Formation Of First Impressions Research Articles

The impact factors for first impression

Research on first impressions is crucial because of the widespread use of temperament judgments because of a lack of knowledge and their societal consequences. Until recently, however, first impressions were of dubious value, and factors affecting the formation of first impressions are being meticulously studied. This review discusses the aspects that affect first impressions and how first impressions could be subsequently altered. People have a tendency to evaluate others’ personalities merely based on their facial appearance. Subsequent experiences with an individual could only be used to support initial, rashly formed first impressions of that individual. Overgeneralization theories may explain this natural tendency. Further, stereotypes affect people’s first impressions by leading to preconceptions: people may directly refer to qualities that fit the stereotype even though the judged person does not fit the stereotype. First impressions can be revised with extra information that is highly diagnostic, reliable, or experience-reframing, and this revision can last for weeks or even months. This review also offers realistic future directions for research, including testing the generalizability of recent findings and examining how updating can reverse the impact of first impressions.

Impact of Face Masks and Viewers' Anxiety on Ratings of First Impressions from Faces.

Face mask is now a common feature in our social environment. Although face covering reduces our ability to recognize other's face identity and facial expressions, little is known about its impact on the formation of first impressions from faces. In two online experiments, we presented unfamiliar faces displaying neutral expressions with and without face masks, and participants rated the perceived approachableness, trustworthiness, attractiveness, and dominance from each face on a 9-point scale. Their anxiety levels were measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. In comparison with mask-off condition, wearing face masks (mask-on) significantly increased the perceived approachableness and trustworthiness ratings, but showed little impact on increasing attractiveness or decreasing dominance ratings. Furthermore, both trait and state anxiety scores were negatively correlated with approachableness and trustworthiness ratings in both mask-off and mask-on conditions. Social anxiety scores, on the other hand, were negatively correlated with approachableness but not with trustworthiness ratings. It seems that the presence of a face mask can alter our first impressions of strangers. Although the ratings for approachableness, trustworthiness, attractiveness, and dominance were positively correlated, they appeared to be distinct constructs that were differentially influenced by face coverings and participants’ anxiety types and levels.

Reduced Perceived Trustworthiness during Face Mask Wearing.

To curb the diffusion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), governments worldwide have introduced different policies, including lockdowns, social distancing, and mandatory mask wearing. Face mask wearing, especially, has an impact on the formation of first impressions, given that when meeting someone for the first time, individuals rely on the only available piece of information, the newly met person’s aesthetic appearance, in order to make initial estimations of other traits, such as competence, intelligence, or trustworthiness. However, face mask wearing affects the aesthetic appearance of an individual, creating uncertainty which, in turn, has been reported to reduce others’ perceived trustworthiness. In this paper, the influence of face mask wearing on strangers’ perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is assessed to verify the impact of this policy on impression formation. Participants (N = 71) have been instructed to assess the trustworthiness and the aesthetic appearance of a selection of 96 images depicting individuals of different ages (children, adults, and older adults), gender (men and women), and ethnicity (Asians or Caucasians). Participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Participants in the experimental group (N = 38) rated faces of individuals wearing a face mask, while participants in the control group rated the same faces but in the absence of a face mask. Images were presented in random order. For each face, participants were asked to rate the aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness of the stranger on two different 100-point Likert scales. Results demonstrate that (i) the correlation between perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is not affected by the presence of a face mask, and (ii) age, but not ethnicity and gender, influences the magnitude of differences in perceived trustworthiness levels during mask wearing.

Parents reinforce the formation of first impressions in conversation with their children.

The tendency to form first impressions from facial appearance emerges early in development. One route through which these impressions may be learned is parent-child interaction. In Study 1, 24 parent-child dyads (children aged 5–6 years, 50% male, 83% White British) were given four computer generated faces and asked to talk about each of the characters shown. Study 2 (children aged 5–6 years, 50% male, 92% White British) followed a similar procedure using images of real faces. Across both studies, around 13% of conversation related to the perceived traits of the individuals depicted. Furthermore, parents actively reinforced their children’s face-trait mappings, agreeing with the opinions they voiced on approximately 40% of occasions across both studies. Interestingly, although parents often encouraged face-trait mappings in their children, their responses to questionnaire items suggested they typically did not approve of judging others based on their appearance.

