Formation Of Coordination Complexes Research Articles

Strong Red Luminescence in Europium Complexes Solution for Anti-Counterfeiting Applications.

Eu3+-activated phosphors with distinct photoluminescence properties are well-suited for diverse applications, including lighting, sensing, and imaging. Despite their potential, the large-scale and energy-efficient production of Eu3+-doped phosphors remains a significant challenge for industrial applications. This research delves into the luminescent performance of Eu3+ ions in nitrate solutions at room temperature by employing detailed spectroscopic characterization. Results reveal vibrant red luminescence at 594 nm and 616 nm in europium nitrate solutions, irrespective of concentration or solvent. We proposed a luminescent mechanism based on the formation of coordination complexes in nitrate solution. Furthermore, the investigation highlights the superior performance of NH2- over CH2-ligands in mitigating the deactivation of Eu3+ emissive state induced by OH- oscillators in H2O solvent, leading to enhanced photoluminescence. Particularly, europium nitrate solutions without lengthy preparation exhibit ligand-dependent luminescent feature, showcasing potential applications in anti-counterfeiting and coordination group structure detection. This study here not only enhances our understanding of rare earth luminescence mechanisms, but also broadens the range of rare earth luminescent materials.

Elucidation of DNA binding properties of transition metal ion complexes of curcumin: An In Vitro study

Introduction: The present work aims to synthesize, characterize, and DNA binding properties of copper, nickel, zinc, and iron complexes of a well-known polyphenol drug curcumin. The metal ion complexes of curcumin's synthesized transition metal ion complexes were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and FTIR. Method: The complexation of curcumin with transition metal ion complexes changes the color of the curcumin based on the metal incorporated. Moreover, the shift in the absorption maxima of curcumin metal ion complexes may confirm the formation of coordination complexes. Then, FTIR results indicated that the coordination of curcumin with metal ions in the ketone group of curcumin confirms the formation of 1:2 (M: L) complexes. Results: Then, we evaluated the DNA binding properties of synthesized metal ion complexes of curcumin using electronic absorption spectra and agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the curcumin zinc complex exhibited less DNA binding constant among the four metal ion complexes than all the other compounds tested, confirming its weak interaction. Conclusion: Moreover, all the compounds degrade plasmid DNA, confirming their DNA cleavage activity. From our findings, these compounds will pave the way for developing new anticancer drugs with less toxicity.

Efficient Pb(II) removal from contaminated soils by recyclable, robust lignosulfonate/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogels embedded with Fe2O3 via one-pot synthesis

Soil heavy metal removal strategies are increasingly valued for effectively reducing contamination and preventing secondary pollution. In this work, a double network hydrogel (Fe2O3@LH), consisting of lignosulfonate (LS) and polyacrylamide with embedded Fe2O3 nanoparticles, was synthesized successfully via a one-pot method and subsequently applied to adsorb lead (Pb) from contaminated soil. Incorporating Fe2O3 into the hydrogel enhances the adsorption capacity of Fe2O3@LH for Pb(II). The Fe2O3@LH hydrogel demonstrates a maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity of 143.11 mg g–1, with Pb(II) removal mechanisms involving electrostatic adsorption, cation exchange, precipitation reactions, and the formation of coordination complexes, achieving a 22.3 % maximum removal efficiency in soil cultivation experiments. Additionally, the application of Fe2O3@LH markedly reduces the concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the soil, meanwhile enhances the levels of total nitrogen (TN), soil organic matter (SOM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 23.1 %, 10.6 %, and 16.9 %, respectively. Following 90 days of continuous application in the soil, the recovery rate of Fe2O3@LH remains above 75 %. The toxicity assay using zebrafish larvae indicates that Fe2O3@LH demonstrates good biosafety. This study demonstrates the considerable potential of Fe2O3@LH hydrogel for practical application in reducing Pb(II) levels in contaminated soil.

