European Formation Research Articles

REE-phosphate mineralization stages and conditions of monazite formation in the ore veins in the northern part of Ditrău Alkaline Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania)

In terms of rare earth potential, the Ditrău Alkaline Massif (Romania) is one of the most prospective formations in Europe. The REE mineralization occurs as mineralized ore veins and is most prominent in the northern (Jolotca) and eastern (Belcina) parts of the Massif. The ore veins of Jolotca area outcrop over a larger area than the Belcina ones, and are predominantly rich in LREE minerals. The most important REE minerals in the Jolotca veins are phosphates, of which monazite (Mnz) (group) is by far the most abundant, while xenotime (Xtm) occur only sporadically. The monazite-xenotime mineral assemblages are the products of at least three successive mineralization stages: (1) Mnz1 followed by Xtm1 (the vast majority of REE phosphates formed in this stage); (2) Mnz2 + Xtm2 (as inclusions in apatite) and Mnz3 + Xtm3 (as interstitial phases), the two assemblages are texturally distinct but their synchronous formation is likely; (3) Mnz4 scattered in magnetite veins (no xenotime formed in this stage). The chemical composition of the phases formed in each stage supports their hydrothermal origin. The alteration characteristics, reaction patterns and internal textural features of the monazite-xenotime assemblages reflect the metasomatizing effect of each hydrothermal stage. Three fluid types with different compositions were identified in the earliest Mnz1 phase: An H2O-NaCl-CO2 type (2–4 mol% CO2, 10–22 wt% NaCleq., Th: 225–350 °C), an H2O-NaCl type (10–22 wt% NaCleq., Th: 160–330 °C) and an H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 type (23–25 wt% NaCleq., Th: 150–250 °C). Combining Y-in monazite thermometry data with isochores of primary originated fluid inclusions indicate <500 MPa pressures and 200–420 °C temperature conditions for formation of Mnz1. The observed REE patterns of monazites were most probably resulted by a temperature derived fractionation of REEs carried as carbonate complexes in hydrothermal fluids by the effect of successive metasomatic flushing.

Legal regulation of the budget process in the EU

The experience of the most influential interstate formation in Europe – the European Union, which occupies the second place in terms of GDP and the third in terms of population. is instructive in all its spheres of functioning, in particular in the field of budget law. Given the accelerated movement of Ukraine to the European community, the «budget experience» of the European Union is certainly the most indicative and instructive, since it was formed on the basis of a generalization of best practices of all member countries of the European continent. The article deals with a set of the main EU budget regulations: the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union; Treaty on European Union; EU financial regulations; Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU, EURATOM) 2018/1046 of 18 July 2018 on financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union on amendments to the regulations (EU) № 1296/2013, (EU) № 1301/2013, (EU) № 1303/2013, (EU) № 1304/2013, (EC) № 1309/2013, (EC) № 1316/2013, (EC) № 223/2014, (EC) № 283/2014 and Decision № 541/2014/ЄS and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) № 966/2012. On the basis of a detailed analysis of these documents, the fundamental positions of the EU budget process in general and the principles of the EU budget in particular are ordered, structured and described (they include the principles: unity, reliability of the budget, annuity, balance, unit of account, universality, detail, prudent financial management and productivity, transparency). Proposals for the implementation of the principles of the EU budget to the domestic budget law are carried out.

A Precarious Path to Partnership? The Moderating Effects of Labour Market Regulations on the Relationship Between Unstable Employment and Union Formation in Europe

Rising employment uncertainty featured by higher risks of being temporarily employed or unemployed is often seen as the driving force behind delayed and declined partnering in Western countries. However, such an employment–partnering relationship is contextualized by labour market institutions and thus could diverge across countries over time. This paper aims to investigate how country-level variations in labour market regulations moderate individual-level effects of unstable employment on union formation, including the transitions into marriage or cohabitation unions. Using comparative panel data for 26 countries from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (the years 2010–2019), our multilevel fixed effects models showed that temporary employment and unemployment negatively affected the probability of union formation for single women and men in Europe. Moreover, the negative relationship between unstable employment and union formation was reinforced when labour market reforms were stimulating insider–outsider segregations or decreasing welfare provisions. Specifically, stricter employment protection legislations and higher coverage rates of collective bargaining agreements could reinforce the negative effects of temporary employment and unemployment on union formation, while more generous provisions of unemployment benefits could buffer such negative effects.

