Formation Of Interorganizational Relationships Research Articles

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLUSTER PARTNERSHIP AS A NEW FORM OF QUASI-INTEGRATIVE PROCESS

The purpose of the article. The main goal of this work is to investigate the specifics of the development of cluster partnership as a form of quasi-integration process.
 Methods of research. The article uses general scientific research methods, in particular, empirical methods: methods of historical, logical and comparative analysis – to reveal the evolutionary foundations of cluster partnership development as a new form of quasi-integration process.
 Presentation of the main research material. The latest global technological trends are characterized by the intensification of the fifth industrial revolution and the transition of the world economy to the sixth technological system and the knowledge economy. While the industrial economy defines vertical integration, the knowledge economy encourages the formation of inter-organizational relationships and business arrangements built in networks. In this context, the development of national ecosystems and second-level clusters is observed, as well as the spread of partnership interaction between cluster structures on a global scale, which proves the timeliness and relevance of this research. The article analyzes the main stages of integration processes in terms of the formation of technological structures. It was established that the sixth stage of the development of integration processes coincides with the formation of the VI technological system and the evolution of the category of quasi-integration, which is a predictor of the development of cluster partnership. The development of the concept of quasi-integration among Ukrainian and foreign scientists is studied. Therefore, based on the research data, the article proposes to supplement the given classification of forms of quasi-integration with such a form as cluster partnership. In this research, the barriers of integration and quasi-integration are considered and their features are highlighted in relation to the forms of integration and quasi-interactional structures.
 Conclusions from the conducted research. In the course of the research, researching the forms of the quasi-integration process, it was proved that the cluster partnership contains features of both an integrated structure and a quasi-integrated structure. Taking into account the criteria specified in the study, we can state that the barriers to integration in corporate structures are quite high, in contrast to the quasi-integrated structure – cluster partnership.
 Keywords: integration; integration processes; integrated business structures; quasi-integrated business structures; business entities; network economy.

ARTICULAÇÕES INTERORGANIZACIONAIS EM ORGANIZAÇÕES PÚBLICAS DE PESQUISA: O COMPLEXO TECNOLÓGICO EDUCACIONAL – CTE

The research analyzed the governance of networks in public organizations through the case of the Educational Technological Complex - CTE in Campinas/SP. The creation of the CTE confirms the trend in recent decades of public research organizations intensifying their inter-organizational articulations as a strategy to deal with budget constraints, staff replacement, and the creation of opportunities from partnerships with different actors to better meet social demands. To analyze this case, we conducted a document analysis and interviews with CTE professionals. The analytical approach is structured in two parts: (a) institutional, focused on the formation of inter-organizational relationships, and (b) articulations and interdependencies, dedicated to the "links" between organizations. The creation of the CTE had a strong hierarchical component, low level of formalization, and failures in alignment and governance, leading to its non-institutionalization as a network and limiting the achievement of the desired results.

Metropolis logistics challenges the formation of inter-organizational relationships

Metropolis logistics is a new research issue that begins to play an important role in shaping inter-organizational relationships. The concept of logistics in metropolitan terms is a contemporary term used primarily to identify issues that will improve the transformation of products and information in building inter-organizational efficiency. On the one hand, the issues of metropolitan logistics are based on shaping the flow of products and information in building inter-organizational efficiency. On the other hand, the formation of inter-organizational bonds has a complex and multidimensional structure that creates a specific network of interactions in which metropolitan logistics determines their development in relation to the environment. The aim of the article is to identify the conditions that build up inter-organizational relations within the Silesian-Zagłębie (Ś-Z) metropolitan area. The article presents selected results of exploratory research carried out among logistic entities operating in the Silesian-Zagłębie metropolitan area. The authors attempted to answer the question: what are the challenges facing metropolitan logistics in shaping inter-organizational relationships?

In Deep Water: Negative Attainment, Attention, and IOR Formation in the Dutch Water Authority Sector

Behavioral theory can be used to explain when search are triggered, yet it is silent on what directs this search and the resulting decisions. Synthesizing the behavioral theory of the firm with the attention-based view fills this gap. We theorize four moderators of the association between negative attainment discrepancy and interorganizational relationship formation: a weaker relationship when attention is on (1) internal issues, and (2) different organizations in the external environment, and a stronger relationship when the attention is on (3) interorganizational collaboration, and (4) similar organizations in the external environment. Applying topic modeling to longitudinal data from the Dutch water authority sector 2008-2014, we find that organizations are more likely to form an interorganizational relationship when performance drops below aspiration and that this effect is indeed moderated by the organization’s attention to aforementioned issues. We discuss theoretical implications, in particular in extending behavioral decision theory, and phenomenological implications, in particular for research on interorganizational relationships.

