Formation Of Aligned Structures Research Articles

DC heating induced shape transformation of Ge structures on ultraclean Si(5 5 12)surfaces

We report the growth of Ge nanostructures and microstructures on ultraclean, highvicinal angle silicon surfaces and show that self-assembled growth at optimumthickness of the overlayer leads to interesting shape transformations, namely fromnanoparticle to trapezoidal structures, at higher thickness values. Thin films ofGe of varying thickness from 3 to 12 ML were grown under ultrahigh vacuumconditions on a Si(5 5 12) substrate while keeping the substrate at a temperature of600 °C. The substrate heating was achieved by two methods: (i) by heating a filamentunder the substrate (radiative heating, RH) and (ii) by passing direct currentthrough the samples in three directions (perpendicular, parallel and at45° to the direction of the substrate). We find irregular, more spherical-like island structuresunder RH conditions. The shape transformations have been found under DCheating conditions and for Ge deposition more than 8 ML thick. The longer sides ofthe trapezoid structures are found to be along irrespective of the DC current direction. We also show the absence of such a shapetransformation in the case of Ge deposition on Si(111) substrates. Scanning transmissionelectron microscopy measurements suggested the mixing of Ge and Si. This has been confirmedwith a quantitative estimation of the intermixing using Rutherford backscatteringspectrometry (RBS) measurements. The role of DC heating in the formation of alignedstructures is discussed. Although the RBS simulations show the presence of a possibleSiOx layer, under the experimental conditions of the present study, the oxide layer would notplay a role in determining the formation of the various structures that were reported here.

The effect of particle size and migration on the formation of flow-induced structures in viscoelastic suspensions

Flow-induced structures in suspensions containing spheres in viscoelastic suspending media were investigated by microscopy and rheo-optical methods. Suspensions of monodisperse polystyrene spheres with diameters ranging from 1.2 to 2.8 μm and dispersed in aqueous solutions of hydroxypropylcellulose were studied in simple shear flows. Optical microscopy observations as well as small-angle light-scattering (SALS) experiments were performed using a parallel plate geometry. In agreement with previous work, necklaces of particles aligned in the flow direction were observed when shearing faster then a critical shear rate, which was found to be independent of particle size. In contrast to earlier work, however, the role of particle migration was found to be of prime importance. Particles were shown to migrate toward the plates where the particles assembled and aligned in strings running in the flow direction. For the smallest particles (1 μm diameter), the formation of particle doublets or short strings along the vorticity direction was observed at low shear rates, which flipped to an orientation into the flow direction and grew into longer strings at higher shear rates. SALS experiments were used to quantify the degree of alignment and its dependence on particle size, shear rate, and gap. For the system under investigation, the degree of alignment was found to increase with increasing shear rate and particle size and with decreasing gap. The present results suggest that, depending on the details of the suspending medium and the size and nature of the suspended particles, the formation of aligned structures is affected by the relative magnitude of the colloidal and hydrodynamic forces and the kinetics of string formation versus the kinetics of migration.