No Centralization Without Population: The Black Death and State Formation in Europe

No Centralization Without Population: The Black Death and State Formation in Europe

Чехи в Україні в другій половини ХІХ – на початку ХХ століття

Background. More than 100 different nationalities live on the territory of modern Ukraine. This diversity was formed under the influence of economic and socio-political changes that have taken place in Europe in recent centuries. The article identifies the main regions of settlement and residence of Czech colonists within the modern borders of Ukraine, the differences in the conditions of resettlement, settlement, and farming, taking into account the state policy of settlement on Ukrainian lands, makes a comparative analysis of the socio-economic situation, and indicates possible directions for new research. Methods. Using general historical methods – comparative and synchronous, the principle of historicism – the transformational phenomena are considered and analysed taking into account the historical context of the development of social relations; the method of comparative and analytical analysis is used to form a holistic view of understanding the common and distinctive components of socio-economic phenomena In the process of processing the sources, an integrated approach and a comparative method are applied. Results. The author identifies the individual regions of Czechs' settlement in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The conditions of resettlement are indicated and the characteristic features of the socio-economic and legal status of the Czechs, depending on the region of their settlement, are investigated, as well as the contribution of the Czechs to the formation of socio-economic, scientific and cultural potential for the development of Ukrainian lands in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Conclusions. The migration processes of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were the result of the intensive development of a new economic formation in Europe. In search of better living conditions, the process of resettlement of Czechs from Bohemia and Moravia intensified at that time. The settlement boundaries covered not only the territories of the Austrian Empire, but they also colonised the Ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire. The resettlement of Czechs from their historical homeland to the Ukrainian lands within the Austrian and Russian empires in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was caused by various factors and preconditions. The process of Czech colonisation of the South of the Russian Empire took place in waves. Most Czechs settled in Volhynia, as well as in the Kyiv and Podillia provinces. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Czechs had become an integral part of the population of the Ukrainian lands

Social organizations and political institutions: why China and Europe diverged

AbstractThis paper discusses the historical and social origins of the bifurcation in the political institutions of China and Western Europe. An important factor, recognized in the literature, is that China centralized state institutions very early on, while Europe remained politically fragmented for much longer. These initial differences, however, were amplified by the different social organizations (clans in China, corporate structures in Europe) that spread in these two societies at the turn of the first millennium AD. State institutions interacted with these organizations, and were shaped and influenced by this interaction. The paper discusses the many ways in which corporate organizations contributed to the emergence of representative institutions and gave prominence to the Rule of Law in the early stages of state formation in Europe, and how specific features of lineage organizations contributed to the consolidation of the Imperial regime in China.

Antonio Gramsci: Hegemony, Heroism and Domination

Abstract The notion of the hero is often accompanied by myth; in Gramsci’s work we see the crushing of this theory because it is tied to a nationalist and, therefore, repressive horizon. In his Prison Notebooks, Gramsci tackles this problem with originality, critically defining the concept of heroism as anti-collective. The power of the struggling community acts incisively if it renounces charismatic leadership. This results in a leaderless collectivity made up of bodies and brains politically in action. The centrality of this aspect that is not dealt with in Gramsci’s work can shed new light on the work of the Sardinian thinker and philosopher, particularly from a contemporary point of view, partly due to the numerous nationalist regressions (the return of racist ideologies and formations in Europe and in the US). Gramsci’s work has an avant-garde meaning even in current events. The collectivity can become that specific universal-singular capable of instituting a real counter-power. The article investigates the rejection of heroism in a transversal reading of Prison Notebooks.

Relationship quality and family formation in Europe.

The increase in cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing across Europe has raised questions about who still marries either before or after having a child. Although prior studies have addressed the sequence of marriage and childbearing, few have examined the role of relationship quality in these transitions. Here we employ a cross-national perspective to study the association between relationship quality and marriage and/or first birth within cohabitation. Using the Generations and Gender Survey and UK Household Longitudinal Study, we study seven European countries (Austria, France, Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and UK). We employ competing risk hazard models to follow respondents as they 1) transition from cohabitation into marriage or conception (or separation); 2) transition to marriage (or separation) after having a birth within cohabitation. Results show that cohabitors with higher relationship quality are more marriage prone than those in lower quality relationships in Austria, France, Hungary, and the UK, but not in the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Instead, higher relationship quality is associated with higher conception risks in cohabitation in Sweden. After childbearing, we find a positive association between relationship quality and marriage among cohabiting parents in the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. These results suggest that marriage is still important for couples with higher quality relationships; however, in countries where cohabitation is widespread, the timing of marriage may have shifted to after childbearing.

