Formation Of Chromium Carbides Research Articles

Effect of graphene and niobium carbide on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni60 composite coatings prepared by laser cladding

Niobium carbide (NbC) is often used as a reinforcing phase to improve the mechanical properties of composite coatings, but its low thermal conductivity makes the flow of molten pool poor, and the cladding layer is prone to defects such as non-fusion and slag inclusion. Therefore, in this paper, Ni60–NbC composite coatings with different NbC content were prepared by laser cladding technology, and the 10 vol% graphene-20 vol% NbC-70 vol% Ni60 composite coatings were prepared under the optimal NbC component. The effects of the addition of NbC and graphene on the microstructure and microhardness of the coating were systematically discussed. The results show that the microhardness of 20 vol% NbC composite coating is increased from 680.1 HV to 882.9 HV compared with Ni60 coating without NbC.The composite coating with both NbC and graphene has a microhardness of up to 1048HV, which is 18% higher than the composite coating with only 20 vol% NbC. The mechanism is that the addition of graphene promotes the formation of chromium carbide (Cr23C6, Cr7C3) and increases the fluidity of the molten pool, which causes small niobium carbide particles to dissolve and recondense to form large particles. Large niobium carbide particles and chromium carbide jointly inhibit the excessive growth of other grains. This study provides a new idea for laser cladding of nickel-based composite coatings.

Influence of ageing treatment time on microstructural evolution, sensitization and self-healing of Inconel 600

Samples of Inconel 600 were thermally aged at 739 °C from 1 up to 300 h followed by water quenching. The changes in microstructure were characterized and its effect on sensitization was evaluated by subjecting the heat-treated samples to double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) tests. The evolution of the microstructure was analysed in terms of grain size, carbide formation and chromium diffusion by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the formation of chromium carbides is rapid at this temperature, increasing the density of carbides at the grain boundaries in the early stages of the ageing treatment. The formation of Cr7C3 and Cr23C6 along the grain boundaries and within the austenitic matrix modified the corrosion behaviour as seen in the measurements of the degree of sensitization (DOS). A decrement in DOS was seen with ageing time up to 200 h, due to the redistribution of chromium, induced by the equilibrium between chromium at grain boundaries and within the matrix. Electron backscattering diffraction suggested that self-healing of the alloy may be due to the mechanism of near-boundary gradient zones, where the increased number of dislocations leads to precipitation of carbides by promoting diffusion and thereby decreasing the Cr-depleted zones.

Cold metal transfer welding of 316L/430 dissimilar stainless-steel welds

Purpose This paper aims to examine dissimilar joints for various applications in chemical, petrochemical, oil, gas, shipbuilding, defense, rail and nuclear industry. Design/methodology/approach This study examined the effects of cold metal transfer welding on stainless steel welds for 316L austenitic and 430 ferritic dissimilar welds with ER316L, ER309L and without (autogenous) fillers. The microstructural observation was done with an optical microscope. The mechanical test was done to reveal the strength, hardness and toughness of the joint. The electrochemical polarization tests were done to reveal intergranular and pitting corrosion in the dissimilar joints. Findings This microstructural study shows the presence of austenitic and ferritic phases with vermicular ferrite for ER309L filler weld, and for ER316L filler weld specimen shows predominately martensitic phase in the weld region, whereas the autogenous weld shows lathy ferrite mixed with martensitic phase. Mechanical test results indicated that filler welded specimen (ER316L and ER309L) has relatively higher strength and hardness than the autogenous weld, whereas ER316L filler weld exhibited the highest impact toughness than ER309L filler weld and lowest in autogenous weld. The electrochemical corrosion results displayed the highest degree of sensitization (DOS) in without filler welded specimen (45.62%) and lower in case of filler welded specimen ER309L (4.95%) and least in case of ER316L filler welded specimen (3.51%). The high DOS in non-filler welded specimen is correlated with the chromium carbide formation. The non-filler welded specimen shows the highest pitting corrosion attack as compared to the ER316L filler weld specimen and relatively better in ER309L filler welded specimen. The highest pitting corrosion resistance is related with the high chromium content in ER309L composition. Originality/value This experimental study is original and conducted with 316L and 430 stainless steel with ER316L, ER309 and without fillers, which will help the oil, shipbuilding and chemical industries.