Exploring the electronic influence on coordination complexes formed from appended pyrrolidine azothioformamide ligands and copper(I) salts

Redox-active arylazothioformamide (ATF) ligands have seen attention through their unique coordination complexes formed with salts of late transition metals and their known ability to oxidatively dissolve zerovalent metals. When mixed with Cu(I) salts, ATF ligands form both 2:1 and 2:2 coordination complexes remaining neutral without undergoing any redox event. Herein, a series of para-substituted pyrrolidine-ATFs were synthesized, incorporating both electron-donating groups (i.e., -OMe and -Me) as well as electron-withdrawing groups (i.e., -CF3, and -CN). These ligands were then mixed with Cu(I) salts, including CuBr, CuI, and [(CH3CN)4Cu](BF4) to form coordination complexes. The resulting complexes underwent thorough characterization, with several producing X-ray quality crystals for detailed structural analysis. Both strong and weak intermolecular interactions were found through Hirshfeld surface analysis and the redox activity of the complexes was probed using cyclic voltammetry in the voltage range of -1.8 to 1.8 V. Through a UV–Vis titration study, the binding interactions between the ligand host and Cu(I) metal salt guest molecules were determined and ranged from 4,000 – 100,000 M-1. Computational modeling was employed to calculate the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for the formation of the complexes, revealing the optimal orientations between the ligand and the metal. These studies have confirmed that para-substituted pyrrolidine-ATFs containing electron-donating groups exhibit a higher binding affinity towards Cu(I) metal salts compared to those with electron-withdrawing groups. With a thorough understanding of ATF-metal coordination, further ligand design can lead to exciting new catalysts and/or selective metal dissolution agents.

Binding Mechanisms and Therapeutic Activity of Heterocyclic Substituted Arylazothioformamide Ligands and Their Cu(I) Coordination Complexes.

Finding new sources of biologically active compounds for anticancer or antimicrobial therapies remains an active area of research. Azothioformamides (ATFs) with a 1,3 N=N-C=S heterodiene backbone are a new class of biologically active compounds that chelate metals (e.g., Cu) forming stable ATF metal coordination complexes. In this study, ATF ligands were prepared with pyrrolidine, piperidine, N-methylpiperazine, and morpholine substituents on the formamide as to add more heterocyclic drug-like character for biological studies. Formamide derivatives were then complexed with various Cu(I) salts to form coordination complexes. Cu(I) salts were selected as to create potential bioactive compounds with less toxicity. Binding association constants of each Cu(I) salt to ATF ligands were extrapolated from UV-vis titration studies and were corroborated with DFT calculations using a hybrid functional B3LYP method. It was observed that the smaller pyrrolidine functionalized ATFs bound to the Cu(I) salts had stronger binding than any of the larger six-membered-ring heterocycles with association values in the 104 - 105 M-1 range. The ATF-Cu(I) salt coordination complexes were then evaluated for antimicrobial activity against two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli), one yeast (Candida albicans), four human cancer lines (A-549, K-562, HT-1080, MDA-MB-231), and two normal human lines (MRC-5, HFF). The ATF ligands themselves were inactive against all microbes and most human lines except K-562 cells, which were sensitive to three of the four ligands (IC50's = 7.0-25.5 μM). Most ATF-Cu(I) complexes showed low to medium micromolar activity against Candida albicans (IC50's 2.6-24.8 μM) and Staphylococcus aureus (IC50's = 3.4-37.7 μM), with increasing activity corresponding to complexes with higher binding association constants. The antiproliferative properties of ATF-Cu(I) metal salt complexes against mammalian cells were mixed, with low to medium micromolar activity across all cell lines. Notably, several ATF-Cu(I) salt coordination complexes showed submicromolar activity against the HT-1080 fibrosarcoma line (0.52-0.69 μM). The results demonstrate promising activity of ATF-Cu(I) complexes, particularly with pyrrolidine as the formamide component. These studies suggest that the stronger binding association values correlate to higher levels of biological activity.

Beyond transition block metals: exploring the reactivity of phosphine PTA and its oxide [PTA(O)] towards gallium(iii).

