Formation Of Dihydrogen Bonds Research Articles

Carborane-Containing Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications.

Carboranes are an important class of electron-delocalized icosahedral carbon-boron clusters with unique physical and chemical properties, which can offer various functions to polymers including enhanced heat-resistance, tuned electronic properties and hydrophobicity, special ability of dihydrogen bond formation, and thermal neutron capture. Carborane-containing polymers have been synthesized mainly by means of step-growth polymerizations of disubstituted carborane monomers, with chain-growth polymerizations of monosubstituted carborane monomers including ATRP, RAFT, and ROMP only utilized recently. Carborane-containing polymers may find application as harsh-environment resistant materials, ceramic precursors, fluorescent materials with tuned emissive properties, novel optoelectronic devices, potential BNCT agents, and drug carriers with low cytotoxicity. This review highlights carborane-containing polymer synthesis strategies and potential applications, showcasing the versatile properties and possibilities that this unique family of boron compounds can provide to the polymeric systems.

Effects of NH4+ doping on the hydrogen storage properties of metal hydrides

Doping can modify the properties of metal hydrogen storage materials significantly. Currently, the metal doping is a frequent strategy, while the non-metal cation doping has not been examined extensively so far. In this study, the effects of NH4+ doping on the hydrogen storage properties of different metal hydrides, including TiH2, Ti0·25V0·25Nb0·25Zr0·25H2, Ti0·5V0·5H2 and VH2, are investigated by first-principles calculations. It is found that the NH4+ presents a good affinity for metal hydrides and the NH4+ incorporation leads to charge redistribution and formation of dihydrogen bond. Furthermore, the NH4+ doping in metal hydrides is favorable for enhancing the hydrogen storage capacity and decreasing the thermal stability simultaneously. The possible reason for the NH4+ doping induced destabilization in metal hydrides is the relatively weak interaction between NH4+ and hydrogen atoms.

Influence of pressure-induced formation of dihydrogen bonds on lattice parameters, volume, and vibrational modes of ammonia borane.

The high-pressure phase of ammonia borane (NH3BH3) observed at ∼1.2GPa has been reported to result in pressure-induced formation of dihydrogen bonds at ∼4GPa. In this study, we performed high-pressure x-ray diffraction measurements on the high-pressure phase (up to ∼10.2GPa) using a He hydrostatic pressure medium to examine the influence of the formation of dihydrogen bonds on the lattice parameters and unit cell volume of NH3BH3. We observed a unique behavior in the pressure dependence of lattice parameters close to the pressure at which the dihydrogen bond was formed. The lattice parameters demonstrated hysteresis curves under compression and decompression conditions but the unit cell volume did not. Moreover, the pressure dependence of the unit cell volume could not be expressed using a single Birch-Murnaghan equation within an acceptable margin of error, thus suggesting a change in bulk modulus under compression. These results are considered to have originated from the pressure-induced formation of dihydrogen bonds. Moreover, high-pressure Raman scattering measurements and a simulation using density functional theory calculations revealed the vibrational modes of the high-pressure phase of NH3BH3. The results demonstrated that librational modes were enhanced by forming dihydrogen bonds. Moreover, the intramolecular stretching modes of BN, BH, and NH monotonically shifted with pressure, while the symmetrical in-plane bending modes of BH3 and NH3 split irrespective of the formation of dihydrogen bonds.

Estimation of resonance assisted hydrogen bond (RAHB) energies using properties of ring critical points in some dihydrogen-bonded complexes

Intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) interactions have investigated in aza-boron-hydrogen rings after formation of dihydrogen bond (DHB) interactions with some substituted aza-boron-hydrogen molecules. These molecules include electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. The IHB energies in the dihydrogen-bonded complexes have estimated using a method based on properties of ring critical points (RCPs). There is linear relationship between results of this method and molecular tailoring approach (MTA). Geometrical parameters, spectroscopic information, electronic properties based on atoms in molecules (AIM) method, and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis have used to find effects of DHB on strength of the IHB interaction. Moreover, aromaticity of resonance-assisted hydrogen bond (RAHB) rings have evaluated using the para delocalization index (PDI), the aromatic fluctuation index (FLU), the average two center index (ATI), and the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) to find relation between π-electron delocalization (π-ED) and properties of these rings. Results show that DHB leads to increase of strength of the IHB interaction. In addition, the PDI benchmark has the best correlation with the IHB descriptors. Additionally, localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis (LMO-EDA) reveals that the key components of interaction energies are exchange and electrostatic energy, respectively. Finally, new relations obtained for estimation of the IHB energies based on RCP characteristics and quantum mechanical descriptors.

Theoretical Investigation of Intermolecular Dihydrogen Bonds in C2H2···HM and C2H4···HM (M = Li, Na and K) Complexes: A DFT and ab initio Study

This study aims to investigate the dihydrogen bond formation in ethyne (C2H2) and ethene (C2H4) with alkali metal hydrides (HM; M = Li, Na and K) complexes using density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio methods. It mainly focuses on the comparison of the performances of different functionals of DFT and ab initio method on the intermolecular dihydrogen bonded complexes. The geometrical parameter and energy values agree with the formation of dihydrogen bonds in the complexes. Among the ethyne and ethene complexes, the smallest dihydrogen bond distance was formed by C2H2···HK and C2H4···HK, respectively. The C2H2 is found to form better dihydrogen bond (DHB) with alkali metal hydrides than C2H4. Among all the functionals, M06L was observed to predict shortest H···H bond distance, while M062X the longest. Natural bond orbital (NBO), quantum theory of atom in molecules (QTAIM) along with molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis further confirms the dihydrogen bond formation.

Impact of electronegativity on the dihydrogen bond formation in MH…NH complexes

Impact of electronegativity on the dihydrogen bond formation in MH…NH complexes

Gold(I) Hydrides as Proton Acceptors in Dihydrogen Bond Formation.

Wavefunction and DFT calculations indicate that anionic dihydride complexes of AuI form strong to moderate directed Au-H⋅⋅⋅H bonds with one or two HF, H2 O and NH3 prototype proton donor molecules. The largely electrostatic interaction is influenced by relativistic effects which, however, do not increase the binding energy. Very weak Au⋅⋅⋅H associations-exhibiting a corresponding bond path-occur between neutral AuH and HF units, although ultimately F becomes the preferred donor atom in the most stable structure. Increasing the hydridicity of AuH by attachment of an electron donating NHC ligand effects Au-H⋅⋅⋅H bonding of moderate strength only with HF, whereas competing Au⋅⋅⋅H interactions dominate for H2 O and NH3 . Rare η2 coordinated and HX (X=F or OH) associated H2 complexes are produced during interaction with a single ion of stronger acidity, H2 F+ or H3 O+ . Theoretically, reaction of excess [AuH2 ]- as proton acceptor with H3 O+ or NH4+ in 3:1 or 4:1 ionic ratios, respectively, affords H⋅⋅⋅H bonded analogues of Eigen-type adducts. Outstanding analytical relationships between selected bonding parameters support the integrity of the results.

Homogeneously catalysed conversion of aqueous formaldehyde to H2 and carbonate

Small organic molecules provide a promising solution for the requirement to store large amounts of hydrogen in a future hydrogen-based energy system. Herein, we report that diolefin–ruthenium complexes containing the chemically and redox non-innocent ligand trop2dad catalyse the production of H2 from formaldehyde and water in the presence of a base. The process involves the catalytic conversion to carbonate salt using aqueous solutions and is the fastest reported for acceptorless formalin dehydrogenation to date. A mechanism supported by density functional theory calculations postulates protonation of a ruthenium hydride to form a low-valent active species, the reversible uptake of dihydrogen by the ligand and active participation of both the ligand and the metal in substrate activation and dihydrogen bond formation.