Technology of forming a wear-resistant thermite alloy layer based on the Fe-Cr-C system by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

The technology of forming a thermite alloy layer on the basis of Fe-Cr-C system on a metal basis by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is offered, which allows to obtain cast functionallayers withphysico-mechanical and exploitativeproperties. The optimal technological parameters of the forming a wear-resistant layer of thermite alloy process are determined: the amount of metal filler with the maximum yield of suitable alloy, the heating temperature of the thermite charge and the mold to obtain additional heat, the temperature ranges of the melt to melt the metal base with further formation of the functional layer. Metallographic studies of the obtained wear-resistant layer of thermite allo[y showed that the zone of formation of the functional layer is characterized by the stability of the macrostructure and the positive effect of non-metallic inclusions in the form of Al2O3, which influences the formation of chromium carbides in the obtained alloy by creating the effect of inoculative modification of thermite alloy.

Joining of INCONEL-625 by microwave hybrid heating and its performance analysis

Welding is a process in joining of two or more metals which is done by using or without using of filler materials. Domestic microwave ovens have been in use since last century. Now a day’s microwave technology could be employed to process materials. The investigation is carried out to compare the performance of Joint formed by Microwave hybrid heating with respect to tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. Radiations emitted from microwave are used to join INCONEL-625 by employing INCONEL-625 powder of grain size 40μm as interface material. Graphite, Silicon carbide (SiC) and Charcoal was used as a susceptor material. And thin graphite sheet is used as separator. Traditional TIG welding machine is used to join INCONEL625 plates with INCONEL-625 wire as filler material. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization joints after welding shows complete melting of INCONEL-625 powder particles and good metallurgical bonding with surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the formation of niobium and chromium carbides and intermetallic phases. Joining of same INCONEL-625 plates by using TIG welding has successfully conducted. The novelty of this study is to develop new material joining approach by microwave heating. The comparative study showed material diffusion in microwave hybrid heating is much greater than that of TIG welding. Weld formed by microwave heating is more effective that of TIG welding.

Increasing Hardness and Wear Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steel Surface by Anodic Plasma Electrolytic Treatment

The results of modifying the surface of austenitic stainless steel by anodic plasma electrolytic treatment are presented. Surface treatment was carried out in aqueous electrolytes based on ammonium chloride (10%) with the addition of ammonia (5%) as a source of nitrogen (for nitriding), boric acid (3%) as a source of boron (for boriding) or glycerin (10%) as a carbon source (for carburizing). Morphology, surface roughness, phase composition and microhardness of the diffusion layers in addition to the tribological properties were studied. The influence of physicochemical processes during the anodic treatment of the features of the formation of the modified surface and its operational properties are shown. The study revealed the smoothing of irregularities and the reduction in surface roughness during anodic plasma electrolytic treatment due to electrochemical dissolution. An increase in the hardness of the nitrided layers to 1450 HV with a thickness of up to 20–25 μm was found due to the formation of iron nitrides and iron-chromium carbides with a 3.7-fold decrease in roughness accompanied by an increase in wear resistance by 2 orders. The carburizing of the steel surface leads to a smaller increase in hardness (up to 700 HV) but a greater thickness of the hardened layer (up to 80 μm) due to the formation of chromium carbides and a solid solution of carbon. The roughness and wear resistance of the carburized surface change are approximately the same values as after nitriding. As a result of the boriding of the austenitic stainless steel, there is no hardening of the surface, but, at the same time, there is a decrease in roughness and an increase in wear resistance on the surface. It has been established that frictional bonds in the friction process are destroyed after all types of processing as a result of the plastic displacement of the counter body material. The type of wear can be characterized as fatigue wear with boundary friction and plastic contact. The correlation of the friction coefficient with the Kragelsky–Kombalov criterion, a generalized dimensionless criterion of surface roughness, is shown.