EFFECT OF WEATHER TEMPERATURE ON FIRST IMPRESSION ABOUT ANOTHER PERSON

This research study investigates the hypothesis that warmer external temperature leads to a more positive first impression of one’s emotion and personality. The study involved two groups of participants, one for each weather setting (cold and warm outside temperature). The participants were asked to fill in a google form questionnaire consisting of a consent form, basic information about their gender, age and nationality, POMS-A test to evaluate their mood at the time, personality and emotion assessment of two pictures (male and female), and a question about their weather preference. Four MANOVA models were constructed: one to test differences among emotions, and another – among personality traits for each picture. All models produced insignificant results (pvalue> 0.05), thus giving us insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis of external temperature having no effect on the formation of first impressions. After presenting the findings, potential reasons for obtaining such results are discussed.

Different neural substrates at first impressions of same-sex and opposite-sex faces in women

First impressions follow a complex process that is greatly influenced by the facial attributes and the sex of the displayer. This study aimed to evaluate whether the initial impression formed in friendship decisions is processed differently between the same-sex and opposite-sex targets in women. Twenty-four healthy female volunteers participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, in which they appraised a given face and decided whether they wanted to befriend the target. Then, a post-scan subjective rating was performed for facial components such as cheerfulness, good-looks, and uniqueness. The data were used to perform univariate whole-brain analysis to identify the neural substrates of sex bias in impression formation, and exploratory parametric modulation analysis to examine the parametric effects of facial components. Results showed that a composite of diverse areas including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior superior temporal sulcus were more engaged when viewing male faces than female faces. Parametric analysis revealed that bilateral lingual gyrus activities showed a negative parametric effect with cheerfulness for male faces, whereas left inferior parietal lobule activity showed a positive parametric effect with good-looks for female faces. During the formation of first impressions, diffuse areas related to emotion processing and conflict-monitoring were utilized when a person of the opposite sex was encountered compared to encounters with a person of the same sex. The perceived cheerfulness of a male face also showed a negative relationship with the identification of facial emotion in the male face; the more a female face was considered good-looking, a greater feeling of uneasiness appeared to be elicited. The findings from this study provide further evidence of sex bias in women during friendship encounters.

Interaction of stereotypical trustworthiness, facial resemblance, and group membership in the perception of trustworthiness and other traits

ABSTRACTTrust begins with our first impression of others. But which matters most in forming the first impression that others possess stereotypically trustworthy facial features, that they look like us, or that they belong to our social group? This study explored the interaction among stereotypical trustworthiness, kinship (based on facial resemblance), and group membership (using arbitrary groups) in the formation of first impressions. Each participant rated 48 stimuli varying in stereotypical trustworthiness (trustworthy vs. untrustworthy), facial resemblance (self vs. other), and group membership (ingroup vs. outgroup) on three traits (trustworthiness, competence, and attractiveness). We observed unique interaction patterns for each of the three traits and we speculate that there is a match between the primacy of the information and the primacy of the evaluated dimension that influences the formation of first impressions. In addition, we propose that group membership may drive first impressions in the absence of kinship information. Our integrative approach brings us closer to understanding the formation of first impressions, and thus trustworthiness and trust, in real-life situations. Our findings outline stimulating directions for further research.

