Glycogen Formation Research Articles

Hyperglycemic Response to Hypoglycemia in Diabetic and in Healthy Individuals

Summary1. In numerous healthy individuals and normal experimental animals hypoglycemia entails hyperglycemia in the post-absorptive state, irrespective of the experimental conditions which initiated the hypoglycemia. The phenomenon is interpreted as the result of a delay in the adjustment between the reaction velocities of glycogen breakdown and glycogen formation in the liver. 2. In the diabetic the same physiologic process takes place on a greatly magnified scale. Hypoglycemias, caused by overdoses of insulin, entail in the diabetic patient excessive degrees of hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Recurrence of this sequel over considerable periods of time progressively increases the instability of the patient and aggravates the disease.

METABOLISM OF SODIUM d-LACTATE

The metabolism of racemic sodium lactate in the presence of disease of the liver has been studied by Schumacher 1 and Hartmann and Senn. 2 The two optically active enantiomer components constituting racemic lactate differ from each other, according to Cori and Cori, 3 with regard to the manner of their biologic utilization. The l form when injected or ingested cannot be converted into glycogen or any intermediate carbohydrate, but its greater portion reappears in the urine, whereas the remainder may be accounted for by the formation of accessory carbon dioxide. On the other hand, d -lactate is converted into glycogen by the liver. 4 Hartmann and Senn concluded that the degree of glycogen formation from racemic lactate depends on the proportion of the d form present in the mixture. It seems, therefore, of importance to study the fate of the optically active components separately, especially that of the d

Influence of Potassium on Blood Sugar and Tissue Glycogen

It has been suggested that most of the disturbances observed after adrenal removal are secondary to a primary defect in potassium metabolism. For the specific case in which we are interested, this is held to mean that the low blood sugar and tissue glycogen of adrenalectomized animals result from a primary rise in serum potassium. Some of the experiments we have been carrying out recently bear on this hypothesis, but lend it no credence. Normal white rats weighing between 80 and 100 gm. were fasted for 18 hours, given intraperitoneal injections of K-free or K-containing solutions, and then serially sacrificed. When the injected solution consisted of normal sodium chloride and 5% glucose solution (10 cc. per 100 gm. rat), the blood sugar and liver and muscle glycogen curves over 3.75 hours followed the course shown in Table I. Both muscle and (especially) liver glycogen were deposited in large amounts, while the blood sugar level remained relatively stationary. But when the injected fluid contained, in addition to sodium chloride and glucose, 0.4% potassium (in the form of potassium acetate), the formation of both muscle and liver glycogen was completely suppressed, while the blood sugar level quickly rose over 100%.

THE SOURCE OF THE HEART GLYCOGEN

1. By continuous administration of adrenaline (together with high mechanical work) the glycogen content of the dog's heart is rapidly lowered. When it has all been exhausted failure suddenly occurs.2. When the administration of adrenaline is stopped short of failure, and when the glucose and lactate of the blood have also been reduced to low levels, there is no recovery of glycogen; glyconeogenesis therefore does not occur, or is relatively slow.3. Addition of lactate after glycogen depletion by adrenaline, if the blood glucose is low, leads to no recovery of glycogen in two hours.4. Addition of glucose after adrenaline depletion and with low blood lactate results in considerable restoration of heart glycogen in two hours. The heart glycogen is therefore formed from glucose.5. Addition of both glucose and lactate to adrenaline‐depleted hearts leads to a smaller glycogen formation than is obtained by addition of glucose alone. This is perhaps correlated with the fact that high lactate depresses the sugar usage of the heart.6. Addition of either glucose or lactate, so as to give large concentrations of either in the blood prior to the addition of the adrenaline does not hinder the glycogen depletion caused by adrenaline.The costs of the investigation were in part defrayed out of a grant from the Thomas Smythe Hughes Fund by the University of London to R. A. G., and of a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society to J. Y. B. The authors wish to express their thanks for these two grants.

Glycogen Formation After Alanine Administration in Adrenalectomized Animals.

According to Evans,1 the metabolism of endogenous protein is interfered with in the adrenalectomized, rat. In our present studies the metabolism of an orally administered amino acid, alanine, has been investigated in animals with the adrenal gland removed. Butts2 has shown that this amino acid is converted to glycogen in the organism, the maximum storage being 8 hours after the oral administration of the acid.To 7 normal male and a like number of normal female rats 1.6 mg. alanine per square centimeter of body surface, was administered by stomach tube. A like amount was given to the paired brothers and sisters of the above animals which had been bilaterally adrenalectomized 6 days previously and had received salt solution since. All animals were fasted 24 hours before the alanine was fed. Three animals of each sex and of each group were given an amount of water by stomach tube equivalent in volume to the alanine solution fed in the other group.In the groups of normal and adrenalectomized males, blood suga...