Hydrogen bonds, coordination isomerism, and catalytic dehydrogenation of alcohols with the bifunctional iridium pincer complex $$^{{{\left( {HOC{H_2}} \right)}_2}}\left( {P{C_{s{p^3}}}P} \right)$$ ( H O C H 2 ) 2 ( P C s p 3 P ) IrHCl

The reaction of iridium(iii) hydride complex 1 based on the pincer dibenzobarrelene ligand $$^{{{\left( {HOC{H_2}} \right)}_2}}\left( {P{C_{s{p^3}}}P} \right)$$ with pyridine proceeds stepwise to show different reactivities of the starting fac-isomers 1A and 1B. The kinetic product of the reaction is mer-complex 2 with a trans disposition of the pyridine and hydride ligands. Isomerization into the thermodynamic product 2′ containing pyridine in the cis-position with regard to hydride proceeds slowly. The estimation of activation parameters (ΔH ≠ and ΔS ≠) shows that the change in the geometry of fac-complexes upon coordination of pyridine occurs through an associative transition state, while isomerization of the mer-complexes is a dissociative process. The isomers of complex 1 and its pyridine-containing derivatives 2 and 2′ are shown to exhibit different reactivities in the formation of dihydrogen bond and the catalytic dehydrogenation of PriOH under model conditions.

Supramolecular interactions in boron hydrides: how non-classical bonding directs their crystal architecture

The nature and driving forces behind the formation of dihydrogen bonds are explored for several textbook boranes, and their influence on the crystalline architecture is revealed.

Desolvation and dehydrogenation of solvated magnesium salts of dodecahydrododecaborate: relationship between structure and thermal decomposition.

Attempts to synthesize solvent-free MgB12H12 by heating various solvated forms (H2O, NH3, and CH3OH) of the salt failed because of the competition between desolvation and dehydrogenation. This competition has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Products were characterized by IR, solution- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal or powder X-ray diffraction analysis. For hydrated salts, thermal decomposition proceeded in three stages, loss of water to form first hexahydrated then trihydrated, and finally loss of water and hydrogen to form polyhydroxylated complexes. For partially ammoniated salts, two stages of thermal decomposition were observed as ammonia and hydrogen were released with weight loss first of 14 % and then 5.5 %. Thermal decomposition of methanolated salts proceeded through a single step with a total weight loss of 32 % with the release of methanol, methane, and hydrogen. All the gaseous products of thermal decomposition were characterized by using mass spectrometry. Residual solid materials were characterized by solid-state (11)B magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction analysis by which the molecular structures of hexahydrated and trihydrated complexes were solved. Both hydrogen and dihydrogen bonds were observed in structures of [Mg(H2O)6B12H12]⋅6 H2O and [Mg(CH3OH)6B12H12]⋅6 CH3OH, which were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structural factors influencing thermal decomposition behavior are identified and discussed. The dependence of dehydrogenation on the formation of dihydrogen bonds may be an important consideration in the design of solid-state hydrogen storage materials.

A Molecular Electrostatic Potential Analysis of Hydrogen, Halogen, and Dihydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen, halogen, and dihydrogen bonds in weak, medium and strong regimes (<1 to ∼ 60 kcal/mol) have been investigated for several intermolecular donor-acceptor (D-A) complexes at ab initio MP4//MP2 method coupled with atoms-in-molecules and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) approaches. Electron density ρ at bond critical point correlates well with interaction energy (Enb) for each homogeneous sample of complexes, but its applicability to the entire set of complexes is not satisfactory. Analysis of MESP minimum (V(min)) and MESP at the nuclei (Vn) shows that in all D-A complexes, MESP of A becomes more negative and that of D becomes less negative suggesting donation of electrons from D to A leading to electron donor-acceptor (eDA) interaction between A and D. MESP based parameter ΔΔVn measures donor-acceptor strength of the eDA interactions as it shows a good linear correlation with Enb for all D-A complexes (R(2) = 0.976) except the strongly bound bridged structures. The bridged structures are classified as donor-acceptor-donor complexes. MESP provides a clear evidence for hydrogen, halogen, and dihydrogen bond formation and defines them as eDA interactions in which hydrogen acts as electron acceptor in hydrogen and dihydrogen bonds while halogen acts as electron acceptor in halogen bonds.