Formation of interorganizational relationships on the example of small enterprise

Inter-organizational relationships are crucial for the functioning and development of the company, and appropriately shaped give the value of the company and its cooperating entities. The aim of the article is to show the possibility of formation of inter-organizational relationships as part of a three-dimensional model including selected elements of human capital, structural and relational. Based on studies of literature and conducted analysis of the activities of a small enterprise there were shown measures conducive to the formation of inter-organizational relationships.

Friends or strangers? It all depends on context: A replication and extension of Beckman, Haunschild, and Phillips (2004)

Research summary: The formation of interorganizational ties is a consequential phenomenon examined in strategic management research. Beckman, Haunschild, and Phillips (2004) is one of the first studies to comprehensively consider interorganizational network change by exploring factors that affect both alliance and board interlock formation. They find that firm‐specific uncertainty relates to broadening actions, whereas market‐level uncertainty causes firms to reinforce current structures. Our replication considers whether these relationships operate similarly in a differing temporal context. Building from the framework of the original study, we suggest our findings offer intriguing new empirical evidence highlighting the importance of time as a boundary condition in understanding embedded firm actions.Managerial summary: The development of interorganizational relationships, such as alliances and ties between boards of directors, has an important impact on innovation, strategic actions, and firm performance. This study examines whether the dynamics of interorganizational relationship formation remain consistent over time. We replicate earlier work by Beckman and colleagues (2004), but with an expanded data set covering more than 20 years. Over this broader time horizon, we find a shift in behavior, with companies facing firm‐specific uncertainty seeking to reinforce their current relationships and companies facing industry‐wide uncertainty seeking to diversify their risk by expanding their network. Our results demonstrate the importance of replication studies in research and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the complexity surrounding interorganizational relationships. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

What are the Keys to a Successful Mobile Payment System? Case of Cytizi

Scholars and practitioners agree that the future of payment is mobile contactless payment (MCP). However, while many projects concerning the implementation of MCP solutions have been started, MCP is still not available in most countries. Concerning this fact, studies on the obstacles to MCP implementation conclude that the formation of interorganizational relationships (IORs) is an important aspect to the success of any MCP project. In this study, the authors research the influence of organizational culture on IORs in the French MCP service, Cityzi. They conducted interviews with executives of the main organizations involved and collected data about the organizational culture using a quantitative questionnaire. The results revealed that the organizations involved in Cityzi emphasize a developmental culture that drives innovation and competition between the organizations involved, which leads to rivalry between them. The authors conclude that the centralized structure around a coordinating organization that displays a group culture supports the implementation of MCP systems.

DETERMINANTS OF INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PARKS: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

The study aims to identify the factors that determine the formation of interorganizational relationships in the context of science and technology parks. To conduct the study, which consists of qualitative research with multiple case studies, we selected two parks: one located in Brazil and the other in Portugal. The survey’s main findings are represented by the theoretical and empirical evidence found in the context of science and technology parks, and the need for reciprocity and legitimacy proved critical to the formation of interorganizational relationships. Although these determinants match the primary theoretical and empirical evidence, other elements may influence the relationship, such as cultural aspects, environmental uncertainty, risk aversion and mistrust.

Out of Nowhere? Interorganizational Assemblage as the Answer to a Food-Borne Disease Outbreak

The ad hoc formation of interorganizational relationships and networks remains a black box for management scholars. We address this phenomenon by investigating interorganizational responses to an extreme event. Hence, we explore how interorganizational constellations of previously unconnected actors formed in response to the large-scale outbreak of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in Germany in 2011, which killed 53 people and affected over 4,000. We present a preliminary model of interorganizational assemblage and offer propositions that highlight the conditions under which the development of collaborations across organizations is made possible in face of crises.

An interactional approach to emergent interorganizational fields

Collaboration among community organizations is considered an important strategy for addressing the challenges posed by complex problems and turbulent environments. Indeed, there has been a proliferation of research on factors influencing the formation of interorganizational relationships (IORs), including a marked emphasis on transaction costs, resource dependence, and strategic choice. Far less attention has been focused on interest convergence, communal will, and mutuality, all of which are central to Wilkinson’s social field theory. A pilot study (n = 30) was conducted to explore community development practitioners’ views concerning the involvement of field-theoretic processes in community-oriented IORs. Participants rated a series of Likert-format statements based on an interactional approach to emergent IORs among local development agencies. Non-parametric Mokken analysis of the item responses identified six hierarchically ordered scales reflecting core tenets of social field theory. This research was undertaken to advance contemporary methods of investigating field-interactional interpretations of community and organizational development.