1709: Mobility, Diaspora and Forms of State Formation in Europe

1709: Mobility, Diaspora and Forms of State Formation in Europe

Spiritual Origins of Aria, its Formation in Europe and China

The purpose of the work is to trace the genesis of the aria typology and its inherent expressiveness of aria singing in its pre- and non-opera existence, comparing relevant materials from the history of the genre in Europe and China. As a methodological basis, we put forward the intonation approach of B. Asafyev's school in Ukraine, as it developed in the works of O. Markova, O. Muravska, Liu Bing Jiang, with emphasis on hermeneutic and stylistic-comparative analysis. The scientific novelty of the study is caused by the historical novelty of emphasising symbolic and religious beginnings in culture and art, which was traditionally ignored in the classical for Europe period of New time, as well as by the fact that, for the first time in Ukrainian and Chinese musicology, about hymnographic and song-chant forming of syncretism are put in logical chain of receivership information, from which an aria was born in the 12th-13th centuries in China and the 15th-16th centuries in Europe, which was later absorbed into the opera at the level of an essential component of the composition. Conclusion. The culture of the aria as a finished expressive quality and arias as a type of singing developed into the spiritual activity in the diametrically opposed cultural formations of China and Europe. They are historically connected by their appearance only in them in the planetary scope of the operatic action by its singing saturation from the beginning to the end of the performance. For China, the concept of forming an aria from the ritual syncretism of a hymn-song-aria is proven. For the European thinking, the awareness of the aria as a derivative of the Byzantine hymnography and liturgical-canto song with vocality inseparable from it was the achievement of musicological developments of the last decades. The adoption of such a concept, developed in the presented work, significantly corrects the “generic emphasis” of the expressiveness of the aria, traditionally considered in the context of the specifics of the operatic action.&#x0D; Key words: aria, genre in music, opera, song, chant, hymn.&#x0D;

Palaeomagnetic suitability of a new section with a potential lower boundary for the Quaternary on the left bank of the lower River Danube

A first palaeomagnetic study has been carried out on a new section with a potential lower boundary interval for the Quaternary, Dolynske 3. Recently, the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary (at 780 ka) was detected in the adjacent section of Dolynske 2. The current study focuses on the hydromorphic palaeosols, loesses and pedosediments of the Bogdanivka to Kryzhanivka units. Taking into account previous palaeomagnetic data from other sections of the loess/soil formation of Ukraine, the Gauss-Matuyama boundary (2.58 Ma) could be expected to be at the top of the Bogdanivka soil unit. However, rock magnetic and magnetostratigraphic results from the Dolynske 3 section indicate an extremely low concentration of the ferrimagnetic minerals and the absence of a characteristic component of magnetisation due to the influence of hydromorphism. Only two samples from the Bogdanivka and Berezan units show a clearly defined reversed polarity; the rest of the samples were uninformative and were rejected from the interpretation. Given the unsuitability of hydromorphic palaeosols and loesses for magnetostratigraphic studies, the determination of the Gauss-Matuyama boundary requires additional, including methodological, research on other sections of Ukraine.&#x0D; The stratigraphic completeness of the composite Dolynske section, its geomorphological location within the Pliocene Danube terraces and convenient geographical setting allow offering it for study as a reference section for the loess/soil formation in Europe. In addition, the Dolynske 3 section potentially may be regarded as a complete continental analogue of the Calabrian and Gelasian with both palaeomagnetic boundaries. Thus, the Dolynske section deserves research on many aspects of the Quaternary, including correlations of loess-palaeosol, alluvial and marine facies, the influence of hydromorphism on palaeomagnetic properties of rocks, «structures» of climatic rhythms in the Calabrian and Gelasian, as part of a separate international project.

Reversals of fortune: Shared governance, “democracy,” and reiterated problem-solving

What can the deep past tell us about how “good government” is instituted, replicated, and maintained through time? After a comparative look at late prehistoric political formation in Europe, a case study from Sweden is examined. During the Iron Age, systems of participatory governance developed across Europe, perhaps in response to the autocracies of the previous Bronze Age. Heterarchical structures with systems of checks and balances provided voice for ordinary people, as well as leaders, but there were clear “reversals of fortune,” as autocracy and more egalitarian structures were interspersed through time. The so-called “Long Iron Age” is consequently seen as an extended period of tension between different forms of government, different political ideologies, and the dynamic negotiation of socio-political norms, with repercussions that extend into recent times.

