Formation Of Copper Oxide Research Articles

Building robust copper nanostructures via carbon coating derived from polydopamine for oxygen reduction reaction

This study explores the synthesis and electrocatalytic performance of copper-nitrogen-carbon composites formed by Cu single atoms/clusters embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon with Cu/Cu2O nanoparticles (Cu-X-NC) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The catalysts were synthesized using polydopamine as a carbon and nitrogen source via the solvothermal carbonization (STC) method, followed by pyrolysis and acid washing. The effect of solvothermal carbonization temperature (120, 150, and 180 ºC) on the structure and ORR activity was investigated. The physicochemical characterization showed that higher STC temperatures reduced the size of copper crystallites, slightly increased the formation of copper(I) oxide, and led to the creation of well-dispersed copper single atoms/clusters at 150°C. This optimal dispersion enhances the interaction between the copper single atoms and the reactants, leading to faster ORR kinetics, as demonstrated by the lower charge transfer resistance values in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Additionally, the balance between micropore and mesopore structures at this temperature facilitates efficient mass transport, which is critical for achieving higher ORR activity. Moreover, accelerated stability tests showed excellent durability for Cu-150-NC, with negligible loss in onset potential after 10,000 cycles. The solvothermal process significantly increased the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), with Cu-150-NC displaying the highest specific activity and mass activity per gram of copper, indicating superior performance. Overall, these findings underscore the importance of synthesis optimization and provide valuable insights for designing eco-friendly and high-performance copper catalysts for fuel cell applications.

Copper-doped zinc tartrate (Cu-ZnT) nanocrystals: Exploring their physical and antimicrobial properties

This study investigates the growth and properties of pure zinc tartrate (ZnT) and copper-doped zinc tartrate (Cu-ZnT) nanocrystals synthesized via a sol-gel technique using double-distilled water, sodium metasilicate, and tartaric acid. Controlled pH gels were prepared with the subsequent addition of zinc chloride and copper chloride solutions to facilitate nanocrystal formation. The synthesized nanocrystals were characterized using various techniques, including Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, UV–visible-near infrared spectral analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. EDAX confirmed the elemental composition of Zn, Cu, C, and O in the crystals. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups corresponding to water of crystallization, tartaric acid moieties, and potentially other compounds. TGA analysis indicated a two-stage decomposition process for ZnT and the formation of zinc copper oxide in Cu-ZnT. UV–vis-NIR analysis yielded a low cut-off wavelength of 285 nm for both crystals, suggesting electronic transitions below 350 nm. Both ZnT and Cu-ZnT nanocrystals are transparent in visible and near-infrared light, absorbing strongly in the ultraviolet. Copper doping enhances Cu-ZnT light absorption. While both act as insulators, Cu-ZnT exhibits significantly higher conductivity due to copper doping. XRD analysis estimated an average crystalline size of 42 nm, while FE-SEM images revealed a quasi-spherical morphology. Refractive index, extinction coefficient, and optical bandgap were further determined, highlighting the potential suitability of these nanocrystals for optoelectronic applications. Antibacterial and antifungal assays demonstrated moderate effectiveness against tested microorganisms compared to standard drugs.

Thickness dependence of the room-temperature ethanol sensor properties of Cu2O polycrystalline films