Formation of glycogen in the liver of anæsthetized cats with notes on specific action

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 87, Issue 2 p. 113-120 ArticleFree Access Formation of glycogen in the liver of anæsthetized cats with notes on specific action Charles Reid, Charles ReidSearch for more papers by this author Charles Reid, Charles ReidSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 July 1936 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1936.sp003394Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume87, Issue2July 21, 1936Pages 113-120 RelatedInformation

Glucose Absorption and Glycogen Formation in the Hypophysectomized Rat.

The following studies of glycogen formation and glucose absorption have been carried out in the hope of partially elucidating the phenomena of abnormally low glycogen levels in the fasting hypophysectomized rat. In these experiments the control rats were between 45 and 54 days of age at the time of sacrifice. The hypophysectomized rats were of a similar age group at operation and were sacrificed 25 to 30 days after operation; those upon which glycogen determinations were done were sacrificed 21 to 23 days after operation. Glucose absorption was determined by the method of Cori after feeding approximately 2 1/2 cc. of a 35% solution of glucose. Previous to the experiment all rats were fasted for 24 hours in cages provided with wire screen bottoms. Tissues for glycogen determination were removed under amytal anaesthesia and glycogen determined by the cold KOH method of Cori. Liver glycogen figures are for fermentable reducing substances; muscle glycogen figures are the average of duplicate determinations of both gastrocnemius muscles and represent total reducing substances. All glucose determinations were done by the Shaffer-Somogyi method.

The relation of the spleen to formation of glycogen in the liver. With a note on the rate of absorption of glucose and lactic acid

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 84, Issue 3 p. 302-314 ArticleFree Access The relation of the spleen to formation of glycogen in the liver. With a note on the rate of absorption of glucose and lactic acid Margaret Kerly, Margaret KerlySearch for more papers by this authorCharles Reid, Charles ReidSearch for more papers by this author Margaret Kerly, Margaret KerlySearch for more papers by this authorCharles Reid, Charles ReidSearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 June 1935 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1935.sp003279Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume84, Issue3June 18, 1935Pages 302-314 RelatedInformation

Glycogen Formation After Various Fatty Acids

The transformation of the even-chained fatty acids into the acetone bodies has been demonstrated to be a quantitative one.1 It was shown that such odd-chained fatty acids as propionic, valeric and heptoic did not give rise to appreciable amounts of the acetone bodies. With the exception of the experiments of Ringer2 on phlorhizinized dogs and the negative results of Eckstein3 on glycogen formation in the white rat, no experimental evidence is on record regarding the glycogenic ability of the various fatty acids.In the present tests the sodium salts of propionic, diacetic, butyric, valeric, caproic, heptoic, caprylic and nonylic acids were fed, by stomach tube, to rats previously fasted for 48 hours in doses equivalent to 1 mg. (calculated as acetone) per sq. cm. of body surface. In series 1 the rats were killed 6 hours after the administration of fatty acids: in series 2, seven hours after such administration. The average results on liver glycogen in series 1 are as follows: Control, (10 animals) 0.27% (R...

The formation of liver glycogen in the cat, under various conditions, following infusion of ammonium lactate

The formation of liver glycogen in the cat, under various conditions, following infusion of ammonium lactate

Glycogen Formation after Oral Administration of Mannitol to White Rats

Glycogen formation is stated to occur after the oral administration of mannose to animals, but the conversion of mannitol, the hexahydric alcohol which may be obtained by reduction of the aldehyde group of mannose, to glucose or glycogen has not been definitely proven. It has been maintained that sorbitol, the hexahydric alcohol derived from glucose, may alleviate the hypoglycemic symptoms in rabbits which have received insulin and when administered to diabetic patients may increase the respiratory quotient. Rosenfeld was unable to observe any significant increases in liver glycogen after feeding mannitol to dogs. Pfliiger in a critical evaluation of the data of Kiilz concluded that the increased glycogen deposition obtained by this investigator was within the limits of experimental error. We have studied the glycogen content of the liver after the oral administration of d-mannitol by the method of Cori. Young white rats were fasted 24 hours and fed either 2 or 4 cc. of a 15% solution of mannitol by stomach tube. The amount of mannitol fed was determined by passing the mannitol solution through the stomach tube into an evaporating dish, which was then placed in an oven and dried to constant weight. After absorption periods of 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours, the rats were killed and the glycogen content of the liver was determined as described previously. The results are presented in Table I. The glycogen values for the livers of a control series of 9 rats which received 2 cc. of water after 24 hour fasting periods varied from 0.02 to 0.06% with an average of 0.05%. Inspection of the data of the table fails to reveal any significant increases in liver glycogen after oral administration of mannitol as compared with the values obtained for the control series. After these experiments were completed, Carr and his co-workers reported a similar study of the glycogen content of the liver of white rats, previously fasted and then fed a mixture of cacao-butter and mannitol (33%) over a period of 80 hours. The glycogen content of the liver of the rats fed mannitol and cacao-butter ranged from 0.62 to 1.80% with an average value of 1.23%, as compared with the average glycogen content of the livers of control rats fed cacao-butter alone of 0.14%. It is impossible to compare the results of this series with our own experiments since the treatment of the animals was quite different in the 2 series. Under the experimental conditions used by us, it is evident that mannitol did not serve as a ready available source of glycogen. A similar lack of ready utilization of mannitol is shown by the reported failure of mannitol to relieve insulin shock in white rats.