The role of trust and control in co-exploitation and co-exploration buyer supplier relationships

We investigate the importance of trust and control-based governance in co-exploration and co-exploitation buyer-supplier relationships. We argue that alliance partners need to balance trust building and control mechanisms and that the optimal combination of control and trust varies with the relative emphasis on co-exploration and co-exploitation activities within any given buyer-supplier relationship. We conduct our study with a sample of 125 manufacturing firms located in Spain. Our work provides a more fine-grained understanding of the role of trust and control in different contexts. We also contribute to supply chain literature by uncovering a rather intriguing and counter-intuitive negative relationship between trust and supply chain integration. While the role of trust in generally believed to be positive in the formation of inter-organizational relationships, we found that in the day to day operation of the alliances (i.e., supply chain integration), the dominant governance mechanism is control whilst the impact of trust is negative.

The Impact of Emerging Technology in Sport Broadcasting on the Preconditions for Interorganizational Relationship (IOR) Formation in Professional Football

Environmental factors such as emerging technology, globalization, economic reform and social change are creating a background in which sporting organizations must seek to quickly adapt to manage their ongoing activities and operations. Focusing on emerging technology in the area of sport broadcasting, this research examined six preconditions for interorganizational relationship (IOR) formation from the perspective of professional football clubs in Australia. Based upon theories derived from the IOR literature, these six preconditions for IOR formation were considered to determine if emerging broadcasting technologies impact on IOR formation between Australian Football League (AFL) and National Rugby League (NRL) clubs and broadcasters. Semistructured in-depth interviews with senior managers of 11 AFL, and 10 NRL clubs were undertaken and data analyzed, coded and emergent themes identified. Results indicate that professional club managers display most of these attributes that precipitate the preconditions for IOR formation, but although these preconditions exist, there is little willingness by the clubs to formulate IORs with sport broadcasters.

External Venturing for Strategic Renewal: Towards Understanding Who Makes Corporate Venture Capital Investments and Why

This study examines the conditions under which firms participate in corporate venture capital (CVC), an important mode of exploration and strategic renewal. In developing our theory, we integrate insights from our field research with the resource-based view of interfirm collaboration and emphasize the strategic flexibility inherent in CVC relationships. We use longitudinal data on 477 firms from the 1990 Fortune 500 list for the period 1990-2000 to test our hypotheses. We find that firms in industries with rapid technological change, high competitive intensity and weak appropriability engage in greater CVC activity. We also show that firms that possess strong technological and marketing resources and resources developed from prior venturing experience engage in greater CVC activity. Finally, we find that these firm resources moderate the influence of the observed industry effects. Our findings suggest the exploration of new competences involves the exploitation of established resources and capabilities. These results contribute to an understanding of the antecedents of CVC and have implications for research into corporate entrepreneurship, interorganizational relationship formation, and VC syndication networks.

Catalyzing Strategies: How Entrepreneurs Accelerate Inter-Organizational Relationship Formation to Secure Professional Investments

Although network ties are crucial for firm performance, the strategies by which executives actually form ties are relatively unexplored. In this study, we introduce a new construct, tie formation efficiency, and clarify its importance for superior network outcomes. Building on fieldwork in 9 Internet security ventures seeking investment ties, we unexpectedly identify two equifinal paths for how executives form ties efficiently. One relies on existing strong direct ties and is only available to privileged firms. The other relies on a second new concept, catalyzing strategy, by which executives advantageously shape opportunities and inducements to form ties, and is available to many firms. Overall, we add insights to the network and signaling literatures, and to the nascent literature on how strategic action, especially by low-power actors such as entrepreneurs, shapes critical network outcomes.

Factors Associated with Interorganizational Relationships among Outpatient Drug Treatment Organizations 1990–2000

To identify the factors associated with drug abuse treatment center participation in interorganizational relationships (IORs). Three nationally representative samples of outpatient drug abuse treatment units surveyed in 1990, 1995, and 1999/2000 as part of the National Drug Abuse Treatment System Survey (NDATSS), stratified by public/private status, treatment modality (methadone or nonmethadone), and organizational affiliation. Probit analyses on 647 lagged treatment center-year observations from the years 1990 to 1995 with outcomes in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Standard errors were adjusted for clustering of center-year observations within centers. Centers with greater motivation to form IORs (e.g., as a result of client diversity or government revenue) were more likely to do so, as were centers with greater opportunities to form IORs (e.g., centers whose directors participated in policy making). Both motivating and enabling factors promoted the formation of IORs by drug abuse treatment centers. Managed care also played a distinct role, in this case appearing to undermine interorganizational cooperation. Because IORs can improve access to care and quality, policy makers should consider using both incentives and support such as management training to promote IOR formation.

