Formation Of 3D Structures Research Articles

Antitumoral activity of a CDK12 inhibitor in colorectal cancer through a liposomal formulation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Recent experiments suggest that CDK12 can be a good therapeutic target in CRC, and therefore, novel inhibitors targeting this protein are currently in preclinical development. Lipid-based formulations of chemical entities have demonstrated the ability to enhance activity while improving the safety profile. In the present work, we explore the antitumor activity of a new CDK12 inhibitor (CDK12-IN-E9, CDK12i) and its lipid-based formulation (LP-CDK12i) in CRC models, to increase efficacy. SW620, SW480 and HCT116 CRC cell lines were used to evaluate the inhibitor and the liposomal formulation using MTT proliferation assay, 3D invasion cultures, flow cytometry, Western blotting and immunofluorescence experiments. Free-cholesterol liposomal formulations of CDK12i (LP-CDK12i) were obtained by solvent injection method and fully characterized by size, shape, polydispersity, encapsulation efficiency, and release profile and stability assessments. LP-CDK12i induced a higher antiproliferative effect compared with CDK12i as a free agent. The IC50 value was lower across all cell lines tested, leading to a reduction in cell proliferation and the formation of 3D structures. Evaluation of apoptosis revealed an increase in cell death, while biochemical studies demonstrated modifications of apoptosis and DNA damage components. In conclusion, we confirm the role of targeting CDK12 for the treatment of CRC and describe, for the first time, a liposomal formulation of a CDK12i with higher antiproliferative activity compared with the free compound.

Photopolymerization-based 4D-printing of shape-memory materials containing high-performance polymers

High-performance aromatic heterochain polymers are engineering thermoplastics with exceptional mechanical and thermal properties that have attracted great interest in various areas ranging from aerospace to biomedicine. However, there have been a number of difficulties to 3D-print materials based on such polymers with new promising performance characteristics. Herein, a number of new photosensitive compositions (PSCs) based on high-performance polyetherimide (PEI) or polysulfone (PSU), reactive functional monomer (N,N-dimethylacrylamide) and oligomer (bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate) has been developed. It has been shown that the use of the developed PSCs allows the formation of 3D-structures with high printing resolution by LCD 3D-printing. Subsequent thermal post-curing of 3D-printed green-state samples at 250°С for 1 h led to the fabrication of materials with the highest tensile strength (up to 41.9 ± 3.1 MPa), glass transition temperature (141 °C) and thermal stability (above 350 °C). In addition, 3D-printed structures demonstrate high-temperature shape memory effect with shape fixity ratio > 99% and shape recovery ratio up to 97.1%.

Facile hydrothermal assembly of three-dimensional GO-MTZE composite and its adsorption properties toward Cu2.

Three-dimensional (3D) graphene oxide (GO)-based aerogels, GO and 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol (MTZE) composites, were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. Due to the hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions, the produced 3D GO-MTZE composites possessed large cylindrical structures. The morphologies, composition, and chemical states of 3D GO-MTZE3:1 composite were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The existence of nitrogen (N)-containing heterocyclic system and oxygen (O)-containing branched chain of MTZE contributed to the formation of 3D structures, while the complexation effect of heterocyclic sulfur (S)- and N-containing functional groups of MTZE for metal cations dominated the adsorption performance of 3D GO-MTZE3:1 composite, which could selectively adsorb copper ions (Cu2+). In addition, the better hydrophobic property of 3D GO-MTZE3:1 composite facilitates its facile recycling from aqueous solution after adsorption. The adsorption data of 3D GO-MTZE3:1 composite toward Cu2+ fitted well (R2 = 0.9996) with the linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model, giving an equilibrium rate constant (k2) of 0.0187gmg-1min-1. The linear Langmuir isothermal model could more accurately describe the experimental data, indicating the adsorption process is mainly dominated by the complexation interactions between MTZE and Cu2+. The thermodynamic parameters of ΔG° (< 0), ΔH° (> 0), and ΔS° (> 0) further indicate that the adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic, confirming that the complexation between Cu2+ and 3D GO-MTZE3:1 composite occurs. Due to its high selectivity for Cu2+, good hydrophobicity, and excellent stability, the developed 3D GO-MTZE3:1 composite possesses might be promisingly used in the aqueous selective enrichment/removal of Cu2+.