The water-soluble cage-like phosphine PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) and its phosphine oxide derivative [PTA(O)] (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-7-oxide) were used to explore their reactivity towards two gallium(iii)-halide precursors, namely GaCl3 and GaI3, for the first time. By using various reaction conditions, a series of N-mono-protonated phosphine salts with [GaCl4]- or [I]- as counterions were obtained in all cases, while the formation of coordinated Ga-PTA and Ga-[PTA(O)] complexes was not observed. All compounds were characterized in solution using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H} and 71Ga) and in the solid state using FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal diffraction. The new Ga-phosphine salts resulted stable and highly soluble in aqueous solution at room temperature. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also performed to further rationalize the coordination features of PTA with Ga3+ metal ion, highlighting that the phosphorus-gallium bond is about twice weaker than the phosphorus-metal bond commonly established by PTA with transition metals such as gold. Furthermore, the mono-protonation of PTA (or [PTA(O)]) makes the formation of ionic gallium-PTA coordination complexes thermodynamically unstable, as confirmed experimentally by the formation of Ga-phosphine salts reported herein.

An Extensive Analysis of Current Synthetic Methodologies and Applications of Imidazo/Benzimidazo[1,2‐c]Quinazolines

AbstractA great deal of attention has been received on developing N‐heterocyclic compounds due to their ambitious biological activities. Many of them are essential footstep to the development and discovery of new drugs. Imidazole/benzimidazole and quinazoline are essential pharmacologically active N‐heterocycles, and one of the molecular framework built up from their combination, imidazo/benzimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazoline, is of great attention in terms of synthesis, reactions, and medicinal applications. The positional variation of hetero N‐atoms and the functional groups acting as substituents in the main scaffold have a direct impact on the properties of imidazo/benzimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines. In addition to its physiological activities, this moiety is useful for electrical conductivity, molecules/ions sensing, coordination complex and coordination polymer (CP) formation, and their diverse applications. The major objective of this review is to highlight various synthetic approaches for imidazo/benzimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines motif since 2000. Toxicant‐free reaction conditions and the use of an extensive range of inexpensive substrates are two of the main practical benefits of the protocol in accomplishing the sustainable development goals.

Optimization of LiF dissolution with Al2(SO4)3 and its application to lithium extraction by fluorination of α-spodumene

Numerous Li extraction methods from minerals and e-waste have been reported in the literature. Among them, direct fluorination processes appear to be a viable alternative due to their high lithium extraction efficiencies (>90%) as LiF. However, a drawback is the low water solubility of LiF, which requires acids for its separation and to obtain other commercial lithium salts. An interesting alternative for dissolving salts with low solubility is through the formation of coordination complexes. In this case, aluminum forms highly stable soluble complexes with the F− anion, such as AlF2+, AlF2+, AlF3, AlF4−, AlF52−, AlF63−.This study proposes an acid-free LiF dissolution methodology using aluminum sulfate as a leaching agent. The LiF dissolution was modeled and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The investigated operating parameters for LiF dissolution were the solid/liquid ratio (A), reaction temperature (B), and leaching time (C). Thus, a predictive mathematical model was successfully optimized (R2 = 0.9445). The results indicated that the S/L ratio negatively influences the dissolution of LiF, while temperature and time have a positive effect. The LiF dissolutions of 90 ± 3% were achieved with a leaching time of 31 min, a S/L ratio of 20 g/mL, and a temperature of 45 °C.

Decoration of phosphoric acid groups onto Ti3C2Tx MXene for enhanced uranium removal

The construction of novel MXene-based composites with superb abilities through functionalization is an effective strategy to enhance the potential of this emerging inorganic lamellar material for environmental adsorption applications. The present work systematically investigated the adsorption performance of Ti3C2Tx MXene modified with phosphate functional groups that facilitate the capture of uranyl ions. After introducing phosphate groups via a two-step modification of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and phytic acid (PA), the synthesized Ti3C2-APTES-PA is significantly superior to pristine Ti3C2Tx nanosheets in terms of adsorption capacity, adsorption selectivity and reusability for uranium. The maximum uptake capacity of Ti3C2-APTES-PA at pH = 5 reaches 323 mg/g, which is 2.5 times higher than that of unmodified MXene. Furthermore, the large selectivity coefficient (SU/M > 16.2) declares that Ti3C2-APTES-PA preferentially adsorbs uranium among substantial competing ions. Ti3C2-APTES-PA also shows good cycling performance that its adsorption capacity remained 92.3 % after 6 cycles. When it comes to treating simulated uranium tailings pond leachate and radioactive wastewater from mines, high U(VI) removal rates of 88.9 % and 96.8 % can be achieved by our ternary composite at a dosage of 0.05 g/L. The underlying adsorption mechanism was unraveled by spectroscopic analysis to be the formation of coordination complexes of uranyl ions with phosphate groups on PA and hydroxyl groups on Ti3C2Tx substrate, as well as the reduction of a small amount of adsorbed U(VI) to U(IV) by MXene. The overall results imply that Ti3C2-APTES-PA is an effective uranium chelating scavenger for the treatment of environmental radioactive wastewater.

