Formation Of Hybrid Composites Research Articles

Development and Research of New Hybrid Composites in Order to Increase Reliability and Durability of Structural Elements

Hybrid composite materials can successfully solve the problems of reliability, durability, and extended functionality of products, components, and details, which operate under conditions of multifactorial influences (temperature, force, and deformation). The authors have developed a hybrid composite high-entropy AlCoCrCuFeNi material and ceramic cBNCoMo(B4CCoMo) layer. The formation of hybrid composites was carried out using new technology. This technology includes high-energy machining, high-velocity oxygen-fuel spraying in a protective environment, high-temperature thermomechanical treatment, and heat treatment. The use of the developed technology made it possible to increase the adhesive strength of the composite layers from 68 to 192 MPa. The authors performed an assessment of the structural parameters of the composite layers. The assessment showed that the composite layers had a nanocrystalline structure. The research included mechanical tests of the hybrid composites Hastelloy X (NiCrFeMo)—AlCoCrCuFeNi—cBNCoMo and Hastelloy X (NiCrFeMo)—AlCoCrCuFeNi—B4CCoMo for cyclic durability (fatigue mechanical tests) and friction wear. The use of surface-layered materials AlCoCrCuFeNi—cBNCoMo and AlCoCrCuFeNi—B4CCoMo in the composition of hybrid composites significantly increased cyclic durability. The use of surface-layered materials in the composition of hybrid composites made it possible to reduce wear intensity. The test results show that the developed composites are promising for use in various industries (including oil and gas), where high strength and wear resistance of materials are required.

Strategic orchestration of MoSe2 microspheres on β-cd functionalized rGO: A sustainable electrocatalyst for detection of rifampicin in real samples

The ill effects of prolonged use of rifamycin antibiotics such as rifampicin accentuates its need for detection in the environment as well as in biological fluids. Antibiotics in water and soil are long-lasting, bio-accumulative, and hazardous to aquatic species as well as human health. To address this issue, a sensing platform has been developed using Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) embedded on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) functionalized with β-cyclodextrin (β-cd) polymer. The formation of hybrid composite was validated with X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with EDX analysis. The formation of microspheres were observed with hexagonal crystal system and P63/mmc space group. Furthermore, the composite was employed to fabricate an efficient electrochemical sensor for detecting the widely used antibiotic, rifampicin (RIF). The results reveal excellent activity of the sensor with a limit of detection (LOD) of 28 nM in a linear working range from 0.019 to 374.5 μM. The sensor also exhibited a high sensitivity of 11.64 μA μM−1 cm−2. Additionally, the sensor showed appreciable recovery range when monitored in real-samples such as human serum and urine, and industrial water, and fish samples.

Effect of Nanosilica and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Mechanical and Impact Performance of Unidirectional Kevlar/Epoxy Based Composites

The introduction of numerous nanoparticles into nanotechnology in recent years has opened the door for the incorporation of nanoparticles into polymeric-based composite materials for mechanical improvement. Composite materials are becoming a promising substitute material in the fabrication of numerous components due to their high weight-to-strength ratio and mechanical characteristics such as tensile Strength, flexural Strength, interlaminar shear strength, and impact strength. This research aims to determine the effect of a combined mixture of silica and multiwalled carbon nanotube particles (MWCNT) on the mechanical and impact properties of unidirectional Kevlar (UD)/epoxy composites for use in defence and aerospace applications. The addition of these Nanofillers results in high-performance reinforcement and the formation of hybrid composites with improved properties due to their use. The addition of specific nanomaterials can further enhance these characteristics, dependent on the concentration at which they are introduced into the solution. The most challenging aspects of incorporating nanomaterials into matrix materials are ensuring uniform mixing of the nanomaterials with the matrix material and increasing the viscosity of the matrix material when the nanomaterials are introduced into the matrix. Using different weight percentages, it is possible to determine the optimal ratio of nanofiller for predicting the enhanced mechanical properties of nano-composites. Preparation of the composite with different weight percentages (1 percent and 3 percent) of Nano SiO2 particles mixed with 0.25 percent MWCNT and 6 layers of the UD Kevlar fibre was accomplished using an ultrasonic vibration-assisted hand layup process. Tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, and interlaminar shear strength tests evaluated the material's mechanical properties. Experimental results revealed that tensile strength and impact strength increased by up to 80 percent and 50 percent, respectively, compared to the neat specimens. The ILSS test demonstrates a 271 percent improvement in shear strength at 3 percent and 0.25 MWCNT. The overall results determined that the combination of 3 percent SiO2 and 0.25 percent MWCNT provided the most enhanced mechanical properties while also being the most optimized. This study's findings indicate that applying a nano-silica and MWCNT mixture of Nanofillers to Kevlar fabrics is a promising method for improving a Kevlar-based hybrid composite's mechanical and impact energy absorption laminate.