3D-structured photodetectors based on 2D materials

The progressive reduction in feature size presents significant challenges such as crosstalk, heat dissipation, and high-power consumption, which impede the advancement of Moore's Law. To overcome the limitations of silicon materials, it is crucial to identify subsequent iterations of innovative semiconductor materials or alternative structures. The integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials and three-dimensional (3D) structures offers a promising platform for exploring novel photodetectors and alternative pathways toward “More than Moore” technologies. In this study, we present a comprehensive evaluation of the underlying mechanisms governing the formation of diverse 3D structures, along with their corresponding preparation methodologies. We focus our evaluation on the distinctive optical properties arising from the incorporation of a self-rolled-up 3D structure into 2D materials and heterojunctions photodetector. Finally, we address some of the challenges and outlook that persist in the development and application of 3D-structured photodetectors based on 2D materials.

Measurement of residual elastic strain in rolled-up amorphous nanomembranes using nanobeam electron diffraction

Amorphous nanomembranes play a crucial role in flexible electronics due to their ability to create intricate 3D structures through strain engineering. To better understand the formation of these structures, accurately mapping the local elastic strain distribution is essential. In this study, we conducted position-sensitive nanobeam electron diffraction investigations on various rolled-up amorphous nanomembranes. By analyzing the diffraction rings obtained from different locations on the amorphous samples, we extracted anisotropic structure information in reciprocal space and determined the local strain distributions in real space. Our analysis revealed that particle-assisted dry-released samples exhibited higher strain values than pure amorphous samples. This suggests that nanoparticles introduce additional strain through dewetting effects, thereby facilitating the formation of self-rolling 3D structures.

Review on Structural Adjustment Strategies of Titanium‐Based Metal Oxide Dimensionally Stable Anodes in Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Technology

Emerging organic pollutants and refractory pollutants in water bodies have caused severe harm to the ecological environment and human health. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) are currently one of the most effective oxidation methods to deal with refractory organic pollutants. Electrode materials serve as the most critical component in influencing the EAOP performance. Dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) have the advantages of dimensional stability, structural diversity, chemical stability, low oxygen evolution potential and long service life, etc. Herein, several types of Ti‐based metal oxide DSAs (Ti/MOx DSAs) commonly used in EAOPs in the past 5 years, including Ti/IrO2, Ti/RuO2, Ti/PbO2, Ti/Sb–SnO2, and Ti/TiO2, are introduced. The modification methods including metal doping, composition adjustment, nanostructure construction, introduction of intermediate layers, compositing with carbon materials, and formation of 3D structures as well as the applications of these modified Ti‐based DSAs in EAOP for the rapid degradation of various organic pollutants are summarized and their advantages and current shortcomings of electrodes are pointed out. Finally, the Ti‐based DSA's current limitations and future development prospects are concluded.

Cytotoxic effect of the VVGMCSF-Lact oncolytic virus against 3D cultures of human glioblastoma cells U-87 MG

Background. One of the promising methods of treating tumors is virotherapy, which is based on direct lysis of cancer cells by a virus and a virus-mediated antitumor immune response of the body. For the recombinant vaccinia virus strain VVGMCSF-Lact, producing human GMCSF and the oncotoxic protein lactaptin, cytotoxic and antitumor effects were shown in experiments in vitro and in vivo, respectively, when using adhesive cultures of U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells. 3D cultures are a more relevant tumor model than adhesive models, as they more fully reflect the realistic scenario of cancer development, as well as the response of the tumor to anticancer therapy.The aim. To evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the oncolytic virus VV-GMCSF-Lact against 3D cultures of human glioblastoma U-87 MG.Materials and methods. The following methods were used in the work: cultivation of 3D cell cultures, cytofluorometry, microscopic analysis, virus titration, statistical analysis.Results. U-87 MG cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector carrying the GFP reporter gene. The cytotoxicity of the VV-GMCSF-Lact virus (IC50) against the studied cells was 0.024 PFU/cell. U-87 MG cells were cultured under conditions for the formation of 3D structures. Microscopic analysis showed the oncolytic effect of the virus on the cells of 3D cultures as early as 24 hours after the start of incubation. Flow cytometry showed an increase in the granularity of glioblastoma cells under the action of the virus, which indicates active replication of the virus in the cells. The virus titer was 0.44 PFU/cell.Conclusions. The recombinant VV-GMCSF-Lact virus has a cytotoxic effect on 3D human glioblastoma U-87 MG cell cultures and actively replicates in them. In the future, to test the oncolytic effect of VV-GMCSF-Lact, it is planned to use not only 3D human glioblastoma cultures, but also cerebral organelles obtained in the process of cocultivation of glioblastoma cells and induced human pluripotent cells.

