Formation Of Mental Disorders Research Articles

The impact of biological and psychosocial factors on the formation of mental disorders in patients who have experienced COVID-19 and exposed to the stressors of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic

The article is devoted to aspects of the formation of clinical manifestations of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal – to investigate the clinical and anamnestic features and their impact on the formation of psychopathological consequences in patients with first diagnosed mental disorders who have experienced COVID-19 and exposed to the stressors of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. 97 patients with first diagnosed mental disorders who have experienced COVID-19 and exposed to the stressors of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic were examined and made up the main group. The comparison group included 58 people without mental disorders who have experienced COVID-19 and exposed to the stressors of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. During the study, a thorough analysis of the anamnesis of the disease was carried out, including information about the experienced coronavirus disease COVID-19, the impact of the stressors of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, and the features of the initial psychopathological manifestations. Clinical-psychopathological, clinical-amnestic methods using the developed questionnaire containing questions that reflect the impact of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 and the stressors of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the mental health of the general population, classification of COVID-19 by degree of severity, "empirical" percentage visual scale (KT 0-4), and methods of statistical analysis were applied. The obtained data of a comprehensive study made it possible to distinguish among patients with first diagnosed mental disorders 3 subgroups with characteristic differences in the course and conditions of treatment of the experienced coronavirus disease COVID-19, the structure and significance of the stressors of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, which the patients encountered, initial psychopathological manifestations. It has been established that the psychopathological consequences of the complex impact of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 and the stressors of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic lead to the formation of first diagnosed mental disorders in individuals from the general population, among whom the most common forms of mental pathology are depressive episodes, neurotic, associated with stress and somatoform disorders and organic mental disorders. The significance of the obtained data lies in the possibility of studying the role of the psychopathological consequences of COVID-19 in the genesis of mental disorders.

Влияние поллютантов атмосферного воздуха на здоровье человека (обзор)

One of modern humanity’s global scourges is air pollution on account not only of its influence on climate change but also its significant impact on public health. A review of current data on the effects of priority atmospheric air pollutants on human health was carried out. The search was performed using eLIBRARY.RU, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed, in a time span of 2017–2022. Particulate matter (with a diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5) or less and 10 μm (PM10) or less) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were the most widely investigated pollutants in the context of health effects. Recently, however, there has been growing interest in the health effects of ozone. Despite the fact that most of the works were devoted to the study of the influence of pollutants on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, recently the vector of scientific interests shifted to determine the possible role of pollutants in the formation of mental disorders, pathologies of central nervous and endocrine systems, reproductive function. Data on the association of prolonged exposure to nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5, carbon monoxide and ozone with increased morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 were provided. Prolonged exposure to concentrations well below current standards has been found to have a significant negative impact on the health of both adults and children. Further research in this area is needed to address the possible correction of modern air quality standards.

IMPACT OF THE WAR ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF UKRAINIANS: FACTORS IN FORMATION OF NEUROTIC AND STRESS-ASSOCIATED MENTAL DISORDERS. CURRENT STATE OF THE ISSUE

The article provides an overview of the main stressogenic factors affecting the development of non-psychotic mental disorders in Ukrainians during the war. Special attention is paid to statistical data indicating the prediction of prevalence of mental disorders and open sources with statistical data.
 Aim. To investigate and study the modern view of the development and formation of neurotic and stress-related mental disorders during the war.
 Materials and methods. Open scientific sources of the last five years on the impact of war on the mental health of the population were used. Scientific data were analyzed by methods of review, system and content analysis. The material was searched using the Google Scholar, PubMed, and open sources of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (MOH), International Organization for Migration (IOM), United Nations and other government web portals of Ukraine.
 War is a powerful psychosocial stress factor that affects the mental health of Ukrainians and leads to the formation of neurotic and stress-related mental disorders. There is a trend towards an increase in the number of people who need psychiatric or psychological help. Neurotic and stress-related mental disorders caused by the war in Ukraine are becoming one of the most widespread problems of Ukrainians, which prevent them from fully functioning, adapting to new living conditions, and also constitute significant obstacles for the economic state of the state in connection with the increase in the number of people with temporary disability. The important issue of timely diagnosis, prevention, and correction of neurotic and stress-related disorders are topical issues today. Having analyzed the modern literature on mental disorders among Ukrainians as a result of the full-scale invasion of russia on the territory of Ukraine, we can conclude that this topic requires detailed study and analysis. Since many questions remain open regarding the influence of the war on the formation and development of mental disorders during the russian-Ukrainian war. Statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) show that as a result of armed conflicts, one in five people who have experienced them may have mental health problems. This amounts to about 9.6 million Ukrainians who are potentially at risk of developing neurotic disorders such as depression, anxiety disorder, and stress-related disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
 The development and formation of mental disorders during the war is influenced by a number of psychosocial reasons, the constant action of stressogenic factors of various nature, psychotraumatization of the population caused by news of a negative nature (a sense of loss of relatives, home, sense of security) and socio-economic difficulties.
 Conclusions. As a result of hostilities, the number of people who need psychiatric or psychological help is increasing. There is a tendency to increase the number of neurotic and stressful mental disorders. Suddenly, the question of changing the socioeconomic status arises: people can satisfy their needs at the minimum subsistence level. The loss of working capacity and the increase in the unemployed population provoke the development of mental and behavioural disorders. Undoubtedly, due to the full-scale invasion of russia into Ukraine, the number of victims of sexual violence is increasing. Factors provoking the development of neurotic and stress disorders are the impact of forced resettlement of people outside their homes and homeland as a result of russian aggression against Ukraine.
 Literary search and scientific studies conducted in this direction claim that the main causes of neurotic and stress-related disorders during war include the impact of loss and grief, forced migration, financial factors and violence. Having analyzed the modern literature on mental disorders among Ukrainians as a result of the full-scale invasion of russia on the territory of Ukraine, we can conclude that this topic requires detailed study and analysis. Since many questions remain open regarding the influence of the war on the formation and development of mental disorders and the ways of their prevention during the russian-Ukrainian war.

