Formation Of Local Group Research Articles

From local to regional and back again: Social transformation in a Coast Salish settlement, 1500–1000 BP

Households link micro and macro scales of social interactions, and both reflect and initiate social transformations, from the scale of the house to the region. Despite their potential interpretive efficacy, few studies scale up from interpretations of household dynamics to that of the larger social landscape. We examine local and regional social changes by documenting changing interactions between households at the large Sts’ailes-Coast Salish settlement of Hiqelem on the Harrison River. We focus on the period 1500 to 1000 years ago – a transformative period across the Pacific Northwest Coast and Interior Plateau marked by changes in burial practices, the intensification of warfare, new technologies, and by larger settlements exhibiting ranked social status. Shifts in house(hold) and settlement structure at Hiqelem reveal how these region-wide changes were manifest in social groupings at the local level and how social changes at the local level in turn reverberate throughout the nested social networks characteristic of the region. We detect several related changes at Hiqelem including an increased number of houses, the formation of local groups, the co-occurrence for the first time of pithouses and plank houses, the relocation of houses, increasing segmentation and autonomy of households, and significant differences among house sizes.

La ciudad de las oportunidades. Turistificación y emprendimientos del Centro Histórico de Quito

La conservación del patrimonio del Centro Histórico de Quito se encuentra relacionado de forma próxima a las actividades turísticas. Durante las recientes administraciones municipales, la peatonización de varias calles y la creación de terrazas turísticas, se justifican en criterios de seguridad, disminución de los niveles de contaminación ambiental, el mejoramiento de la calidad del aire y brindar mejores condiciones para la llegada de turistas. Estas acciones sobre el territorio han generado el aparecimiento de nuevos stakeholders que se benefician de las condiciones que el destino les ofrece, remplazando actividades económicas tradicionales, por nuevas que responden a un enfoque de boutiquización (hoteles, restaurantes, tiendas de recuerdos). Por otra parte la conformación de colectivos locales y la participación de nuevos emprendedores que también buscan beneficiarse de las nuevas condiciones que les ofrece el territorio. El documento aborda los conflictos que se generan alrededor de la turistificación del Centro Histórico de Quito, donde la construcción de mejores espacios para el desarrollo de actividades turísticas, llevan a la ciudad a procesos de cambios de actividades económicas y aceleración de la pérdida de población local.

Influences of Sites of Trypillia BI – Cucuteni A4 Stages on the Establishing of Styles of Panting of Ceramic Ware of Zalischyky Group of Trypillia ВI–ВII Stages (Upper and Middle Dnister Region)

It has been noted for a long time, that Ukrainian Trypillia sites are closely connected with Moldovan and Romanian settlements of Cucuteni-Ariușd. Tribes which were formed on the small territory of Seret River’s basin and middle reaches of Prut and Dniester Rivers migrated at the early stage to north and east. Appearance of painted ceramic ware in Sub-Dnister region as well as external influences on the formation of local groups in examined region in future are obviously associated with the expansion of Cucuteni tribes. In this context, we will search for the origins of painted ornament and trace transformation of painted tableware of transitional stage of the middle period of existence of culture (Trypillia BI-BII – Cucuteni AB). Namely, we will pay special attention to formation of Zalischyky group of Trypillia culture on the basis of earlier settlements of Trypillia BI – Cucuteni A4.

Yakut Emigration: Features of Adaptation and Communication

The issues of adaptation of Yakut emigrants forced to escape the revolution, the Civil War and the Gulag to different countries are considered. The role of Yakut emigrants in the preservation of national-cultural identity is described. Their participation in the civilizational dialogue between East and West is emphasized. A classification of the stages of the formation of local groups and microgroups of Yakut emigrants in the countries of the world is suggested. The approximate number, composition and territorial distribution of Yakut emigrants in China (the central group), Japan (southern Sakhalin), Finland, and the presence of microgroups in the USA and Australia are established. Attention is paid to the specifics of interaction of Yakut emigrants in the absence of a registered organization through communication, in which organizational, ideological, material activities were carried out. It is proved that correspondence was carried out in Russian, English, and various transcriptions of the Yakut script were used: Bötlingkowski, Novgorodovski, Cyrillic. Particular attention is paid to the high mobility of the Yakut emigrants, their desire to master new languages, qualifications and education for successful adaptation abroad. It is concluded that the Yakut emigrants failed to form a mechanism for the reproduction of ethnic identity (language, culture) in a foreign land. It was established that there was no organized opposition to repatriation by Yakut emigrants, but all returnees were unreasonably repressed by the NKVD.