Investigation of microstructural and corrosion behavior of 316LSi structure developed by wire arc additive manufacturing

SS316LSi austenitic stainless steel thin wall was deposited using wire arc additive manufacturing technology, which is known for its high deposition rate and effective material utilization. The optical micrograph revealed the formation of vermicular δ-ferrite, dispersed in the austenite matrix in the deposited wall. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of γ-austenite, δ-ferrite, and chromium carbide (Cr23C6) phases. The SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy study exhibited the formation of intergranular precipitates. In the magnetic study, ferrite number was found from 3 to 7 in a different portion of the wall which revealed the formation of the ferromagnetic δ-ferrite phase. The Cr and Ni equivalent ratio, 1.66, ferrite number, and presence of vermicular δ-ferrite in the microstructure showed that ferrite austenite can be the mode of solidification in the alloy. The preferred grain growth direction was determined by electron backscattered diffraction analysis to be < 001 > orientation along the build-up direction. In the potentiodynamic polarization and double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation study, the corrosion rate and intergranular corrosion were correlated to the amount of δ-ferrite and Cr23C6 respectively. The degree of sensitization confirmed that the amount of Cr23C6 formed is least in the lowermost and highest in the central portion of the deposited wall.

Corrosion resistant degradation of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel exposed to simulated carburizing environments

This paper aimed to evaluate the anti-corrosion performance of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel after exposure to the simulated carburizing environment set up at 600oC, 750oC, and 900oC for 4 hrs. The microstructural alternation was investigated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation (EPR) was employed to study the anti-corrosion performance of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel after exposure to the simulated carburizing environment. Hardness measurement was also conducted to study the role of carbon atoms released from the simulated environment. The results showed the formation of precipitated chromium carbides along grain boundaries and sensitization degree was found in ascending order: 600oC (Pa =0.23), 750oC (Pa =0.32) and finally 900oC (Pa =0.41). All carburized conditions promote carbon dissociation and diffusion through the substrate of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel, resulting in the increased hardness and decreased corrosion resistance of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel after exposure to the simulated carburizing environment.

The interfacial reaction between diamond (100) surface and CuNi-based filler alloys containing Cr by first-principles calculations

Brazed diamond tools have the advantages of high holding strength for diamond abrasives, superior grinding performance, formability, etc. The elements used commonly in filler alloys such as Cr, Cu, and Ni have an important impact on the interfacial bond strength and diamond thermal damage. In this work, the interactions between Cu, Ni, and Cr of the filler alloy and the diamond (100) surface were investigated using first-principles calculations. The results indicated that the adsorption energy of Cu adsorbed on the diamond (100) surface was low, suggesting that C atoms are extremely difficult to dissolve into Cu-based filler alloys, which makes Cu-based filler alloys less wettable with diamond. While the adsorption energy of Ni adsorbed on the diamond (100) surface was greater, which may form Ni 3 C weak carbide. Therefore, Ni-based filler alloys are usually wettable with diamonds. However, Ni 3 C of poor stability may decompose C atoms at the interface, which may lead to greater corrosion of diamonds. The adsorption energy of Cr adsorbed on the diamond (100) surface was the highest among Cu, Ni, and Cr, while the co-adsorption of Cr and C can grow into stable carbides. With the extension of time, the carbides can grow to form continuous layers of carbides. The results are generally consistent with the experimental results. • Analysis of graphitization on diamond surfaces using first-principles calculations. • The co-adsorption and deposition processes of Cr and C were investigated, which provided the conditions for the formation of chromium carbides. • Interfacial reaction processes, such as C precipitation and carbides nucleation growth, were investigated at the atomic level using first-principles calculations.

High temperature degradation of AISI 304L stainless steel in atmospheres containing CO of biomass to liquid plants at 800 °C

Austenitic stainless steel (ASS) AISI 304L is required for the tube parts in biomass power plants due to high-temperature corrosion resistance properties. However, the high percentage of 35–40 % carbon monoxide and 25–35 % carbon dioxide in biomass atmospheres lead to deterioration in the ASS steels at high temperatures, resulting in chromium carbide formation and intergranular corrosion (IGC). This present work explored the degradation of the stainless steel AISI 304L in a simulated 15 %CO-N2 atmosphere at 800 °C at different testing times between 15 and 60 min. Besides, the ASS samples were pre-oxidized at 800 °C for six hours in air atmospheres before the test. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used for carbide characterization. The mass gain of samples was seemingly not changed after prolonging the reduction times. A double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (dl-EPR) was used to observe the degree of sensitivity (%DOS) of AISI 304L samples. After the reduction test, the %DOS of samples exceeded the intergranular corrosion severity of 1 %, and the highest %DOS was 7.73 % after the reduction time of 45 min.