This study investigates the fabrication process of copper thin films via thermal evaporation, with precise control over film thickness achieved through Z-position adjustment. Analysis of the as-fabricated copper films reveals a discernible relationship between grain size (〈D〉) and Z-position, characterized by a phenomenological equation 〈D〉XRDn(Z)=〈D〉0n1+32rZ2+158rZ4 , which is further supported by a growth exponent (n) of 0.41 obtained from the analysis. This value aligns well with findings in the literature concerning the growth of copper films, thus underlining the validity and reliability of our experimental outcomes. The resulting crystallites, ranging in size from 20 to 26 nm, exhibit a resistivity within the range of 3.3–4.6 μΩ · cm. Upon thermal annealing at 200 °C, cuprite Cu2O thin films are produced, demonstrating crystallite sizes ranging from ∼9 to ∼24 nm with increasing film thickness. The observed monotonic reduction in Cu2O crystallites relative to film thickness is attributed to a recrystallization process, indicating amorphization when oxygen atoms are introduced, followed by the nucleation and growth of newly formed copper oxide phase. Changes in the optical bandgap of the Cu2O films, ranging from 2.31 to 2.07 eV, are attributed mainly to the quantum confinement effect, particularly important in Cu2O with size close than the Bohr exciton diameter (5 nm) of the Cu2O. Additionally, correlations between refractive index and extinction coefficient with film thickness are observed, notably a linear relationship between refractive index and charge carrier density. Electrical measurements confirm the presence of a p-type semiconductor with carrier concentrations of ∼1014 cm−3, showing a slight decrease with film thickness. This phenomenon is likely attributed to escalating film roughness, which introduces supplementary scattering mechanisms for charge carriers, leading to a resistivity increase, especially as the roughness approaches or surpasses the mean free path of charge carriers (8.61 nm). Moreover, ab-initio calculations on the Cu2O crystalline phase to investigate the impact of hydrostatic strain on its electronic and optical properties was conducted. We believe that our findings provide crucial insights that support the elucidation of the experimental results. Notably, thinner cuprite films exhibit heightened sensitivity to ethanol gas at room temperature, indicating potential for highly responsive gas sensors, particularly for ethanol breath testing, with significant implications for portable device applications.

The fate of graphene on copper: Intercalation / de-intercalation processes and the role of silicon

Intercalation and de-intercalation processes below graphene (g) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on Cu foils (g/Cu) were investigated in a combined low-energy electron microscopy and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy study. Exposure of g/Cu to air induces oxygen and water intercalation which can be removed by annealing in vacuum leading to clean and well-ordered graphene on Cu. However, prolonged air exposure leads to intercalation of large amounts of oxygen, most likely inducing the formation of copper oxides. If sufficient intercalated oxygen remains at the interface when exceeding 320 °C, graphene is oxidized and burned off. Cu foils can be loaded with silicon on purpose during foil pre-treatment or accidently during long growth time when applying high temperatures at elevated H2 pressure inducing the reactive removal of Si species from the quartz reactor wall. Due to the dissolution of Si in the Cu bulk, the Si surface concentration remains below detection limit and graphene of equal crystalline quality is grown as if the Cu foil was silicon-free. However, oxygen intercalation underneath graphene on Si-containing Cu foils can induce Si segregation towards the surface and formation of intercalated silica without attacking the covering graphene. Even at high temperatures, segregating Si acts as oxygen scavenger so that graphene resists oxidation. The observed effect explains the usefulness of certain synthesis protocols and paves the way towards large-scale fabrication of electronically decoupled graphene. The effect can be used to immobilize adsorbing oxygen at the interface and image the initial steps of intercalation below graphene in-situ.

Synthesis and Characterization of CuO and NiO Nanoparticles Derived from Schiff Base Complexes

This study reports the synthesizes of such as copper oxide (CuO) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) by thermal decompositions of Schiff base complexes and their physical characterization. A polydentate Schiff base ligand, (E)-2-(((2-chlorobenzyl)imino)methyl)phenol (CIMP), was synthesized by condensing 2-chlorobenzylamine and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The ligand was identified by melting point, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and (1H and 13C NMR) spectroscopy. Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes were prepared by reacting CIMP with the corresponding molar ratio in a 1:1 (metal: ligand). The complexes (Com1 and Com2) were characterized by melting point, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The FT-IR spectra of the (Com1 and Com2) showed that the deprotonated CIMP ligand coordinated to the Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal ions through the azomethine nitrogen, aryl chloride, chlorine, and phenolic oxygen atoms. To determine the crystalline structure of the synthesized products, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were employed. The formation of copper oxide and nickel oxide as the new products was confirmed by XRD analysis. SEM imaging revealed the uniform and spherical morphology of the nanoparticles, which exhibited a remarkably narrow size distribution with an average diameter of 20 to 22 nm, highlighting their exceptional precision.