Pathological conditions associated with hyperhomocysteinemia

The effect of excessive homocysteine concentration in human blood, on the cells and tissues of the body is very complex. The effect associated with the induction of oxidative stress and disruption of the biochemical balance of the intracellular space has a negative impact on the physiology of cells and the regularity of their functioning by changing their metabolism. This may result in the formation and development of atherosclerotic lesions, disorders in the coagulation system leading to thrombosis and, consequently, embolism, pathological changes in the central nervous system, which may translate into the formation of mental disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, depression and dementia. In addition, hyperhomocysteinemia affects the possible pathologies and complications of pregnancy associated with them, as well as the implications for fetal development if its aforementioned condition. The work presented here outlines the mechanisms that determine the formation of the aforementioned disease entities as a result of too much homocysteine and the clinical significance of these relationships. With the development of science and the increasing number of publications related to the impact of hyperhomocysteinemia on diverse disease entities, there are voices suggesting the inclusion of studies on homocysteine concentrations in body fluids in screening as risk factors for the development of these diseases or using them for their control and treatment.

To the question about the prevalence of prenosological forms of eating disorders among students of a medical university

Today eating disorders and metabolic disorders are increasingly observed among the adult and children’s population. One of the ways to prevent these pathologies is the timely detection and correction of prenosological forms, one of them is orthorexia neurosa. The aim of our study was to identify the prevalence and characteristics of the manifestation of orthorexia nervosa (ON) among students. A survey was conducted among 60 students of a medical university with the «ORTO-15» and the «Food Frequency Questionnaire questionnaires» to obtain the necessary data. We took into account the height and weight of students and calculated body mass index (BMI) according to the Kettle’s formula. The results were statistically processed and calculated the average value (M), the deviation from the average (m). The correlation dependence between the values was estimated by the nonparametric Spearman’s coefficient (p). The data were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05 and a significance level of at least 95 %. The study showed a high prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among the examined individuals (in 80 % of cases, signs of ON were determined). The average BMI was 24.35 ± 5.3 among men and 20.9 ± 4.7 among girls. The normal BMI values among men were determined reliably more often than among girls (p˂0.05). In this case, a correlation between the values of BMI and the severity of signs of orthorexia nervosa was not found among students. According to the results of the «Food Frequency Questionnaire», a significant concern was identified with nutrition issues, both among girls and men. The above allowed us to conclude that the subjects examined constituted a risk group for the formation of mental disorders and eating disorders.

MENTAL DISORDERS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE COMMITMENT TO OBSERVATION IN THE INFECTIONIST IN HIVINFECTED PATIENTS WITH EARLY SYPHILIS