Hybrid Membrane based on Polymer-doped Phosposilicate and their Characterization

A class of proton-conducting non-fluorinated hybrid composite membranes was produced based on poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-doped tetraethoxysilicate (TEOS) and triammoniumphosphate ((NH4)3PO4.3H2O) with and without phosphoricacid. The formation of hybrid composites was verified by various analyses, such as XRD and 1 H NMR, and the thermal degradation was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The proton conductivity was measured using impedance spectroscopy and values of 3.4 × 10 ‒2 S/cm and 2.3 × 10 ‒2 S/cm were obtained at room temperature for the SiO2/P < sub>2O5/(NH4)3PO4/PVP (90/8/2 mol%/1g) and the SiO2/(NH4)3PO4/PVP (90/10 mol%/1g) hybrid composite membranes, respectively. The results were discussed based on the effects of P < sub>2O5 and (NH4)3PO4 on the hybrid composites.

Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Sugarcane Bagasse-Glass/ Polyester Composites

ABSTRACT A study on tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear properties of sugarcane bagasse (SCB)-glass (G)/polyester hybrid composites is presented. The effects of the relative fibers content and plies stacking sequence on the mechanical properties of hybrid composites were investigated. Morphological studies of the fractured surfaces were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated that, the mechanical properties of SCB/polyester composite can be effectively improved by the incorporation of G-fiber through the formation of hybrid composites. Also, with the proper selection of f relative fibers content and plies stacking sequence, the fabricated hybrids can achieve property profiles close to those of homogeneous glass-reinforced composite in terms of specific properties.

Effect of silica nanoparticles on mechanical properties of Kevlar/epoxy hybrid composites

The addition of nanofillers in high-performance reinforcement results in the formation of hybrid composites. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of silica nanofillers loading on the mechanical properties of Kevlar/epoxy composites for ballistic use. Produced hybrid composite laminates were tested for flexural properties, tensile Properties and impact energy absorption. DMA analyses were performed to investigate composite properties at elevated temperatures. It was observed that introduction of silica nanofillers enhanced flexural properties, tensile strength, and storage modulus of composites. Impact energy absorption was increased up to a specific extent of nanofiller addition. The findings of this study indicate that introduction of silica nanofillers on Kevlar fabrics is a promising method for enhancing mechanical properties of hybrid composite laminates.

Preparation of hybrid composites based on epoxy, novolac, and epoxidized novolac resins and silica nanoparticles with high char residue by sol‐gel method

