalism); procedures provided for the adoption of laws are violated (political instrumentalization of law); socio-political problems are partially regulated (politicization of law-making); changes in laws are often made, which indicates their low quality (inflation of law). The article recommends that People’s Deputies of Ukraine strictly adhere to the procedures provided by law and pay more attention to the mechanisms of implementation of legal norms, as their absence leads to the impossibility of implementing legal acts and, consequently, to reducing the role of law in society. Key words: parliament, martial law, imaginary constitutionalism, political instrumentalization of law, politicization of law-making, inflation of law

The lexicon of consensus candidate and the Nigerian democracy: How healthy is it?

This paper discusses the issue of misused and misapplication of the term consensus in the political arena which has over the years caused disaffection, carpet-crossing among party members and the formation of new pre-matured political parties because of harmonizing out members of the same party. This misconstrue language (consensus) has also made political parties field wrong choice candidates which has further resulted to bad governance. The word consensus which ordinarily means common agreement, understanding or mutual cooperation to accepting an issue or something especially in selecting candidate(s), in Nigeria has turned a situation where two or few party chieftains connived (in their own interest) to edge out or manipulate other people in selecting a single person who happens to be their cronies, without the consent of the entire group. The forceful imposition apart from resulting to bad leadership had also cause rancour, intra-party wrangling and disunity, and political malady, which has not been too healthy for our endured democracy. As a review article, this paper, considers the consensus theory, various authors’ views about the concepts of the term was lavishly x-rayed and in the end the paper seeks to suggest that party chieftains should apply the concept properly, by consulting widely before coming out with a choice candidate(s) who will represent the party very well, so that the dividends of democracy will be felt and not be sacrificed on the altar of “puppet-godson” who will be pledging unnecessary pretentious loyalty to his godfather(s) to the detriment of the electorates, if he emerges the general winner at the general poll.

Reassessing Ethnic-based Party Formation, Proliferation and Political Instability in Nigeria: A Periscope into the Future

This paper examined the manifestations of ethnic cleavage and identity on party formation and proliferation in Nigeria’s political landscape. Nigeria is unarguably a country with multi-ethnic nationalities with each group intermingling with another in the tussle for political power. From independence until the Fourth Republic, the nation’s social structure in terms of heterogeneity has significantly influenced electoral politics. This raises germane concerns as to why the formation of political parties in the country tilts more towards ethnic attachment and is bereft of ideological leanings, unlike what is obtainable in advanced democracies. From a historical-descriptive perspective, the paper unfolded the bases for the rise of ethnic-based political parties as well as justified the contention that ethnic-based considerations in the political process have contributed to political instability in Nigeria. Moreover, the paper authenticated the fact that ethnic-based parties featured prominently in the early years of independence and afterwards, resulting in regime displacements and that ethnicity is still a foremost determinant of party formation and political contests in contemporary Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. Consequently, the paper recommended, prominently, that political party leaders should avoid actions that could heat the Nigerian polity up and eventually plunge the country into crisis with attendant political instability; rather they should focus on issues that will promote political integration and cohesion among ethnic nationalities within the country.

“Panislamism” as a political factor

This article is devoted to the history of "pan-Islamism", developed in the late XIX century by the Afghan politician Said Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, which emerged in the Middle East and became the ideology of groups operating under the guise of Islam in the XX-XXI centuries. An analysis of the views expressed in the research work of scholars engaged in the interpretation of the doctrine of "Pan-Islamism" in the last century and today. It is reflected in the article the brotherhood and unity of all Muslims, the history of the idea of ​​pan-Islamism, the emergence of two different tendencies towards the ideology of "pan-Islamism", the dominance of the idea of ​​"pan-Islamism" in the Middle East in the late twentieth century. The article also describes the methodological basis of the idea of ​​"pan-Islamism", its pros and cons, the modern image of what is now called "neopanislamism" and the factors that contribute to the rise of Islamophobia. In the last century, "pan-Islamism" emerged as a geopolitical force, considered an imperial ideology in the Ottoman Empire. The reasons for the leadership of the ideology of Islamism, the formation of religious political parties in the Middle East, the idea of ​​"pan-Islamism" and the fact that it has become a weapon of fanatical groups operating under the guise of Islam have been revealed on the basis of philosophical analysis.

Failed Transnationalization? The Challenges Faced by al-Qaeda and IS in South Asia

What factors hinder al-Qaeda’s and IS’s ability to enter new conflict settings? Analyzing existing databases across three types of organized violence, I show that in South Asia, outside of Afghanistan and Pakistan, levels of violence associated with these organizations have remained lower than in other world regions. In the case of IS, the group’s anti-Deobandi stance has reduced its pool of affiliation partners. Moreover, the availability of other support channels has limited local groups’ demand for support from al-Qaeda and IS. Lastly, higher levels of democracy have allowed for the formation of political parties, which have targeted similar population segments as al-Qaeda and IS.

The Social and Cultural Challenges of Political Development in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The Kurdistan Region society of Iraq is in a transitional phase, it is neither a completely traditional nor a completely modern society. Therefore, it becomes a reason for the emergence of a state of anomy and conflict between traditional and modern forces on political and social levels. Traditional forces such as clans have joined dominant political parties in order to preserve their traditional customs, law and power. In addition, ruling parties abuses those traditional forces during the elections and take advantages of them in the military conflicts. In other words, both ruling parties and traditional forces influence one another. In this perspective, it will be challenging for the political parties to carry out a radical social change to make political and social developments because they mainly depends on those traditional forces. To put it in another way, if the ruling forces do so, the traditional social forces will not comply, consequently they go to join other political parties as an important social force. In a nutshell, there is a backward social structure in the Kurdistan Region on which the political parties have been made that has an effect on the nature and formation of political parties. Since democracy and the election mechanism, in particular, will make the people’s vote to be measured to achieve political authority, as such, the main functions and focus of political parties will be designed to attract the people and harmonize themselves with the backward social reality rather than trying to change the backward social structures. That being so, the same backward structure will reproduce over and over which is a huge challenge in the way of political and social development.