Hirability in the Wild: Analysis of Online Conversational Video Resumes

Online social media is changing the personnel recruitment process. Until now, resumes were among the most widely used tools for the screening of job applicants. The advent of inexpensive sensors combined with the success of online video platforms has enabled the introduction of a new type of resume. Video resumes are short video messages where job applicants present themselves to potential employers. Online video resumes represent an opportunity to study the formation of first impressions in an employment context at a scale never attempted before, and to our knowledge they have not been studied from a behavioral standpoint. We collected a dataset of 939 conversational English-speaking video resumes from YouTube. Annotations of demographics, skills, and first impressions were collected using the Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing platform. Basic demographics were then analyzed to understand the population who uses video resumes to find a job, and results showed that applicants mainly consisted of young people looking for internship and junior positions. We developed a computational framework for the prediction of organizational first impressions, where the inference and nonverbal cue extraction steps were fully automated. Results demonstrate automatic prediction of first impressions of up to 27% of the variance explained for extraversion, and up to 20% for social and communication skills.

Clothing Style and Formation of First Impressions

A questionnaire was administered to 61 people on a university campus to study the influence of clothing style and sex on the formation of first impressions. Analysis showed that clothing style and sex of the subject influenced subjects' perceptions of others, in particular, that subjects rated others wearing similar clothing as themselves more positively and that the ratings of women were less harsh then those of men. Subjects also rated less common clothing styles in the university context more extremely.

CLOTHING STYLE AND FORMATION OF FIRST IMPRESSIONS

A questionnaire was administered to 61 people on a university campus to study the influence of clothing style and sex on the formation of first impressions. Analysis showed that clothing style and sex of the subject influenced subjects' perceptions of others, in particular, that subjects rated others wearing similar clothing as themselves more positively and that the ratings of women were less harsh then those of men. Subjects also rated less common clothing styles in the university context more extremely.

Influence of Style of Dress on Formation of First Impressions

Within a university, students of various colleges dress differently. Our purpose was to verify the influence of style of dress on formation of first impressions. Subjects were 30 women of three colleges from a university in Sao Paulo. Subjects rated on a 7-point scale three photographs (without faces) of male students from each one of the three colleges. The first model dressed in a socially formal way, the second one in a socially informal way, and the third one sportively. The three models were rated comparably on intelligence and culture. The model who dressed in a socially formal way was considered less handsome, extroverted, sympathetic, charming, and attractive than the other two models. Subjects tended also to attribute to the first a rightist ideology. No interactions were found between subjects' and models' colleges.

INFLUENCE OF STYLE OF DRESS ON FORMATION OF FIRST IMPRESSIONS

Within a university, students of various colleges dress differently. Our purpose was to verify the influence of style of dress on formation of first impressions. Subjects were 30 women of three colleges from a university in Sao Paulo. Subjects rated on a 7-point scale three photographs (without faces) of male students from each one of the three colleges. The first model dressed in a socially formal way, the second one in a socially informal way, and the third one sportively. The three models were rated comparably on intelligence and culture. The model who dressed in a socially formal way was considered less handsome, extroverted, sympathetic, charming, and attractive than the other two models. Subjects tended also to attribute to the first a rightist ideology. No interactions were found between subjects' and models' colleges.

The role of verbal and nonverbal cues in the formation of first impressions of Black and White counselors.

The role of verbal and nonverbal cues in the formation of first impressions of Black and White counselors.

The role of verbal and nonverbal cues in the formation of first impressions of Black and White counselors.

The role of verbal and nonverbal cues in the formation of first impressions of Black and White counselors.

Person and Costume: Effects on the Formation of First Impressions

This exploratory study examined the effects of the stimulus person and the clothing worn by the stimulus person on the formation of first impressions, where the stimulus per son and the observer were female peers. A four‐by‐four factorial experiment was designed to measure the simultaneous effects of person‐costume photographic stimuli on the subjects' initial formation of athletic, social, and intellectual impressions. Each of 240 female uni versity students was randomly assigned to respond to one of 16 person‐costume photo graphs on an Impression Measure developed for this study using the semantic differential technique. Analysis of variance and correlation ratios measured the extent to which person and costume affected the initial formation of the impression dimensions studied. Costume exerted major influence on the formation of social impression, person had greater effect on athletic impression, and neither person nor costume had a significant effect on intellectual impression.