The Roles of Dihydrogen Bonds in Amine Borane Chemistry

A dihydrogen bond (DHB) is an electrostatic interaction between a protonic hydrogen and a hydridic hydrogen. Over the past two decades, researchers have made significant progress in the identification and characterization of DHBs and their properties. In comparison with conventional hydrogen bonds (HBs), which have been widely used in catalysis, molecular recognition, crystal engineering, and supramolecular synthesis, chemists have only applied DHBs in very limited ways. Considering that DHBs and conventional HBs have comparable strength, DHBs could be more widely applied in chemistry. Over the past several years, we have explored the impact of DHBs on amine borane chemistry and the syntheses and characterization of amine boranes and ammoniated metal borohydrides for hydrogen storage. Through systematic computational and experimental investigations, we found that DHBs play a dominant role in dictating the reaction pathways (and thus different products) of amine boranes where oppositely charged hydrogens coexist for DHB formation. Through careful experiments, we observed, for the first time, a long-postulated reaction intermediate, ammonia diborane (AaDB), whose behavior is essential to mechanistic understanding of the formation of the diammoniate of diborane (DADB) in the reaction of ammonia (NH3) with tetrahydrofuran borane (THF·BH3). The formation of DADB has puzzled the boron chemistry community for decades. Mechanistic insight enabled us to develop facile syntheses of aminodiborane (ADB), ammonia borane (AB), DADB, and an inorganic butane analog NH3BH2NH2BH3 (DDAB). Our examples, together with those in the literature, reinforce the fact that DHB formation and subsequent molecular hydrogen elimination are a viable approach for creating new covalent bonds and synthesizing new materials. We also review the strong effects of DHBs on the stability of conformers and the hydrogen desorption temperatures of boron-nitrogen compounds. We hope that this Account will encourage further applications of DHBs in molecular recognition, host-guest chemistry, crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, molecular self-assembly, chemical kinetics, and the syntheses of new advanced materials.

Hydrogen Bonding and Proton Transfer to Ruthenium Hydride Complex CpRuH(dppe): Metal and Hydride Dichotomy

The combination of variable temperature (190-297 K) IR and NMR spectroscopy studies with quantum-chemical calculations at the DFT/B3PW91 and AIM level had the aim to determine the mechanism of proton transfer to CpRuH(dppe) (1, dppe = Ph(2)P(CH(2))(2)PPh(2)) and the structures of intermediates. Dihydrogen bond (DHB) formation was established in the case of interaction with weak proton donors like CF(3)CH(2)OH. Low-temperature protonation (at about 200 K) by stronger proton donors leads via DHB complex to the cationic nonclassical complex [CpRu(η(2)-H(2))(dppe)](+) (2). Thermodynamic parameters of DHB formation (for CF(3)CH(2)OH: ΔH°(HB) = -4.9 ± 0.2 kcal·mol(-1), ΔS°(HB) = -17.8 ± 0.7 cal·mol(-1)·K(-1)) and proton transfer (for (CF(3))(2)CHOH: ΔH°(PT) = -5.2 ± 0.3 kcal·mol(-1), ΔS°(PT) = -23 ± 1 cal·mol(-1)·K(-1)) were determined. Above 240 K 2 transforms into trans-[CpRu(H)(2)(dppe)](+) (3) yielding a mixture of 2 and 3 in 1:2 ratio. Kinetic analysis and activation parameters for the "[Ru(η(2)-H(2))](+) → trans-[Ru(H)(2)](+)" transformation indicate reversibility of this process in contrast to irreversible intramolecular isomerization of the Cp* analogue. Calculations show that the driving force of this process is greater stability (by 1.5 kcal·mol(-1) in ΔE scale) of the dihydride cation in comparison with the dihydrogen complex. The calculations of the potential energy profile indicate the low barrier for deprotonation of 2 suggesting that the formation of trans-[CpRu(H)(2)(dppe)](+) proceeds via deprotonation of [Ru(η(2)-H(2))](+) to DHB complex, formation of hydrogen bond with Ru atom and subsequent proton transfer to the metal site.