Assessment of sensor performance in the context of geological radwaste disposal—A first case study in the Belgian URL HADES

Monitoring in the context of geological disposal of radioactive waste is considered to play a relevant role in the stepwise implementation of the disposal. Such monitoring however implies particular conditions for the sensing equipment to be deployed. The experience gathered with experimental setups in underground research laboratories (URLs) is very valuable to improve the reliability of sensors envisaged for this monitoring. In Belgium, many experimental setups have been implemented in the HADES URL. With its construction started in 1980, it is the longest operational facility in a clay formation in Europe that is dedicated to investigate the feasibility and safety of geological disposal of radioactive waste. Technical experts use it to develop and test technologies for constructing, operating and closing a waste repository in a deep clay formation. Scientists conduct large-scale experiments to assess the safety of disposal in poorly indurated clay. As a result, thousands of sensors have been installed in the HADES URL over the past four decades. Many of them are regularly providing measurement data up to now. To obtain an insight in the factors that determine their performance, a research programme has been launched to assess the sensor performance of the HADES monitoring setups one by one. This paper describes the methodology for this assessment. It is based on a systematic screening of each individual sensor according to a set of indicators. As a first case, the CLIPEX instrumented setup was selected. It was installed more than 20 years ago to monitor the clay host rock response to gallery construction works. The assessment provided the performance data of the different sensor types, which allowed to make a performance appraisal of the respective sensor types. Based on the results of this first case, the assessment methodology will be applied to the other setups to extend the performance database of the different sensor types.

Making Constitutionalism Progressive Again: A Primer on City Constitutionalism and State (Re)Formation in a New Constitutional Geography

Constitutionalism has been thinned with the idea of progress fading to the background of today’s polytheistic constitutional landscape, while cities become the symbol of progressive values. Putting cities – megacities in particular – at the centre of the global constitutional map, Ran Hirschl’s City, State: Constitutionalism and the Megacity, not only opens a new frontier for comparative constitutional studies but also suggests a progressive constitutional agenda with implications to re-imagination of political spaces. Challenging what he calls ‘spatial statism’ that conceives constitutional geography on the basis of nation-states, City, State envisages a bi-focal mapping of constitutional space where the city finds its own constitutional place vis-a-vis the corporate body of the state and suggests a radical departure from the modernist constitutional tradition moulded in the long process of state formation in Europe. Engaging with Hirschl’s manifesto for the urban turn in comparative constitutional law, this essay advances an alternative version of city constitutionalism aimed at reconnecting constitutionalism and progressive values through a shift of focus from cities to what makes cities attractive and progressive. It argues that Hirschl falls short of giving full expression to a progressive city-oriented constitutional agenda as he shifts focus between cities in general and megacities and implicitly inherits the underlying territoriality of spatial statism in his constitutional prognosis – the recognition of cities in the territorial constitution. As an alternative to Hirsch’s formalist prescription, this essay suggests conceiving of constitutional space imaginatively to put cities as an incubator of progressive values on a new constitutional agenda. With attention shifting from cities as territorial units of constitutional ordering to what Iris Young called ‘urbanity’ in addressing contemporary urban challenges in constitutional terms, an aterritorial city constitutionalism can emerge, envisaging a changing constitutional geography driven by human flow under which state formation can be reconceived in a progressive way.

Gender (trans)formations in Europe and beyond: Trans lives and politics from a transnational perspective

Focusing on trans and gender-diverse people in five European countries (Portugal, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Sweden), the Transrights research addressed one of the most challenging transformations of the institutional order of gender that thus far still reproduces the normative opposition between male and female. Rather than proposing a descriptive monograph, our angle of analysis emphasized the workings of gender through the ‘voices’ of trans people (within and beyond Europe) and their complex forms of self-identification vis-à-vis the institutional apparatus (whether legal, medical, political or even social-scientific). Drawing on an extensive empirical research that combined document analysis of legal and medical developments, multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews, we investigated the doings of gender and gender politics. Three major findings are highlighted and summarized through a comparative strategy: trans/gender identifications, creative agency and embodiments; institutional and legal recognition vis-à-vis the medical apparatus and the “marketization” of trans-related healthcare; and discrimination, oppression and violence.