Constitutional principles of political parties in Georgia

Political parties, in their present form, have only emerged in the new age. The parties ("Whigs" and "Tories") formed in England in the XVII-XVIII centuries are mentioned in a form close to modernity. As a result of the French Revolution, groups were already emerging in many states to march against the existing establishment. Classical political parties have emerged since the 19th century in Europe and the United States. The parties did not emerge on empty ground. Each social sister-group was a bearer of a certain ideological unity and interests. The formation of political parties in Georgia began in the 1990s, and before the restoration of independence, in fact, there was a complete political spectrum - political parties with their party structures, ideology and supporters. As for the term itself - "party", it is derived from the Latin word (pars, partis) and refers to na-tsil, a group. The term is used to refer to an organized group of people seeking political power through democratic elections or revolution. The purpose of this article is to review the legislation of Georgia on political parties, the legal regulation of the party and the constitutional principles on the basis of which political parties should carry out their activities.

Formation of the national political elites in Sudan in the Interbellum

This work aims to study the formation of national elites in Sudan in the interbellum as this very period predetermined the countrys history since gaining independence in 1956. Within this article relations between three main groups are considered, namely religious, military and civil elites. The study is divided into three main parts. The first one concentrates on the history of Sudan before 1918, the second one is devoted to the interwar period, the third part aims to study the development of Sudan in World War II and the first post-war years. The special emphasis is given to the Sufi Tariqas as being not only religious but firstly political institutions. Directly within the context of Tariqas political and social influence, this article aims to study the formation of movements, political parties and associations, whose representatives later entered the political authority of the country. The Sudanese specifics of the national elites formation studied in this work is that the conservative religious elites managed to maintain the leading position within the struggle between traditional and modern political powers. The work explains how the inner nature of these elites, as well as their relations with the military and civil elites, predetermined the subsequent events.

الجذور التاريخية لنشأة الأحزاب السياسية السودانية

This study deals with the historical roots of the formation of Sudanese political parties. The study aimed to analyz and study the historical development of the action of Sudanese national movement, which secreted political currents that began with political organizations and associations that progressed into political parties that lead the national action and realized self-determination and independence. The researcher adopted the historical, descriptive, and analytical methods for gathering data from sources and references for analysis to reach the results (findings) and recommendations guarantee the study’s ending. The study concluded that although the formation of Sudanese political parties was spontaneous, their existence was inevitable to decide the imperialistic vision, which considers that the country does not yet reach the stage that qualifies it to guide itself. The study recommended that Sudanese political parties have to fulfill what they have promised to do to the peoples of the country according to their platform after the attainment of their end of obtaining independence and do not occupy themselves with gaining the voters' votes and neglect the central issue of tasks achievement and the more significant national goals which are represented by a constant constitution for the country and economic growth, and strengthen the ties of national unity.

Политизация ислама и суфийские традиции в истории Турции

The purpose of the study: based on the analysis of the activities of the Tarikats, to characterize the political role of Sufism in Turkey. Research methodology: within the framework of political science discourse, based on the principles of scientific analysis, the role of Sufism in the political life of the country was analyzed, and its functional characteristics were determined within the framework of the structural-functional approach. Starting from the XII century the influence of Sufi orders on the formation of the political system of the Ottoman Caliphate is noted. Sufi orders were included in the political space of the empire, which led to its further cultural and historical development. The article examines the process of politicization of Sufism in the history of Turkey. The influence of the Islamic factor on the domestic policy of the country is noted. In the Republic of Turkey in the 30s. of the last century, Sufi orders became the first non-systemic opposition in the country. They posed a threat to the new national identity, and as a result, their activities were banned. Only in the second half of the XX century Tarikats are returning to the political space of Turkey. Their influence on the formation of political parties based on the Sufi ideology, lobbying their interests in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey is noted. Hizmet F. Gulen's movement was focused on building a new Turkish society on the principles of democratic "educational Islam". The result of his activities in the field of education was the opening of educational institutions in English, the training of personnel for work in government bodies. The main focus of the movement was the formation of a new political elite.

The Imperfect Democratic Transition in Somalia

The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors undermining the democratic transition in Somalia. During the first decade of independence, Somalia attempted to institutionalize a multiparty democracy. However, several factors, such as the lack of a clear political ideology, authoritarianism, and the formation of clan-based political parties, led to the decline of democratic practices, followed by a military coup and a protracted civil war. That had a devastating impact on the short and long-term democratic efforts in the country. Thirty years after the collapse of the central government, the country is embroiled in protracted political instability that continues to undermine efforts to establish formal democratic institutions and mechanisms. Apart from the political cleavage among political actors, this paper examines other factors undermining the successful transition to democracy in Somalia. It identifies factors such as the practice of clannism or a clan-based political system, rampant electoral corruption, and the inconsistent role of the international community in supporting the democratization process in Somalia. The paper argues that continuing the indirect elections has blocked the attaining successful democratic transition and stalled the adoption of procedural democracy. In addition, susceptible public institutions and instability have negatively impacted a prolonged transition in Somalia.