Hydrogen–deuterium exchange in hydride chemistry: Dihydrogen bonded complexes as key intermediates

The hydrogen–deuterium exchange mechanism is analyzed at the DFT/B3LYP level for main group element and transition metal hydride compounds (decahydro-closo-decaborate anion, [B10H10]2−, and Cp*Mo(CO)(PMe3)2H, where Cp*=η5-C5Me5) using methanol as deuterium source. The effect of bulk methanol was represented by CPCM calculations combined with the representation of discreet alcohol as the trimer, (CH3OD)3. This model helped to solve the problem of calculation of the reaction Gibbs energy in solution. The dihydrogen bond formation is shown being the first reaction step and determines the selectivity of [1,10-B10H8D2]2− formation. The transition state for the H/D exchange resembles the non-classical (η2-H2) complex and is similar to that for metal hydrides protonation. The evolution of the reaction energy profile with the acid strength is analyzed, showing the gradual transition from the proton-hydride (H/D) exchange to complete proton transfer to hydride ligand. The possibility of η2-H2 complex formation and its stability depend on the properties of both metal atom and proton donor.

Electronic structure of aqueous borohydride: a potential hydrogen storage medium

Borohydride salts have been considered as good prospects for transportable hydrogen storage materials, with molecular hydrogen released via hydrolysis. We examine details of the hydration of sodium borohydride by the combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first principles' theory. Compared to solid sodium borohydride, the aqueous sample exhibits an uncharacteristically narrow absorption feature that is shifted to lower energy, and ascribed to the formation of dihydrogen bonds between borohydride and water that weaken the boron-hydrogen covalent bonds. Water also acts to localize the highly excited molecular orbitals of borohydride, causing transitions to excited states with p character to become more intense and a sharp feature, uncharacteristic of tetrahedral molecules, to emerge. The simulations indicate that water preferentially associates with borohydride on the tetrahedral corners and edges.

Mechanistic Studies on the Interaction of [(κ3-P,P,P-NP3)IrH3] [NP3= N(CH2CH2PPh2)3] with HBF4and Fluorinated Alcohols by Combined NMR, IR, and DFT Techniques

The novel iridium(III) hydride [(kappa(3)-P,P,P-NP(3))IrH(3)] [NP(3) = N(CH(2)CH(2)PPh(2))(3)] was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. Its reactivity with strong (HBF(4)) and medium-strength [the fluorinated alcohols 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)] proton donors was investigated through low-temperature IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. In the case of the weak acid TFE, the only species observed in the 190-298 K temperature range was the dihydrogen-bonded adduct between the hydride and the alcohol, while with the stronger acid HBF(4), the proton transfer was complete, giving rise to a new intermediate [(kappa(3)-P,P,P-NP(3))IrH(4)](+). With a medium-strength acid like HFIP, two different sets of signals for the intermediate species were observed besides dihydrogen bond formation. In all cases, the final reaction product at ambient temperature was found to be the stable dihydride [(kappa(4)-NP(3))IrH(2)](+), after slow molecular dihydrogen release. The nature of the short-living species was investigated with the help of density functional theory calculations at the M05-2X//6-31++G(df,pd) level of theory.