Fabrication of Cu2-xO thin films directly bondable to copper on aluminum nitride substrates using the sol-gel method

Controlling the oxygen content becomes a formidable challenge when using the traditional method of copper pre-oxidation to attach copper metal to AlN ceramic substrates. The issue results in copious amounts of copper oxide (CuO) formation. Excessive CuO causes voids to form at the interfacial junction, harming the long-term reliability of the copper-bonded substrate. To address these issues, this study employed the sol-gel technique, in which a copper-containing solution was applied to the AlN substrate via spin coating, followed by thermal treatment in a nitrogen-rich atmosphere. The goal was to create thin films of Cu2-xO to improve the adhesion between copper and AlN substrates. It was observed that the surface roughness of the resulting Cu2-xO thin film after 5 spin-coating cycles was the lowest (3.48 nm). Furthermore, at a fixed thickness of the Cu2-xO oxide layer (approximately 36 nm), insufficient oxygen content in the thin film heated at 250 °C prevented the formation of sufficient Cu–O eutectic liquid at high temperatures, resulting in insufficient copper-bonded substrate bonding strength (0.47 MPa). When the thin film was heated to 400 °C, the proportion of the CuO phase in the film increased, effectively increasing the bonding strength of the copper-bonded substrate (0.84 MPa).

Design of a highly stable and conductive electrolyte by suppressing barium copper oxide formation at the grain interfaces in Cux-doped BaCe0.7Zr0.1Dy0.2-xO3-δ sintered at a low temperature (1200 °C) for SOFCs

Proton-conducting electrolytes with high conductivity and long-term stability, achievable at low sintering temperatures, are of paramount importance. In this study, we investigate the impact of Cu doping on the sintering mechanism, electrical performance, and stability of BaCe0.7Zr0.1Dy0.2-xO3-δ (BCZD) electrolyte. The morphology, composition, structure, and chemical state of BCZD electrolytes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Remarkably, the sintering temperature of BCZD is reduced to 1200 °C through Cu doping Furthermore, the introduction of Cu as a dopant induces Ba exsolution from the BCZD crystal lattice alongside the generation of oxygen vacancies. XPS measurements confirmed that vacancy concentrations increase with increasing Cu doping concentrations. However, as the Cu content surpasses 2 mol%, the exsoluted Cu reacts with Ba, leading to the formation of BaCuO2. Accumulation of BaCuO2 at the grain boundaries adversely affects the conductivity and stability of Cu-doped BCZD, in a humidified atmosphere where it exhibits significant instability. Notably, BCZD with 2 mol% Cu content demonstrates a conductivity of 2.7 × 10-2 S cm−1 and maintains stability for up to 420 h in the H2/3%H2O atmosphere at 600 °C. In contrast, BCZD with 5 mol% Cu content exhibits a conductivity of 1.9 × 10-2 S cm−1 at 600 °C but experiences continuous degradation in a humidified atmosphere, ultimately leading to failure within 30 h. The 2 % Cu-doped BCZD exhibits high conductivity and stability at intermediate temperatures, rendering it highly suitable for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications.

Photocatalytic degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics using chitosan biopolymer functionalized copper oxide nanoparticles prepared by facile sonochemical method