HIV and syphilis have similar epidemiological characteristics which causes a high level of combined infection. Both STDs affect the central nervous system early after infection. Mental disorders occur with a high incidence in HIV-infected patients and patients with syphilis, but data on the effect of combined HIV and syphilis infection on mental disorders are found only in single articles. Objectives. The goal is to study mental disorders and their effect on the commitment to observation in the infectionist in HIV-infected patients with early syphilis. Materials and methods. A comparative study of 148 patients (65 HIV-infected patients with syphilis, 50 patients with syphilis monoinfection, 33 HIV-infected patients, seronegative for syphilis) was carried out. We used clinical, psychopathological, follow-up, psychometric, laboratory and statistical methods of investigation. Results. It was found that mental disorders occur in the majority (83%) of HIV-infected patients with syphilis with the predominance of affective (54%) and addictive (48%) disorders. In HIV-infected patients with early neurosyphilis, psychogenic reactions developed statistically significantly more often than in HIV-infected patients with early syphilis. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of addictive, affective, personality disorders and mental disorders due to organic brain damage in patients with early neurosyphilis and early syphilis in the case of co-infection with HIV infection. Mental disorders due to organic brain damage had a mixed genesis (including infectious) in all cases and were associated and caused by the already existing HIV infection. HIV-infected patients with syphilis, in general, were characterized by the low commitment to observation in the infectionist which were influenced by the following factors: social maladjustment, drug abuse and criminal activity. Discussion. The frequency of detected mental disorders in the examined HIV-infected patients with syphilis (83,1%) corresponded to the literature on the incidence of mental illness in HIVinfected patients inSt. Petersburg(85,6%), but was higher than the prevalence of mental disorders in patients with syphilis (68%). Given the established influence of neurosyphilis mono-infection on the development of mental disorders due to organic brain damage, it can be concluded that the disease with early neurosyphilis is important in the development of mental disorders of organic genesis. But the weight of this factor is insufficient in case of co-infection with HIV and early neurosyphilis and can only have additional significance in the development of mental disorders and the key factor is HIV-infection action. Mental disorders (addictive disorders and cognitive impairment) adversely affect the commitment to observation in the infectionist of HIV-infected patients with syphilis, therefore timely correction of mental disorders may be one of the factors improving compliance of patients. Conclusions. The study found a minor role of early neurosyphilis (as opposed to HIV infection) on the formation of mental disorders in the case of a combination of these infections. At the same time, it was found that addictive and cognitive symptomatic complexes have a negative impact on the probability of reference to an infectious disease specialist for initiating therapy in HIV-infected patients with syphilis.

Des attracteurs et régulateurs en pathologie mentale. Approche théorique, informatique, et clinique

We can understand the mental disorders as bifurcations in the representations generated by the psychic system, using an informational and morphological notion of energy. In this way, the clinician should use an interdisciplinary perspective that encourages studying their internal dynamics in a fine reconciliation with the informatics concepts lighting on the automatisms of the thought. To this effect, a theoretical perspective leads to evoke a set of psychic flow networks, the changes of energy into these flow, and the role of neuronal and interneuron flows that are theirs retaining. These networks will form dynamic elements evolving and multiplying themselves and forming various integrated levels. The whole form a very complex and dynamic organization. These networks are subject to tensions that will sound on the regulation of the system and contribute to create bifurcations in management of general energy leading to mental disorders. Constructivist informatics defines the attractors as controllers of the networks of relations that can become autonomous and alter the morphology and behavior of the structure of the basic elements of the system, as well as their aggregates. They contribute to form the morphological and semantic characters into the system. They are related to regulators, which are themselves coactive networks that manage and control the basic elements and structures of the system allowing the real behavior. These attractors and regulators intervene at each level of the organization and contribute to form a systemic loop that controls the energy flow in multi-scale actions on the basic elements. Their effects combine themselves, leading to the creation of zones of bifurcations of energy that break the equilibrium of the system. Without a priori pretend to put an identity between the phenomena studied in clinic and the attractors and regulators specified into informatics, one could see a very possible reconciliation. Indeed, on can found the action of attractors and regulators in various states of disease. Their actions are mentioned in the superficial dysfunctions of the system that constitute the neurosis: anguish, anxiety, somatic conversions, phobias, obsessions… It is also proposed in the deeper problems that reach the general loop regulating the psychic system and the functional structures, changing their modes of development and their integrations, forming the psychosis: Processes of excitement, of unstructured depressions, delusions, hallucinations. A confrontation of these different concepts allows to well understand the both unitary and polymorphic action of the attractors and regulators in the formation of mental disorders. The clinic shows that the limits of the pathological functional structures are not frozen and that their areas of neighborhoods are pertinent in specific topologies, somewhat fuzzy, in report with the various underlying neurological formations. Their integration since interneuron spaces with modulators neurons until their effects onto the components of psychopathological formations, finally allow to better understand the general dynamics of the disorders, their associations, their movements and their possible transformations. To draw a conclusion, we set the clinic and informatics must join themselves in the field of the automatism in the thought where we consider the concepts of attractors and regulators. These two kinds of controllers concern both the levels of organization and the general regulation of their integration, and they are responsible of all the bifurcations that lead to the mental disorders. For that, it is possible and important to increase and develop the model allowing clarifying the inner laws of the normal and pathological psychic functioning.

Formation of mental disorders in dysmenorrea at early reproductive age

Clinical-psychopathological examination has been carried out as well as quality of life has been studied in female patients with dysmenorrea in period of puberty and at early reproductive age. It has been revealed that mental disturbances in studied nosology were represented by their high prevalence. In girls-adolescents with this pathology neurotic reactions were found more frequently, in women with dysmenorrea at early reproductive age persistent neurotic states predominated. It has been shown that formation and dynamic of mental disorders were determined by somatogenic, psychogenic and social factors.