Ceramic-reinforced HEA matrix composites exhibiting an excellent combination of mechanical properties

CoCrFeNi is a well-studied face centered cubic (fcc) high entropy alloy (HEA) that exhibits excellent ductility but only limited strength. The present study focusses on improving the strength-ductility balance of this HEA by addition of varying amounts of SiC using an arc melting route. Chromium present in the base HEA is found to result in decomposition of SiC during melting. Consequently, interaction of free carbon with chromium results in the in-situ formation of chromium carbide, while free silicon remains in solution in the base HEA and/or interacts with the constituent elements of the base HEA to form silicides. The changes in microstructural phases with increasing amount of SiC are found to follow the sequence: fcc → fcc + eutectic → fcc + chromium carbide platelets → fcc + chromium carbide platelets + silicides → fcc + chromium carbide platelets + silicides + graphite globules/flakes. In comparison to both conventional and high entropy alloys, the resulting composites were found to exhibit a very wide range of mechanical properties (yield strength from 277 MPa with more than 60% elongation to 2522 MPa with 6% elongation). Some of the developed high entropy composites showed an outstanding combination of mechanical properties (yield strength 1200 MPa with 37% elongation) and occupied previously unattainable regions in a yield strength versus elongation map. In addition to their significant elongation, the hardness and yield strength of the HEA composites are found to lie in the same range as those of bulk metallic glasses. It is therefore believed that development of high entropy composites can help in obtaining outstanding combinations of mechanical properties for advanced structural applications.

Effect of Initial Microstructure on the High-Temperature Formability of STS 321 Alloy Using a Dynamic Material Model

General austenitic stainless steel has a problem with intergranular corrosion due to volatilizing chromium, which forms chromium carbide in a high temperature environment. By adding titanium as an alloying element, STS 321 stainless steel has excellent creep resistance and intergranular corrosion resistance at high temperatures, because the formation of chromium carbide is suppressed. It is important to find the optimal process conditions for STS 321 stainless steel used in the aerospace field, because high temperature processing is mainly applied, and defects or inhomogeneity of materials that occur during high temperature processing lowers the yield of products. In this study, to investigate the effect of the initial microstructure on the high-temperature deformation behavior of STS 321 stainless steel, a high-temperature compression test was performed on two types of STS321 alloys with different initial microstructures. The temperature range was set at 50°C intervals from 800°C to 1100°C, and the strain rate was set at 10-1/sec intervals from 1 × 100/ sec to 1 × 10-3/sec. Based on the experimental results, the thermal activation energy, which differed depending on differences in the initial microstructure, was calculated. In addition, by deriving flow stress and processing maps, the difference in energy dissipation efficiency depending on temperature and strain rate was explained, along with the initial microstructure and high-temperature deformation mechanism.

Effect of Inoculation Treatment on Number of Primary Austenite Grains in Hypoeutectic Chromium Cast Iron: EBSD Imaging and Mathematical Structure Prediction

This study proved the influence of an inoculation substance on the primary structure of chromium-cast iron. The inoculation procedure has developed very well in the field of grey cast iron production and mainly concerns the crystallisation of graphite eutectic grains in this material. However, in chromium cast iron, the inoculation problem is not well-recognised due to the formation of chromium carbides in white cast iron. One can easily increase the number of carbides in the cast iron’s structure, but this procedure will not always bring the expected benefits in terms of increasing the overall mechanical properties. In the research included in this publication, an experiment was carried out with the use of ferrotitanium as an inoculant for chromium-cast iron. As a result of using the EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction analysis) imaging method, it was proven that the Fe–Ti interaction significantly influenced the primary structure of chromium cast iron that was formed by austenite grains. The paper presents the growth laws of primary austenite grains in modified hypoeutectic chromium cast iron depending on the degree of supercooling, ΔT, and the amount of the Fe–Ti inoculant M. The results of the research made it possible to predict the structure of hypoeutectic chromium cast iron after Fe–Ti inoculation treatment. The article proves that the use of the inoculant can change the primary structure of chromium cast iron, increasing its impact strength by more than three times.