Photocatalytic degradation is an excellent method for removing pharmaceutical residues due to their simplicity, ecological benignity, high efficiency, and exceptional stability. Herein, we demonstrate the sonochemically synthesised chitosan biopolymer functionalized copper oxide nanoparticles as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of fluoroquinolone-based antibiotics. The X-ray diffraction Rietveld refinement revealed the formation of single-phase copper oxide (CuO) with a monoclinic structure. The presence of biopolymer functionalization was corroborated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy by observing the -NH2 and -OH functional groups. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopic images inferred that Chitosan functionalized copper oxide (C-CuO) particles are nano-sized with a smooth texture and aggregation-free particles. The strong absorbance and the broad photoluminescence emission in the ultraviolet-visible region confirm the suitability of CuO and C-CuO nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications. The catalytic activity was studied against fluoroquinolone-based antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin under direct sunlight illumination. Interestingly, the C-CuO catalyst demonstrated 71.07 % (@140 min.) and 71.9 % (@60 min.) of degradation for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, respectively. The obtained photocatalytic activity of the prepared CuO and C-CuO catalysts was superior to the CuO particles prepared by the coprecipitation method (CC-CuO).

Temperature-induced atypical oxidation in Sm2(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)17 alloy systems: Dependency on oxygen-induced elemental migration

This paper addresses temperature and/or oxygen-induced chemical segregation of elements in the growth of oxide scale on Sm2(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)17. Whereas, oxidation at T ≤ 573 K leads to primarily iron and cobalt segregation and subsequently their oxides, that at > 573 K, yields to largely CuO because of copper segregation. Only combination of higher sample temperature and environmental oxygen are found to have driven copper from alloy interior to its surface. Moreover, oxidation mechanism is considerably slowed down at higher temperature and is attributed to semi passivating surface copper oxide formation, impeding passage of oxygen to layers underneath to it.

Microstructural study on the effect of thermo-physical properties for plasma sprayed Ni and Ni[sbnd]20Cr splats formed on Cu substrates

Ni and Ni20Cr powder particles were air plasma sprayed onto polished copper substrates to gain insight into the flattening behaviour of both Ni and Ni20Cr particles (splats) formed on a relatively low melting point material (i.e. copper) substrate. The extent of any interfacial bonding, along with any splat-substrate intermixing derived from the different thermo-physical properties of the sprayed particles were characterised. The plan-view features of the splats were captured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while splat-substrate interfacial properties were examined using focused ion beam microscopy (FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical characteristics of the splat and substrate were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The addition of ∼20 wt% chromium to Ni (i.e the Ni20Cr particles) was observed to significantly influence the spreading behaviour of the particles on impact with the substrate, both the extent of any splat splashing and the splat flattening ratio, as well as the microstructure of the splat-substrate interface, including the degree of substrate melting and the likelihood of material from the substrate jetting into the body of the splat. The evidence of intermixing between the splat and the copper substrate for both feedstocks is an intriguing feature of this study. The presence of a thermodynamically formed copper oxide layer during substrate preheating also influenced both the splat formation behaviour and substrate melting as observed by both microstructural examination and investigation through numerical models.

Phytochemicals assisted green synthesis of copper oxide/cobalt oxide as efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction

Electrocatalytic water splitting is a promising solution to resolve the global energy crisis. Tuning the morphology and elemental composition is a crucial aspect in designing highly-efficient nanomaterials based electrocatalyst for water splitting. Herein, green synthesis using phytochemicals from aloe vera leaves extract was employed to hydrothermally synthesize copper oxide/cobalt oxide nanostructures on nickel foam. The reaction medium was performed in presence of mineralizers of different pH; hydrochloric acid (HCl), citric acid (CA), urea, diethyl amine (DEA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce five different compositions of copper oxide/cobalt oxide on nickel foam. Based on FESEM and EDS analysis, it was verified that the plant mediated hydrothermal process yielded interesting morphologies and the elemental composition of the synthesized metal oxide nanostructures distinctly varied with effect to the different mineralizers used. Use of acidic mineralizers such as hydrochloric acid and citric acid favoured formation of copper oxide whereas basic mineralizers such as urea, diethyl amine and sodium hydroxide favoured formation of cobalt oxide. The green synthesis of metal oxide electrode in presence of urea exhibits the best OER electrocatalytic performance with an overpotential of 390 mV, and 453 mV for a current density of 50 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2 respectively. The sample also exhibited sustained stability over 70 h, hence proving that the proposed electrode can serve as an efficient catalyst for electrocatalytic OER.