Photochromic sensing of La3+ and Lu3+ ions using poly(caprolactone) fibers doped with spiropyran dyes

Here, we report three spiropyran derivatives, which were then incorporated into poly(caprolactone) electrospun fibers as a platform for sensing heavy metals. The materials obtained showed distinct colorimetric responses to different ions, especially Lanthanum and Lutetium. We also demonstrated that it is possible to selectively identify and differentiate La3+ and Lu3+ ions by emission and detection by the unaided eye. Further analyses were conducted in solution to study spiropyran interaction with these ions, indicating the formation of complexes at a 2:1 ligand:metal ratio. In addition, emission lifetime showed an increased lifetime of the emissive species with the addition of La3+ or Lu3+ ions, also indicating the formation of coordination complexes. These results showed a promising prospect for a portable sensor for field use that may function as colorimetric sensors of toxic heavy metals. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of spiropyran derivatives as versatile and tunable materials for surface modifications with various applications.

Simultaneously enhancing the mechanical robustness and conductivity of ionogels by in situ formation of coordination complexes as physical crosslinks

Ionogels with environmental tolerance have recently emerged as promising candidates for use in flexible electronics.

Screening, separation and identification of metal-chelating peptides for nutritional, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications.

Metal-chelating peptides, which form metal-peptide coordination complexes with various metal ions, can be used as biofunctional ingredients notably to enhance human health and prevent diseases. This review aims to discuss recent insights into food-derived metal-chelating peptides, the strategies set up for their discovery, their study, and identification. After understanding the overall properties of metal-chelating peptides, their production from food-derived protein sources and their potential applications will be discussed, particularly in nutritional, cosmetics and pharmaceutical fields. In addition, the review provides an overview of the last decades of progress in discovering food-derived metal-chelating peptides, addressing several screening, separation and identification methodologies. Furthermore, it emphasizes the methods used to assess peptide-metal interaction, allowing for better understanding of chemical and thermodynamic parameters associated with the formation of peptide-metal coordination complexes, as well as the specific amino acid residues that play important roles in the metal ion coordination.

Schiff Bases, Syntheses, Characterisation and their Application to Heavy Metal Removal: A Review

Schiff bases are compounds resulting from the condensation reaction between an aldehyde or ketone with primary amines. The confirmation of the formation of these compounds involves the use of characterisation techniques which encompasses spectroscopic and thermoanalytical techniques. Recently, Schiff bases have garnered attention because of their wide applications which range from industrial uses to use in remediation of metal ions. Their use in extraction of heavy metal is of particular interest due to rising levels of metal pollution globally. The ability of Schiff bases to form coordination complexes with metal ions makes them suitable for these purposes. This review article outlines the synthesis, characterisation and application of Schiff bases to metal extraction.