Black Life, Trans Study

AbstractThis essay thinks through some possibilities and implications for a trans studies formation in Europe and across the West that takes as some of its core concerns and ethical commitments black people, black life, and black capacities for insurgency, experimentation, and trans nonbinary method. Writing against the logics of displacement, disciplinarity, and depletion, what follows is a brief meditation on both the institutionalization of trans studies in Western academia and the material disregard of black people, trans people, migrants, and other oppressed and vulnerable people under the extractive regimes of cisheteropatriarchial white supremacy.

Perspectives on adapted physical activity formation in Europe

Perspectives on adapted physical activity formation in Europe

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ПОЛЬСЬКО-АМЕРИКАНСЬКОГО КОМІТЕТУ ДОПОМОГИ ДІТЯМ ТА АМЕРИКАНСЬКОЇ АДМІНІСТРАЦІЇ ДОПОМОГИ (АРА) НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ ПОЛЬСЬКОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ У МІЖВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

The end of the First World War was a consequence of a whole range of significant problems in the countries of Eastern Europe. These include the general poverty of the population, the decline of the rural industry and industrial production, the general political crisis that increased the popularity of radical communist movements, the change of geopolitical formation in Europe. The main factor that led to the destruction of the imperialist system was World War the first. On the ruins of empires, new independent countries are emerging, including the restored Republic of Poland or the Second Commonwealth. The whole list of problems that often reinforced each other was extremely difficult to overcome solely with the country inner capabilities and reserves. In fact, the period of the 20-30s of the twentieth century becomes the era of the expansion of the international philanthropic organizations activities, among which an important role was taken by American subsidiary organizations. These include the American Relief Administration (ARA), the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) and some religious organizations such as the American Mennonites and others. Quite often these organizations were united, sometimes acting separately, or transferring the relay activity from one to another. The involvement of American philanthropic organizations in dealing with the needy countries of Eastern Europe has become possible due to a number of factors. The following of them are the departure from the policy of isolationism, the rapid increase in the US labor productivity, the crisis of overproduction, the formation within the American society of a humanists and philanthropists layer, mainly among the richest and the most influential entrepreneurs (Andrew Carnegie, John Rockefeller, Jacob Schiff, Herbert Hoover, etc.), who, having earned enormous wealth, created non-governmental charitable foundations with the aim of financing the philanthropic projects. Thus the activity of Herbert Hoover American humanitarian organization (the American Relief Administration (ARA)) which was started in 1919 in the US changed the general economic and social situation. Its main purpose was to provide food for Polish children needs. ARA launched a whole network of dining-rooms throughout Poland.

ОБЪЕКТИВНЫЕ И СУБЪЕКТИВНЫЕФАКТОРЫ РАЗВЯЗЫВАНИЯ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ: ДИСКУССИОННЫЕ МОМЕНТЫ

The purpose of this article is to rethink critically the key dogmas justifying the reasons for the First World War outbreak exclusively by the given era political figures’ subjective delusions or by the objective laws of the historical process. The scientific novelty of the study is to develop a more holistic vision of the root causes of the First World War outbreak. The author shows that the First World War was an organic result of national states formation in Europe, based on democratic mechanisms of foreign policy goals legitimation.

Conceptual Basis of Art Jewelry Development in Europe in the 1960-1980s.

The purpose of the article deals with the analysis of art jewelry formation in Europe, in particular the UK, the Netherlands, and Germany in the 1960-1980s. The representatives of these countries had their own traits and character, due to the specificity of the cultural environment. The methodology is based on a combination of historical and systemic approaches that have become an integral set of all the selected methods, as well as the methods of comparative, system-comparative, and art criticism analyses. The scientific novelty of the study is in the highlighting of the peculiarity of jewelry evolution in Europe in the 1960-1980s, which is associated with the emergence of new conceptual foundations of creation: the use of different materials - from expensive to alternative, new aesthetic and conceptual forms, which is considered as an independent artistic phenomenon for the first time. Conclusions. The deviation of adornments from classic jewelry and the establishment of their independent aesthetic role in the system of applied art is accompanied by an active creative experiment in the countries of Europe from the 1960s to the early 1980s. From then on, main conceptual foundations are being formed: the change of art jewelry interpretation paradigm as the work of art on the verge of decorative and visual arts; experiments with art jewelry in the practical and theoretical context; the use of non-traditional materials.