A facile method was developed for preparation of three hybrid composites by using tetraethyl orthosilicate oligomer‐modified epoxy resin (MER), (3‐glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane‐modified novolac resin (MNR), epoxidized novolac resin (ENR), and silica nanoparticles (SiO2). Accordingly, the first class of composites was prepared from MER and SiO2. The second class of composites was prepared from MER, MNR, and SiO2. And the third class of composites was prepared from silica MNR, ENR, and nanoparticles. All the modified resins and their composites were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and their thermal behavior was investigated by thermo gravimetric analysis. The obtained thermograms showed that thermal stability of hybrid composites were controlled by the amount of SiO2 and type of resins. Char yield of epoxy resin was increased significantly by formation of hybrid composites. The second class of composites showed higher char yields in comparison with the first class (52.1 compared with 23.2% for 8 wt% of SiO2). Incorporation of ENR instead of MER in the third class composites resulted in much more char residues of 60.2 and 60.6% for 4 and 8 wt% of SiO2. Therefore, third class composite with 8 wt% of SiO2 exhibited the highest char yield. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopies were used to study the morphology and dimension of SiO2. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E2316–E2323, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Preparation of alpha‐bisabolol and phenylethyl resorcinol/TiO2 hybrid composites for potential applications in cosmetics

Bifunctional alpha-bisabolol and phenylethyl resorcinol/TiO2 hybrids were prepared to apply in cosmetic fields, particularly in anti-ageing and hyperpigmentation treatment. The synergistic effect of combined antioxidant and UV filtering properties was achieved through functionalization of TiO2 particles with skin-lightening materials such as alpha-bisabolol and phenylethyl resorcinol. TiO2 microspheres with a diameter of about 1 μm were synthesized through surfactant-assisted sol-gel method for use as supporting materials in the formation of hybrid composites. Carboxylation treatment was performed for surface modification of the TiO2 surface with carboxyl groups as chemical binders. Esterification reaction between carboxyl groups of carboxylated TiO2 and hydroxyl groups of alpha-bisabolol or phenylethyl resorcinol was performed. The hybrids were characterized using various techniques such as FE-SEM, DLS, EDS, ATR-FTIR, XPS and TGA. For application of prepared TiO2 composites in the field of cosmetics, the anti-radicular antioxidant abilities were evaluated using ABTS and DPPH colorimetric antioxidant assay. Organic/inorganic hybrid composites were successfully formed using esterification reaction between the carboxyl groups at TiO2 surface and the hydroxyl groups of the skin-lightening materials. The results demonstrate that both functionalized microspheres show scavenging ability towards the ABTS(•) and DPPH(•) radicals. Specifically, the phenylethyl resorcinol/TiO2 composites exhibited the highest antioxidant ability among the prepared samples owing to the presence of phenolic groups to scavenge free radicals. Using this strategy, it could be possible to prepare not only inorganic UV filter but also hybrid organic/inorganic materials with multifunctions and advantages which would be in a great demand for cosmetic applications.

Influence of UV irradiation and two photon processing on the cinnamate monomers polymerization and formation of hybrid composites with nanosized ZnO

In a first part, N,N-bis(methacryloyloxyethyl carbamoyloxyethyl) cinnamamide (Cin-DMA) and its corresponding oligocinnamate were synthesized and used as organic matrix for preparing hybrid nanocomposites containing siloxane structure derived from urea-silyl monomer, PEG400 sequences and ZnO nanoparticles upon exposure to UV irradiation or femtosecond laser beam. 1H NMR, 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopies sustain the expected structure, and the photopolymerization progress of Cin-DMA relating to a oligodimethacrylate alone and in combination with the hybrid monomer was investigated by photo-DSC, the time to reach the maximum polymerization heat (tmax), the degree of conversion (DC) and polymerization rate being determined. The photopolymerization results revealed that the investigated monomers exhibit a good photoreactivity (DC: 57–81%) during the formation of crosslinked polymers, and the degree of conversion depend especially on the chemical structure, photoinitiator nature (Darocur TPO, Irgacure 369) and its concentration. Incorporation of 0.5 or 1wt.% spherical-shaped ZnO nanoparticles (average diameter: 50–100nm; height: 50nm) slightly decreased the polymerization rate from 0.08 to 0.068s−1, respectively. Additionally, two-photon photopolymerization of cinnamate monomers alone and in monomer mixture in the presence or the absence of ZnO nanoparticles (0.5–2wt.%) has been used in creating 2D and 3D polymeric microstructures via direct laser writing process by femtosecond laser pulse visible-light beams, whose morphology and fluorescence properties were explored to further exploit the new possibilities of micro/nanostructuring technology of the last fluorescent scaffolds.