Binuclear nitrosyl iron complex with 4-acetamidothiophenolyl: Synthesis and study of its decomposition in a system with glutathione and albumin

In this work, we synthesized a new binuclear nitrosyl iron complex of the family of Roussin's red salt ester [Fe2(C8H8NOS)2(NO)4] (complex 1) with 4-acetamidothiophenol (a structural analog of acetaminophen), which generates NO during hydrolysis and is promising for treatment socially significant diseases. It has been established that solvents have a significant effect on the process of its decomposition: in a buffer solution, complex 1 retains its binuclear structure, while in DMSO it forms mononuclear iron-nitrosyl products. Reduced glutathione does not replace 4-acetamidothiophenol ligands in the structure of complex 1. In addition, complex 1 and its products are not coordinated with the known binding sites of bovine serum albumin, including Cys34. It was found that the studied complex 1 is adsorbed on the protein surface due to weak intermolecular interactions, which leads to a decrease in the rate of decomposition, and, as a result, to a longer generation of NO.Thus, it has been shown for the first time that compound 1 and its decay products do not form coordination complexes with the biosubstrates studied in this work. It can be assumed that glutathione will not participate in the transformation of complex 1 in vivo, while albumin, due to the effective stabilization of the complex on the surface, can act as its carrier to therapeutic targets.

Photophysical, thermal, and DFT studies on a tetraaryl-azadipyrromethene ligand and its zinc(II) complex.

An azadipyrromethene ligand (H1) and homoleptic zinc(II) (H1-Zn) complex were synthesized. The resulting structures were elucidated by NMR, FTIR, and HRMS techniques. The photophysical properties and effects of complexing the zinc(II) atom to azadipyrromethene ligands in solution were studied by means of UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Experimental findings were elucidated using density functional theory computations and interfragment charge transfer (IFCT) and electron-hole analyses. The fluorescence features were found to be negligible. The ligand molecule decayed at a rate of 3% while the complex decayed at 2% upon photoirradiation based on photostability experiments. The singlet oxygen quantum yields of the ligand and complex were calculated as 0.127 and 0.233, respectively, signifying low photodynamic activity. The charge transfer transitions were determined between reciprocal ligands responsible for the red shift of the main absorption band by IFCT and electron-hole analysis. Compounds in an inert N2 atmosphere demonstrated high thermal stability. Although the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry curves of the complexes were similar, zinc(II) coordination and homoleptic complex formation reduced the degradation temperatures. These findings suggest that azadipyrromethene and the Zn(II) class of chromophores have beneficial features for use in the development of novel photo- and thermostable materials that combine charge transfer with low energy in the visible and near infrared regions.

CuS/Cellulose acetate nanofiber composite: A study on adsorption and photocatalytic activity for water remediation

This paper addresses the pressing concern of environmental deterioration by investigating innovative solutions for tackling water pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Various hazardous pollutants, such as dyes, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and pesticides, pose significant threats to both the environment and human health. To combat these issues, in this work we explored the synthesis of composite nanofibers using copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles and cellulose acetate (AC) polymer matrix through a gas-liquid sulfurization process. The resulting nanocomposites were used to fabricate nanofibers by the electrospinning technique. The morphological analyses revealed a transition from ribbon-like structures to cylindrical forms as nanoparticle concentration was increased. Chemical analysis confirmed the presence of CuS nanoparticles within the composite nanofibers. XRD studies indicated a covellite crystal structure of the CuS nanoparticles. TGA analysis revealed a coordination complex formation between nanoparticles and dimethylformamide. Optical properties showed variations in band gap energies, from 1.76 to 1.9 eV, as nanoparticle concentration changed. Photocatalysis studies demonstrated that the composite nanofibers exhibited enhanced adsorption and degradation of methylene blue dye under solar irradiation. Overall, this study contributes to understanding the potential application of CuS/AC composite nanofibers for environmental remediation.

Predictive analytics of conductance and HOMO-LUMO gaps with topological descriptors of porphyrin nanosheets

Porphyrins are planar tetrapyrolic aromatic molecules that serve as a host for the formation of metal coordination complexes, which enable additional capabilities. The 2D porphyrin derivative sheets attracted interest due to their versatility and capacity to interact with other chemicals due to the existence of a core metal ion. Topological descriptors are employed as a predictive technique to determine the physical, chemical, and structural characteristics of molecules by considering the molecular structure of compounds as molecular graphs. This paper investigates the degree and degree sum based descriptors of some potential porphyrin derivative nanosheets, using the edge partition method. We also demonstrate a predictive model for analyzing the electrical conductance of porphyrin derivative nanosheets using degree and degree sum based topological descriptors. Furthermore, the Shannon’s information entropies of these porphyrin derivatives are investigated, and the HOMO-LUMO gap of these nanostructures is predicted using these entropy.