Regulating function of methyl group on the strength of dihydrogen bond in HBeH-HCCH and HMgH-HCCH complexes

The regulating function of methyl group on the strength of dihydrogen bond was investigated in HBeH-HCCH and HMgH-HCCH complexes at the MP2/6-311++G(3df,2p) level. The bond lengths, infrared spectra, interaction energies, and charge transfers were analyzed. The presence of methyl group in the proton acceptor enhances the strength of dihydrogen bond, whereas its presence in the proton donor weakens the strength of dihydrogen bond. The charge analyses indicate that the methyl group in the proton donor and acceptor is electron-donating, thus the methyl group in the proton donor plays a negative role, whereas in the proton acceptor it plays a positive role in the formation of dihydrogen bond.

Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles Based on Interaction of Metallacarborane with Poly(ethylene oxide)

We report the first evidence that the antiviral active (inhibitor of HIV protease) boron cluster [3-cobalt bis(1,2-dicarbollide)]− anion, CoD−, interacts and forms a stable complex with one of the most widely used polymeric components of drug delivery systems: poly(ethylene oxide), PEO. The metallacarborane/polymer complex is insoluble in aqueous solutions. The amount of the precipitate depends on concentration of alkaline or earth-alkaline cations. The formation of insoluble complex is the result of a combination of several factors. One of the decisive contributions is the formation of dihydrogen bonds between negatively charged hydrogen atoms attached to boron atoms and slightly positively charged H atoms in repeating −CH2−CH2−O− units. It is also important that alkaline cations interact with oxygen atoms of PEO. The formation of the insoluble NaCoD/PEO complex can be exploited in design of water-soluble [3-cobalt bis(1,2-dicarbollide)]-containing nanoparticles which could offer applications in medicine. We studied the boron cluster interaction with a well-defined double hydrophilic block copolymer: poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(methacrylic acid), PEO−PMA. The interaction leads to a spontaneous formation of core−shell nanoparticles. The insoluble core contains the PEO/CoD− complex, while the polyanionic PMA blocks, which do not interact with the cobaltacarborane, form the pH-responsive micellar shell and stabilize the particles in aqueous media. The nanoparticles were studied by light and X-ray scattering, NMR spectroscopy, electrophoresis, and microscopy techniques like AFM and cryo-TEM. It was found that the cores are not completely frozen in aqueous media. Their composition depends on salt concentration, and the metallacarborane can diffuse from/into the nanoparticle after the salinity change.

Interaction of heteroboranes with biomolecules : Part 2. The effect of various metal vertices and exo-substitutions

Icosahedral heteroboranes and especially metallacarboranes, which have recently been shown to act as potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors, are a unique class of chemical compounds with unusual properties, one of which is the formation of dihydrogen bonds with biomolecules. In this study, we investigate the effect of various metal vertices and exo-substitutions on several series of heteroboranes, including 11-vertex carborane cages [nido-7,8-C2B9Hn]n-13(n= 11,12,13), closo-1-SB11H11, closo-1-NB11H12, metal bis(dicarbollides)[3,3'-M (1,2-C2B9H11)2]n(M/n=Fe/2-, Co/1-, Ni/0) and fluoro (F), amino (NH2) and hydroxo (OH) derivatives of the metal bis(dicarbollides). Besides the properties of isolated systems (geometries, electronic properties and hydration), we study their interactions with a tetrapeptide, which models their biomolecular partner. Calculations have confirmed that the extra hydrogen in [nido-7,8-C2B9H12]- forms a bridge, which fluctuates between two stationary states. Using RESP-derived charges, it was ascertained that the negative charge of heteroboranes is located mainly on boron-bound hydrogens. An increase of the negative total charge (from 0 to -1 or -2) of heteroboranes yields an increase in the stabilisation energies of heteroborane[dot dot dot]peptide complexes and also a substantial increase in the hydration free energies of heteroboranes. Compared to the substitutions of metal vertices, the exo-substitutions of metallacarboranes cause a larger increase in stabilisation energies and a smaller increase in desolvation penalties. These two terms, stabilisation energies and desolvation penalties, contribute in opposite directions to the total heteroborane-biomolecule binding energy and must both be taken into account when designing new HIV-1 protease inhibitors.