Heat transfer optimization of uo2-mo fuel using genetic algorithms

Two genetic algorithm (GA) methods were applied to thermal finite element models to optimize the heat transfer efficacy of a UO2-Mo composite fuel pellet with typical pressurized water reactor fuel geometry. Mo additions to UO2 have been shown to increase the thermal conductivity, thus reducing centerline temperatures and temperature gradients. Previous studies evaluated uniformly dispersed Mo or continuous Mo internal geometries (e.g., fins, plates, discs) that were selected using engineering intuition. The current study uses two different implementations of the same GA to optimize Mo placement and minimize the fuel temperature with the only constraint being a maximum 10% Mo volume fraction. One approach superimposed Mo line elements onto the monolithic UO2 pellet model, and the other converted entire UO2 volume elements to Mo. The former method generated 1D heat transfer connections between nodes, whereas the latter method allowed for the formation of 3D structures. Features of the optimal fuel design produced by the GAs included dispersed Mo near the centerline that shifted the peak fuel temperature outward by 0.6 mm, Mo chains in the high-heat-flux region in the mid-to-outer radial zone, and a large continuous structure that spanned the full radius and height of the pellet and accounted for 87.7 % of the total Mo in the pellet. Analysis of this design indicates that the optimal Mo configuration is a balance between creating continuous heat transfer pathways and optimally dispersing Mo to minimize the heat transfer distance through UO2. This architecture ultimately produced an effective thermal conductivity of 11.3 W/m·K under the assumed boundary conditions. This result is higher than any previous values from the literature. Potential fabrication methods and challenges are discussed in addition to the implications on fuel performance.

3D Breast Cancer Model on Silk Fibroin-Integrated Microfluidic Chips.

To imitate in vivo environment of cells, microfluidics offer controllable fashions at micro-scale and enable regulate flow-related parameters precisely, leveraging the current state of 3D systems to 4D level through the inclusion of flow and shear stress. In particular, integrating silk fibroin as an adhering layer with microfluidic chips enables to form more comprehensive and biocompatible network between cells since silk fibroin holds outstanding mechanical and biological properties such as easy processability, biocompatibility, controllable biodegradation, and versatile functionalization. In this chapter, we describe design and fabrication of a microfluidic chip, with silk fibroin-covered microchannels for the formation of 3D structures, such as MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell spheroids as a model system. All the steps performed here are characterized by surface-sensitive tools and standard tissue culture methods. Overall, this strategy can be easily integrated into various high-tech application areas such as drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering in near future.

CBP and RAD21 Proteins Bind at the Termini of Forum Domains in Human Chromosomes.

Forum domains are 50-100-kb stretches of DNA delimited by the hotspots of double-strand breaks (DSBs). These domains possess coordinately expressed genes. However, molecular mechanisms of such regulation are not clear. It is assumed that the proteins specifically binding at the termini of domains can be involved in coordinated regulation of expression. In this study, we used the results of precise mapping of hotspots of DSBs and ChIP-Seq data for ten nuclear proteins in HEK293T cell line for a search of proteins specifically binding at forum-domain termini. We detected that two proteins, CBP and RAD24, which are known to be involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression and formation of 3D chromosomal structures, bind at the termini. We assume that these proteins may be involved in coordinated expression of genes in forum domains.

CBP AND RAD21 BIND AT THE TERMINI OF FORUM DOMAINS IN HUMAN CHROMOSOMES

Forum-domains are 50–100-kb stretches of DNA delimited by the hot sport of DSBs. These domains possess coordinately expressed genes. However, molecular mechanisms of such regulation are not clear. It is supposed that the proteins specifically binding at the termini of domains could be involved in coordinated regulation of expression. In this study we used the results of precise mapping of hot spots of DSBs and ChIP-Seq data for ten nuclear proteins in HEK293T cell line for a search of proteins specifically binding at forum-domains termini. We detected that two proteins – CBP and RAD24-, which are known to be involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression and formation of 3D chromosomal structures, bind at the termini. We suppose that these proteins could be involved in coordinated expression of genes in forum-domains.

Formability of curved multilayer laminates via 3D printing using twisted continuous fiber composites

3D printers can print free-form 3D shapes; however, their mechanical properties are unsatisfactory. 3D printers can print 3D shapes freely but the resulting products exhibit unsatisfactory mechanical properties. 3D printing using CFRTP enables the formation of 3D structures with improved mechanical properties. When molding a structure with curved parts using a continuous carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) 3D printer, the difference in the inner and outer paths of the filament width during arc printing causes the CFRTP filament to become twisted, resulting in poor molding accuracy. In this study, we evaluated the formability of laminates via 3D printing with twisted CFRTP filaments to reduce the inner and outer path differences. And the maximum change in the filament width, which is defined as the maximum width minus the minimum width in one round of fibers, was defined as the forming accuracy. In the case of single-layer printing, the filament width decreased as the twist angle increased, and the forming accuracy (variation in the filament width) decreased. However, when stacking multiple layers, the maximum change in the filament width was the least when the twist angle was 6°. The discovery of the optimum twist angle at 1 K is the most significant aspect of this study and indicates the possibility of an optimum twist angle for various values of K.