La2O3 modified porous boron nitride for enhanced adsorption and removal of fluoride pollutants from an aqueous solution

AbstractFluorine contamination has caused great harm to humans and the environment. In this study, novel lanthanum modified porous boron nitride (porous BN) composites (BN−La−X) were successfully prepared and applied to remove fluoride from water. The results indicated that lanthanum was present on the surface of BN in the form of amorphous La2O3. BN−La‐4 has excellent adsorption performance, and its removal of fluoride is much more effective than that of porous BN with good cyclic regeneration ability. In addition, the fluoride adsorption by BN−La‐4 could reach adsorption equilibrium within 2 h and the adsorption kinetics was conformed to the pseudo‐second‐order model. The maximum adsorption capacity of BN−La‐4 was calculated from the Langmuir model to be 80.04 mg g−1, which was better than most related adsorbents. Furthermore, the presence of anions and pH values affected the removal of fluoride. The adsorption mechanisms were consisted of electrostatic attraction, ion exchange between hydroxyl and fluorine ions, and the formation of coordination complexes between lanthanide ions and fluoride ions. In summary, La2O3 modified porous boron nitride composite is a promising adsorbent for the removal of fluoride contamination in aquatic environment.

Prediction of arsenic adsorption onto metal organic frameworks and adsorption mechanisms interpretation by machine learning

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising adsorbents for the removal of arsenic (As) from wastewater. The As removal efficiency is influenced by several factors, such as the textural properties of MOFs, adsorption conditions, and As species. Examining all of the relevant factors through traditional experiments is challenging. To predict the As adsorption capacities of MOFs toward organic, inorganic, and total As and reveal the adsorption mechanisms, four machine learning-based models were developed, with the adsorption conditions, MOF properties, and characteristics of different As species as inputs. The results demonstrated that the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model exhibited the best predictive performance (test R2 = 0.93–0.96). The validation experiments demonstrated the high accuracy of the inorganic As-based XGBoost model. The feature importance analysis showed that the concentration of As, the surface area of MOFs, and the pH of the solution were the three key factors governing inorganic-As adsorption, while those governing organic-As adsorption were the concentration of As, the pHpzc value of MOFs, and the oxidation state of the metal clusters. The formation of coordination complexes between As and MOFs is possibly the major adsorption mechanism for both inorganic and organic As. However, electrostatic interaction may have a greater effect on organic-As adsorption than on inorganic-As adsorption. Overall, this study provides a new strategy for evaluating As adsorption on MOFs and discovering the underlying decisive factors and adsorption mechanisms, thereby facilitating the investigation of As wastewater treatment.

A Facile Strategy to Fabricate Tough and Adhesive Elastomers by In Situ Formation of Coordination Complexes as Physical Crosslinks

AbstractCoordination bonds with a dynamic nature and wide‐spectrum bond energy have gained great popularity in use for fabricating tough soft materials. However, most existing coordination‐based elastomers are prepared through complicated procedures, usually involving elaborate synthesis of ligand‐containing monomers or polymers, ion diffusion to form coordination complexes, and removal of organic solvent during the synthesis, which are neither easy operation nor environmentally friendly. Here, a facile and effective strategy is demonstrated to fabricate tough metallosupramolecular elastomers by one‐pot polymerization of aqueous precursor solutions containing commercial agents, 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid, 2‐[2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl acrylate, and Zr4+ ions. After solvent (i.e. water) evaporation, the obtained elastomers are transparent and extremely tough owing to the presence of sulfonate‐Zr4+ coordination complexes as physical crosslinks. Their mechanical properties are tunable over a wide spectrum by adjusting the composition of copolymers and the density of coordination bonds. This eco‐friendly strategy is further extended to various commercial monomers, manifesting good universality to toughen elastomers. Furthermore, the abundant functional groups of copolymers make the elastomers adhesive to various substrates including themselves, favoring applications such as interfacial adhesion and encapsulations. The easy fabrication, tunable mechanical properties, and adhesion ability endow the elastomers with great potential as the substrate of wearable soft electronics.