Optimisation of Solidification Structure and Properties of Hypoeutectic Chromium Cast Iron.

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to optimising the structure and properties of chromium cast iron that is intended for use in the production of castings that operate under abrasive-wear conditions. In the study, chromium cast iron was inoculated to reduce the grain size in the solidification structure. The finer-grained structure of the casting has a positive effect on its mechanical properties. A number of inoculants have been used that allow the elimination of many types of casting defects: hot cracks and porosities that often occur during the production of chromium cast iron castings. Another advantage of the developed inoculation procedure is the resulting increase in the toughness of chromium cast iron. It should be emphasised that this cast iron does not have a high impact strength in its as-cast condition due to the formation of chromium carbides in the structure. This work also proposes a specially designed heat treatment for inoculated cast iron. The parameters of the applied heat treatment were determined on the basis of dilatometric tests. The visible deviation on a dilatogram at a temperature of about 600 °C is the result of a partial martensitic transformation in the area of grain boundaries. Therefore, the increase in abrasion resistance chromium cast iron is mainly due to the appearance of martensite. The microstructure of the investigated cast iron is particularly desirable in the case of alloys that work with lubrication. The microcavities that are formed by the abrasion of the softer phase constitute natural grease, which reduces abrasive wear. Under the influence of heat treatment, only a part of austenite located near the carbides is destabilized and transformed into martensite. Therefore, this phase of composition formation provided much greater resistance to abrasive wear and hardness.

Heat treatment optimization of 13Cr4Ni stainless alloy used as hydro turbine materials

In Nepal and the regions along with the Andes, sediment erosion is one of the major causes of the failure of hydro turbines. Every year lots of the components of turbines exposed to sediment-laden water got eroded resulting unexpected shutdown of the power plants. The cheapest method of repairing these eroded runners and other components of turbines are welding which may induce residual stress, embrittlement, and increase carbide content. Therefore, post welding heat treatment especially stress relieving annealing is always carried out to reduce the induced residual stresses, enhance strength and other mechanical properties as well as reduce the risk of cracking. As heating time is relative of low importance, great care should be taken during heat treatment to maintain the soaking time and cooling rate. Holding time for heat treatment will vary with the thickness of casting sections involved, but should be sufficiently long enough to heat all sections to a uniform temperature throughout. The cooling rate determines the material properties at room temperature and rapid cooling avoids the formation of chromium carbide. In this paper, the post-weld heat treatment used for repair and maintenance of turbines in Nepal is studied along with the investigation of heat treatment conditions on mechanical properties and microstructures of 13Cr4Ni stainless steel used as turbine materials to optimize the heat treatment itself. First of all relative analysis of five different heat treatment conditions with respect to ‘no heat treatment’ regarding mechanical properties i.e. toughness, hardness, and fatigue life was carried out. Heat treatments of the specimen were done in a muffle furnace. Hardness, toughness, and fatigue strength of the specimen using the Rockwell Hardness Test, Charpy Impact Test, and Fatigue Life Test were conducted respectively. Subsequently, microstructures of all the heat treatment conditions are closely examined using the metallurgical microscope. It was observed that holding time plays a great impact on improving mechanical properties.

Effect of carbon type on the detoxification mechanism of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] by carbothermal reduction

Carbon powders were used to detoxify [Cr(VI)] in metallurgical solid waste was investigated, since the presence of [Cr(VI)] had a very serious impact on the environment. Five types of carbon powders were selected as carbon sources and soluble CrO3 was used as a hexavalent chromium source in metallurgical solid waste. Ultra-fine Cr3C2 powders (about 80 nm) were synthesized by carbothermal reduction reaction to achieve the detoxification of [Cr(VI)]. The temperature plays a crucial role in the synthesis of Cr3C2 according the experimental and thermodynamic results, illustrating that the synthesis temperature was in the range of 900 ℃–1200 ℃. Surface area, morphology, and surface chemistry of carbon powders were investigated to analyze the effect of carbon type on the mechanism of detoxification of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and the formation of chromium carbide. The results show that nano carbon powder with finer particle size (30–50 nm), higher specific surface area (101.5 m2/g) and fewer chemical bonds with carbon atoms formed by sp2 orbital hybridization are more suitable as a carbon source for carbothermal reduction of [Cr(VI)]. Therefore, nano Cr3C2 powder was achieved at the lowest synthesis temperature (900 ℃), when nano carbon powder was selected as the carbon source.