On the probability of the formation of local groups in random point images

Original programming, combinatorial, and geometric schemes are presented. They have been developed and used by the authors to calculate exact analytical formulas that describe the probability of the formation of local groups of a given size in random point images. Formulas, which will be discussed below, arise in the assessment of the reliability detection of point images, when they are detected by scanning the aperture that has a limited number of thresholds. In this paper, significant attention is paid to the formulation and solution of difficult combinatorial problems that have been encountered in the course of the investigation and that are associated with new generalization of the Catalan numbers.

Valoración socioeconómica de la extracción de gas mediante fracturación hidráulica en la Región de Murcia

La extracción de gas no convencional mediante fracturación hidráulica (fracking) es una técnica controvertida, ya que a sus beneficios sociales y económicos se contraponen sus potenciales riesgos ambientales y sobre la salud humana. En el norte de la Región de Murcia, al igual que en otras zonas de España, se han concedido recientemente permisos de investigación y prospección para la posible explotación de yacimientos gas mediante fracking, lo que ha originado la aparición de movimientos ciudadanos que abogan por su prohibición. El objetivo central de este trabajo es estudiar el conocimiento, la percepción y la aceptabilidad que tienen los ciudadanos de la Región de Murcia sobre la explotación de esta fuente de energía. Con este fin se realiza una encuesta en la que se implementa el método de la Valoración Contingente. Los resultados informan, entre otros, que algo más de dos tercios de la población estarían a favor de su implementación, condicionado a que salud y el medioambiente sean salvaguardados. A su vez cada familia murciana se muestra dispuesta a contribuir, en media, con 15 €/año como sobrecoste en el recibo eléctrico para evitar o retrasar la explotación

English

The Anuak-Nuer resistance to centralization traced back to their incorporation in the last decade of the ninetieth century. It was a reaction against submission, and aggravated and shaped by the new developments in Ethiopia and British-ruled Sudan. The perspectives of local and ethnic groups and formation of local groups, identities and interests have been formed, dissolved and affected the political and social processes and changes along the Ethio-Sudanse borderlands since the 19th century. The purpose of this study is to examine center-periphery relations and the dynamics of shared identities. It also explains the key determinants of the resistance against the centralization processes on one hand and to some extent, the evolution and development of minority identity and politics in the political economy of the study area on the other. A multidisciplinary study emphasizes the anthropology, politics and history of the Nuer and Anuak in relation to the center. Key words: Identity, resistance, centralization, Ethiopia ,Nuer and Anuak.

Oscillation in Evolution of Cooperation for Addressing Climate Change

Climate protection is a problem of sustaining a public resource. All countries of the world should take action to deal with climate change. However, such an action is actually a game process where each country chooses to cooperate or defect under constrained condition. Here we study the group behavior of countries in dealing with climate change. In our study, the countries of the world are considered as players who are distributed on an assumed spatial network. A new evolution rule is proposed to model the game process among the players. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that under constrained condition, the local psychology of players possibly results in the formation of local group. Some local and global oscillations can be found where part or all of the players change their choices periodically.

Epidemiological investigation of a typhoid outbreak

Background: An outbreak of typhoid fever among school children of a school in military station in central India is reported here. It comprises of 98 students out of which 87 students were from one school. Methods: Detailed epidemiological case sheets were filled for cases and active case finding surveys were conducted among the school students during the period of study. It included 3313 students of the affected school. Result: Attack rate of the affected school was 2.62 percent (RR 13.38, 99 % CI of RR 10.8, 16.12). Blood samples were found to have Salmonella typhi in 5.43%. Eighty six blood samples (87.75%) were positive for Widal test. Sanitary survey revealed fecal contamination of water supply leading to the outbreak. Conclusion: We recommend having a sound vaccination programme for children, adequate chlorination of water supply and formation of local groups at school level to monitor water quality on a daily basis.

MATING TYPES IN DIVERSE RACES OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM

1. An investigation of the numbers and interrelations of the mating types in Paramecium caudatum in cultures derived from single animals isolated from wild cultures was carried out. Of 93 clones from 26 natural sources the mating types are still to be identified in 3 clones from 2 natural sources.2. The clone cultures could be divided into mating types in several non-interbreeding groups. Animals from cultures of different groups did not conjugate when mixed with one another. Within each group two mating types were found. Animals from cultures of different mating types belonging to the same group conjugated when mixed together. Four non-interbreeding groups of mating types have been definitely established and the occurrence of five groups is highly probable.3. In regard to the geographical distribution of the mating types, no evidence was found for the formation of local groups of mating types which would not conjugate with animals from other localities.4. Ordinarily, conjugation occurred only when animal...