Comparing the effects of undoped and cobalt doped copper oxide nanoparticles on the enhancement of water thermal conductivity coefficient

In this study, cobalt doped copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu1-xCoxO) for different amounts of cobalt concentrations were fabricated successfully. The fabricated samples were characterized by XRD and SEM. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of copper oxide and also the substitution of cobalt atoms in the position of copper atoms in the crystal lattice structure of CuO.After that, water-based nanofluids were fabricated by adding different percentages of cobalt doped copper oxide nanoparticles to pure water. Measurement of the thermal conductivity coefficient (TCC) of fabricated nanofluids showed that the TCCs of samples is increased due to the addition of the (Cu1-xCoxO) nanoparticles. This study showed that doping of copper oxide with cobalt causes more increase in the TCCs of nanofluids, and the rate of this increment linearly depends on the dopant concentration. The TCC dependencies of the nanofluids to the temperature and concentration of nanoparticles were also investigated.

Chemical Processes of the Formation of Copper(I) Oxide on Copper Foil under Hydrothermal Conditions

Chemical Processes of the Formation of Copper(I) Oxide on Copper Foil under Hydrothermal Conditions

Structural, Optical, and Dielectric Properties of CuO/CdFe2O4 Nanocomposites Synthesized by the Co-precipitation Method

Abstract In this study, xCuO/(1−x)CdFe2O4 nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared with different weight percentages (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0) using the co-precipitation method. X-ray powder diffraction patterns revealed the formation of copper oxide (CuO) and cadmium ferrite (CdFe2O4) phases in each NC with hematite as a secondary phase. Transmission electron microscope study confirmed the existence of CuO and CdFe2O4 crystal grains with sizes of 17.86 and 18.45 nm, respectively. Optical analysis indicated that the addition of CuO caused variations in bandgap energy and shifts in the emission wavelength of the NCs. Dielectric measurements were carried out in the frequency range of 1 kHz–5 MHz, and dielectric study was performed by analyzing the frequency, temperature, and composition dependence of the dielectric parameters for the samples. Dielectric results showed the dispersion behavior of the NCs with increasing frequency and composition concentration corresponding to low dielectric losses, which makes them suitable for optoelectronics and high-frequency devices.

Contact Mass in the Direct Synthesis of Alkoxysilanes. Raman Spectroscopy Study

Raman spectroscopy was used to study the composition of contact masses (CMs) CuCl + Si obtained by different methods, which are utilized in the direct synthesis of alkoxysilanes. The CMs prepared by the classical method were shown to include copper oxides in a mixture with silicon and on the surface of metallic copper and Cu5Si intermetallide. Along with copper oxides, an active phase containing terminal Cu–Cl groups was also observed. In the case of mechanochemical synthesis, the formation of copper oxides was not observed. In view of the metallic conductivity of Cu3Si and Cu5Si, their direct identification using Raman spectra is not possible. All the mentioned copper-containing phases are involved in the reaction with alcohols and esters as catalysts. A difference between the two methods for obtaining CMs comes down to the presence or absence of a "catalytic cocktail", which significantly affects the parameters of the direct synthesis course.

Effect of copper oxides on defect formation during PTA cladding of Stellite 6 on copper substrates

Stellite 6 coating is ideal for the protection of copper components in high-temperature environments, but the quality of the coating can be affected by the formation of copper oxide at the interface. In this study, plasma transfer arc cladding was employed to prepare Stellite 6 alloy cladding layers on copper substrates, with a preheating temperature of 700 °C and a cladding current of 120–170 A. Cladding experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of copper oxides generated during the cladding process on the quality of the cladding layer. Results showed that, when the current was below 140 A, insufficient current input caused edge cracking of the cladding layer, and the cracks tend to extend along the oxide layer at the interface. Interfacial reactions between the Stellite 6 alloy and copper oxide on the copper substrate produced CO/CO2, which led to pores forming at the interface. When the current was above 140 A, the localized overheating resulted in the upturning of the substrate, destroying the continuous copper oxide layer and eventually forming localized dents. The copper oxide affects the bonding of the cladding layer to the substrate. Increasing the cladding current helps to eliminate cracks and porosity, resulting in a good bond, but excessive current leads to localized dents. In this paper, 140 A was a relatively suitable current to produce satisfactory cladding layers. The wear resistance of the cladding layer was 1.9 and 2.2 times higher than that of the copper substrate at 25 and 300 °C, respectively.