Mechanical Properties Degradation Modeling of Austenitic Chromium-Nickel AISI 304 Steel After Thermal Ageing

Austenitic chromium-nickel steel AISI 304 is used as a structural material for heat exchange equipment. Long-term operations result in degradation of mechanical properties of material due to formation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries. The influence of various thermal ageing modes of AISI 304 steel on mechanical properties with metal fragments of reactor plant on fast neutrons of RP BN-600 taken as an example after long-term operation has been investigated.

Laser treatment of 430 ferritic stainless steel for enhanced mechanical properties

Thin AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel sheets containing 18% Cr were hardened by continuous-wave laser beams under different conditions. A symmetric double laser treatment platform was developed to operate two lasers simultaneously in order to achieve a homogenous microstructure through the specimen and avoid the overheating associated with single laser treatments on one surface. The influence of linear energy density and shielding gas on microstructure and hardness is investigated for both single and double laser treatments. Tensile behavior and oxidation effect during treatment are also studied. With a peak temperature around Tm, the single-track laser yields local microhardness that is 90% higher than the base material, while samples completely treated by the multi-track laser present a 60% increase in yield stress and 45.8% in ultimate tensile stress. These improvements in mechanical behaviors are driven by the formation of martensite and chromium carbides upon rapid cooling despite poor carbon content and dramatic grain coarsening. These results could be useful in order to locally modify the behavior of medium chrome ferritic stainless steel to meet industrial requirements.

INFLUENCE OF DIBENZYL ETHER (DBE) ADDITION ON THE STRUCTURE OF CHROMIUM CARBIDE COATING OBTAINED BY THE MOCVD METHOD FROM COL “BARKHOS”

Investigations of the effect of the addition of dibenzyl ether (DBE) to the chromium organic liquid (COL) “Barkhos” on the structure and performance properties of chromium carbide coatings obtained by chemical deposition of their gas phase have been carried out. It is shown that the use of the DBE additive expands the temperature range for the formation of chromium carbide coatings with a horizontally layered structure, which are more resistant to corrosion and erosion wear. In this case, there is an increase in the adhesive strength and cavitation resistance of the coatings. The use of the DBE additive reduces the through porosity of the coatings. Coatings obtained with DBE additives have an abnormally high resistance to electrochemical dissolution in comparison with other materials used for work in corrosive environments.

Influence of WC Particle on the Metallurgical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Behavior of AlFeCuCrCoNi-WCx High-Entropy Alloy Coatings

The high-entropy alloy AlFeCuCrCoNi-WCx (x = 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) multi-principal element claddings were synthesized with the aid of laser-assisted cladding process on AISI 316 steel substrate. The microstructural behavior was characterized by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM/EDS). The phase analysis using XRD revealed that in addition to the combination of two FCC + BCC phases, a set of diffraction peaks corresponding to WC and Cr23C6 phases is observed. The observation indicates that the cladding zone is mainly consisting of fine-grained nondirectional and equiaxed crystals away from the base material and columnar grains near to the base material. Microstructural observations also conclude that increasing WC leads to refinement in the grain size. The formation of chromium carbide is limited to the AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC10 AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC15 high-entropy alloy coatings due to insufficient carbon content in AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC5 high-entropy alloy coatings to form chromium carbide. As compared to the substrate AISI 316 (164.5 HV0.5), the microhardness of the AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC5, AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC10 and AlFeCuCrCoNi-WC15 claddings is enhanced by approximately 49.6%, 73.5% and 79.7%, respectively. The corrosion resistance of the AlFeCuCrCoNi-WCx multi-principal element coating in 3.5 wt.% NaCl corrosive environment is better than that of the substrate AISI 316. However, the corrosion rate of the high-entropy alloy coating increases and corrosion resistance is deteriorated with the rise in WC content.