Microstructural and tribological properties of Al5083 based surface hybrid composite produced by friction stir processing

In this study, a self-lubricating and wear resistant surface hybrid Al-base composite reinforced with a mixture of SiC and MoS2 particles has been successfully fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP). Microstructure, hardness and dry sliding wear behavior of the hybrid composite have been investigated and compared with those of base metal and Al/SiC and Al/MoS2 composites. Microstructural analyses of the hybrid composite showed a uniform distribution of reinforcing particles inside the processed zone and a good bonding between surface processed layer and base material. The tribological studies showed that surface hybrid composite has the highest wear resistance in comparison to other samples. Moreover, dominant wear mechanisms operating in dry sliding conditions of samples were studied. The results indicated that light delamination and light abrasion mechanisms operated simultaneously during wear of the hybrid composite. The wear mechanisms confirmed that the formation of hybrid composite on the surface could significantly reduce the wear damages and improve the wear resistance of the alloy.

Hybrid composites based on organosilicon monomers and acrylic acids

The formation of hybrid composites in sol-gel systems based on organosilicon monomers and acrylic acids was studied. The composition, properties, structure, and morphology of the products were examined.

Convenient Synthesis and Characterization of Silver/Poly(p-Cl-phenylsilane) Nanocomposites

The one-pot preparation and structural characterization of silver/poly(p-Cl-phenylsilane) nanocomposites have been performed. The one-step transformation of silver(I) salt to stable silver(0) nanoparticles is mediated by poly(p-Cl-phenylsilane), Cl-PPS having both reactive Si-H bonds in the polymer backbone and C-Cl bonds in the substituents. XRD, TEM, and FE-SEM, and solid-state UV-vis analytical techniques were used to analyze the interesting metal/inorganic polymer hybrid nanocomposites. TEM and FE-SEM data show the formation of hybrid composites in which large number of silver nanoparticles (less than 30 nm of size) are dispersed throughout the Cl-PPS matrix. XRD patterns are consistent with that for fcc-typed silver. The elemental analysis for Cl atom and the polymer solubility confirm that the appreciable cleavage of C-Cl bond and the Si-Cl dative bonding were not occurred. The size and processability of such nanoparticles depend on the ratio of metal to Cl-PPS. In the absence of Cl-PPS, most of the silver particles undergo macroscopic aggregation, which indicates that the polysilane is absolutely necessary for stabilizing the silver nanoparticles.

Preparation and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles in the Presence of Inclusion Complex of β-Cyclodextrin with Phenylsilane

Silver nanoparticles are prepared in an aqueous medium consisting of an inclusion complex beta-CD/PS, formed between beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and phenylsilane (PS). The PS acts as a reducing agent. beta-CD/PS complex stabilizes the Ag nanoparticles preventing agglomeration and provides a self-assembling environment for forming nanostructure around Ag nanoparticles. The TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and FE-SEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy) data suggest the formation of hybrid composites in which large numbers of silver nanoparticles (< 20 nm) are dispersed. SAED patterns are consistent with that for fcc-typed silver. In the absence of the beta-CD/PS inclusion complex, most of the silver particles underwent macroscopic precipitation, which indicates that the beta-CD/PS inclusion complex is essential for stabilizing the silver nanoparticles.

The efficiency of application of magnetic polymer composites as radio-absorbing materials

The results of investigation of the complex permittivity and permeability of polymer composite materials with different magnetic fillers in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 10 GHz are presented. The possi- bility of controlling the frequency characteristics of permeability and permittivity and the absolute values of these parameters via the formation of hybrid composites with multicomponent magnetic filler is shown. The efficiency of application of magnetic polymer composites as absorbing materials for the RF and microwave bands is analyzed.