Goal Achievement and Inter-organizational Negotiation Team Dynamics

Although organizations on the same side in a negotiation often work together there is little understanding about such dynamics at the operations level. The present paper uses the negotiation and structural theory to frame this intellectual problem, while identifying five structural factors that support inter-organizational negotiation team dynamics (i) inter-organizational relations, (ii) relations between organizational leaders, (iii) supervisory-subordinate relations and/or agent-constituent relations, (iv) inter-organizational negotiation team member relations and group dynamics, and (v) inter-organizational negotiation team relations with their environment. This typology of structural factors is then applied to a complex inter-organizational case study that contains commercial, governmental, political and international characteristics. Case analysis of inter-organizational negotiation team behavior assists in identifying how these five factors effect negotiation process and outcome, while prescriptive guidance for negotiation management is offered. Analysis and discussion considers inter-organizational relationship formation and negotiation planning, inter-organizational relations and power, inter-organizational control, and inter-organizational unity and goal achievement. An inventory of factors that enhance or diminish inter-organizational negotiation team unity is developed through the present study. Research questions that further our understanding of inter-organizational negotiation team behavior are proposed.

The impact of e‐commerce on supply chain relationships

E‐commerce is such a new phenomenon that little research has addressed the effects it has on relationships in supply chains. A qualitative study was conducted with eight e‐commerce companies in order to construct theoretical relationships with which to develop a grounded theory of the impact of e‐commerce on managing supply chain relationships. The e‐commerce environment was perceived as highly uncertain, stemming from increased information visibility and dynamic market structures. A stronger emphasis on relationship management as part of business strategy enables managers to manage uncertainty better. Interestingly, increased information does not decrease the perception of uncertainty, but creates more uncertainty. As logistics is the function often involved with both information and relationship management within the supply chain, it may prove to be invaluable in helping firms succeed in this dynamic environment. Our research also found support for the application of transaction cost analysis and the resource dependence theory in explaining interorganizational relationship formation in e‐commerce.

Betreiberstrukturen von Elektronischen B2B-Marktplätzen — Eine Fallstudie in der Automobilindustrie

Old economy' companies are increasingly setting up electronic marketplaces for procurement of supplies, either alone or as part of a consortium of competitors within an industry. In this paper we develop a framework for governance structures of electronic markets and contrast different structures by using a case study in the automotive industry. Focus is General Motors' decision to join the industry marketplace Covisint and Volkswagen's decision to build an individual solution. Building on multiple theories from inter-organizational relationship formation we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the consortium-based exchange vs. private and third-party exchanges and illustrate these within our case, working towards a comprehensive contingency framework.

Walking a Tightrope: Creating Value Through Interorganizational Relationships

This paper provides an overview of the literature on interorganizational relationships. Although the literature on interorganizational relationships is extensive, a pervasive theme that is either explicit or implicit in the majority of the articles is the simple notion of whether interorganizational relationships make sense and whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. This article reviews six widely used theoretical paradigms that explain interorganizational relationship formation, including transaction costs economics, resource dependency, strategic choice, stakeholder theory, organizational learning, and institutional theory. Although each paradigm alone is insufficient to capture the complexities of interorganizational relationship formation, the fact that interorganizational relationships can be justified from such diverse theoretical backgrounds is impressive. The paper also reviews the six forms of interorganizational relationships most commonly pursued in practice and discussed in the literature, including joint ventures, networks, consortia, alliances, trade associations, and interlocking directorates. Through these discussions, we elaborate on the potential advantages and disadvantages of participation in interorganizational relationships.

Walking a tightrope: creating value through interorganizational relationships

This paper provides an overview of the literature on interorganizational relationships. Although the literature on interorganizational relationships is extensive, a pervasive theme that is either explicit or implicit in the majority of the articles is the simple notion of whether interorganizational relationships make sense and whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. This article reviews six widely used theoretical paradigms that explain interorganizational relationship formation, including transaction costs economics, resource dependency, strategic choice, stakeholder theory, organizational learning, and institutional theory. Although each paradigm alone is insufficient to capture the complexities of interorganizational relationship formation, the fact that interorganizational relationships can be justified from such diverse theoretical backgrounds is impressive. The paper also reviews the six forms of interorganizational relationships most commonly pursued in practice and discussed in the literature, including joint ventures, networks, consortia, alliances, trade associations, and interlocking directorates. Through these discussions, we elaborate on the potential advantages and disadvantages of participation in interorganizational relationships.