Graphite coated by Cu2S‐Cu2O nanoparticles film for hydrogen production application

Many researchers have shifted their interest towards eco‐friendly, cost effective, and environmental‐based metal oxide nanoparticles. Herein, Cu2O nanoparticles are synthesized via green method for water splitting application. The prepared materials are characterized structurally and morphologically by field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) Raman, and UV–visible spectroscopy. It is found that size and morphology depend strongly on OLE concentration and reaction time. The temperature increase leads to the formation of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, which exhibit quantum confinement behavior and have an optical band gap that increases with decreasing size. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) tests of the coated graphite with Cu2O nanoparticles show a severe instability of Cu2O under irradiation due to the oxidation state that can easily change. For that, a protective overlayer of cuprous sulfide Cu2S is successfully grown on the top of Cu2O nanostructures to stabilize the photocathode. After Cu2S deposition, the measured photocurrent is significantly improved. Thus, this material is very promising for hydrogen generation by water splitting.

Characterization of electrochemical deposition of copper and copper(I) oxide on the carbon nanotubes coated stainless steel substrates

The nanocomposite coatings composed of carbon nanotubes and various forms of copper were prepared in the two-step process. Firstly, carbon nanotubes were coated on stainless steel substrate using electrophoretic deposition at constant current. Then, the process of electrochemical deposition using copper(II) sulphate solutions was performed under high overpotential conditions. The modification of the copper(II) cations concentration in the solution and the deposition time provided the formation of various forms of crystals. The samples and their cross-sections were observed and examined using scanning electron microscope equipped with electron dispersive spectroscopy system. The analysis of chemical composition revealed that in addition to the pure copper crystals, the crystals characterized by the presence of copper and oxygen were formed. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy was applied to determine the unknown stoichiometry of this copper oxide. The point and in-depth analysis identified copper(I) oxide in the form of different size crystals depending on the concentration of the copper(II) sulphate solution. To confirm these findings, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurements were also performed. the combination of the applied methods has provided the detailed description of the preparation of the nanocomposite coatings with the proposed mechanism of copper(I) oxide formation.

Ligand-Mediated Control of the Surface Oxidation States of Copper Nanoparticles Produced by Laser Ablation

We report on studies that demonstrate how the chemical composition of the surface of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) - in terms of percentage copper(I/II) oxides - can be varied by the presence of N-donor ligands during their formation via laser ablation. Changing the chemical composition thus allows systematic tuning of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) transition. The trialed ligands include pyridines, tetrazoles, and alkylated tetrazoles. CuNPs formed in the presence of pyridines, and alkylated tetrazoles exhibit a SPR transition only slightly blue shifted with respect to CuNPs formed in the absence of any ligand. On the other hand, the presence of tetrazoles results in CuNPs characterized by a significant blue shift of the order of 50-70 nm. By comparing these data also with the SPR of CuNPs formed in the presence of carboxylic acids and hydrazine, this work demonstrates that the blue shift in the SPR is due to tetrazolate anions providing a reducing environment to the nascent CuNPs, thus preventing the formation of copper(II) oxides. This conclusion is further supported by the fact that both AFM and TEM data indicate only small variations in the size of the nanoparticles, which is not enough to justify a 50-70 nm blue-shift of the SPR transition. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies further confirm the absence of Cu(II)-containing CuNPs when prepared in the presence of tetrazolate anions.

Parsimonious methodology for synthesis of silver and copper functionalized cellulose.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-023-05099-7.