Glycogen formation in the fowl

Research Article| January 01 1933 Glycogen formation in the fowl Arthur Raymond Gordon Emslie; Arthur Raymond Gordon Emslie 1Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Kathleen Mary Henry Kathleen Mary Henry 1Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1933) 27 (3): 705–710. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0270705 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Arthur Raymond Gordon Emslie, Kathleen Mary Henry; Glycogen formation in the fowl. Biochem J 1 January 1933; 27 (3): 705–710. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0270705 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1933 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1933 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The relation of lactic acid and alanine to glycogen formation

The relation of lactic acid and alanine to glycogen formation

Glycogen Formation in Rats After Administration of Diets High in Galactose, Glucose, and Lactose

Glycogen Formation in Rats After Administration of Diets High in Galactose, Glucose, and Lactose

Glycogen Formation after Oral Administration of Sodium Salts of Propionic, Butyric, Valeric and Caproic Acids

By the use of Cori's method, the absorption of and the formation of glycogen from the salts of fatty acids of low molecular weight have been determined. Male rats previously fasted for 24 hours were used. The control and experimental animals although not litter mates were nearly of the same age and weight. The data in the table show that of the substances administered only sodium propionate affected the glycogen stores. The increments in liver glycogen resulting therefrom, although not large, are nevertheless definite, and are not to be ascribed to individual variations. The failure of butyric and caproic acids to form glycogen cannot be due to faulty absorption, since it was demonstrated that their salts were as well absorbed as sodium propionate. The data are sufficient to warrant the inclusion of propionic acid in that list of products that can be transformed into glycogen by the white rat. Butyric and caproic acids cannot be added to that list for under the conditions obtaining in this study no eviden...

Glycogen Formation and Respiratory Quotients in Rats Fed Exclusively on Fat

Glycogen Formation and Respiratory Quotients in Rats Fed Exclusively on Fat

Glycogen and Fat Formation in Rats: V. Carbohydrate-Free Diets

Glycogen and Fat Formation in Rats: V. Carbohydrate-Free Diets

Glycogen Formation from Amino Acids.

One lot of control rats was kept on stock diet until killed in order to establish the glycogen and lipid contents of the liver without a starvation period. A second lot of control rats was starved for 24 hours before killing, from which group the fasting level was derived.The remaining rats were starved 18 hours, then fed the amino acid to be investigated, and killed 6 hours later. Forced feeding was resorted to, except in the case of tyrosine. This amino acid, suspended in water, was applied to the rats'hair about the head and neck region. The animals cleaned it off nicely, thereby getting practically all of it into the gastro-intestinal tract. The other amino acids used did not lend themselves readily to this method of feeding, in which studies, feeding was performed by means of a medicine dropper. The disadvantage of the latter method lies in the rather large amount of water which must be introduced in keeping the amino acid conveniently suspended. The amount of amino acid fed in each case was approxim...

On the Nutritive Value of Pentosan

Journal Article On the Nutritive Value of Pentosan: IThe Effect of Xylan on the Fat Formation II.The Effect of Xylan Administration on the Glycogen Formation and Blood Composition Get access Hisayoshi Iwata Hisayoshi Iwata Merioka Imperial College of Agriculture and Forestry Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bulletin of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, Volume 7, Issue 4-8, 1 April 1931, Pages 33–41, https://doi.org/10.1080/03758397.1931.10856958 Published: 01 April 1931 Article history Received: 05 May 1930 Received: 07 May 1930 Published: 01 April 1931

Glycogen Formation in the White Rat After Oral Administration of Xylose.

Recent investigations on the preparation of the pentose, xylose, have made this sugar, formerly one of the rare carbohydrates, available at a very moderate price. It has been suggested that xylose may be utilized in human nutrition as a “non-fattening sugar.” The renewed interest in xylose occasioned by its ready availability in pure form again raises the question of its role in nutrition. Although most of the literature would indicate that xylose ingestion does not lead to increased formation of liver glycogen, the question of its behavior in this respect is still an open one. We have accordingly studied the rate of absorption of xylose and the formation of glycogen from it in the young white rat.The xylose was prepared from cottonseed hulls and was given to us by the Bureau of Standards and by Dr. J. L. Kassner of the University of Alabama, to whom we take this opportunity to express our indebtedness. The material as received was recrystallized from alcohol, dried at 40° in the oven and then in a desicc...