Initial Stages of the Formation of the Supramolecular Structure of Ca and Mg Oxides

The optimal geometries of (CaO)n and (MgO)n clusters at n = 2–30 have been found and the enthalpies of formation of 1D, 2D, and 3D structures have been determined using quantum-chemical DFT calculations. The calculation demonstrates that the formation of linear chains of Ca and Mg oxides practically does not occur, while the formation of two-dimensional (tiled) and three-dimensional (cubic) structures proceeds with a large release of energy. The competing process of formation of molecular rods consisting of planar six-membered rings (MO)3 has been considered, and it has been shown to proceed not through the stage of preliminary formation of six-membered rings, but directly from monomer units.

Induction of the Erythroid Differentiation of K562 Cells Is Coupled with Changes in the Inter-Chromosomal Contacts of rDNA Clusters.

The expression of clusters of rDNA genes influences pluripotency; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet known. These clusters shape inter-chromosomal contacts with numerous genes controlling differentiation in human and Drosophila cells. This suggests a possible role of these contacts in the formation of 3D chromosomal structures and the regulation of gene expression in development. However, it has not yet been demonstrated whether inter-chromosomal rDNA contacts are changed during differentiation. In this study, we used human leukemia K562 cells and induced their erythroid differentiation in order to study both the changes in rDNA contacts and the expression of genes. We observed that approximately 200 sets of rDNA-contacting genes are co-expressed in different combinations in both untreated and differentiated K562 cells. rDNA contacts are changed during differentiation and coupled with the upregulation of genes whose products are mainly located in the nucleus and are highly associated with DNA- and RNA-binding, along with the downregulation of genes whose products mainly reside in the cytoplasm or intra- or extracellular vesicles. The most downregulated gene is ID3, which is known as an inhibitor of differentiation, and thus should be switched off to allow for differentiation. Our data suggest that the differentiation of K562 cells leads to alterations in the inter-chromosomal contacts of rDNA clusters and 3D structures in particular chromosomal regions as well as to changes in the expression of genes located in the corresponding chromosomal domains. We conclude that approximately half of the rDNA-contacting genes are co-expressed in human cells and that rDNA clusters are involved in the global regulation of gene expression.

BMAL1 and CLOCK control polarization and lumen formation during mammary alveologenesis in 3D culture

Circadian clock disruption decreased mammary development and impaired lactation in late gestation cows and mice. Transcriptional targets of the circadian clock genes BMAL1 and CLOCK include the cell-cell and cell-ECM proteins e-cadherin (CDH1) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). The polarization and lumen formation of milk-producing acini is dependent on these junctional proteins. We hypothesized that if BMAL1 and CLOCK were disrupted, mammary epithelial cells (HC11) will have a reduced ability to form acini. Our objective was to measure the effect of BMAL1 gene deletion (BMAL1-KO) and CLOCK protein reduction (shCLOCK) in HC11 cells on the formation of acini and expression of CDH1 and ZO-1 in three-dimensional (3D) cultures. Cells were plated on Matrigel, embedded, and cultured to create 3D structures. ImageJ software was used to quantify the acini and found that the BMAL1-KO and shCLOCK lines formed fewer and smaller acini (p &lt; 0.05). Confocal microscopy revealed that CDH1 was located along lateral membranes and ZO-1 was apically located in all three lines. Levels of CDH1 and ZO-1 were greater (p &lt; 0.05) per unit volume of cell in the shCLOCK cell line. Live/dead staining of cells found little to no cell death across three lines. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of acini indicated less polarization of cells within BMAL1-KO and shCLOCK acini. Polarization of cells is required for formation of 3D structures and requires coordination of temporal-spatial cues. Disruption of circadian clocks results disturbs temporal organization of cellular processes and causes a reduced ability of cells to polarize and form acini.

Polymers of 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Induce Formation of Spheroids in Mammalian Cells

Cells attached to a substrate and grown in two dimensions (2D) or suspended culture cannot accurately replicate intercellular interactions in tissues and organs. Spheroids, being three-dimensional (3D) formations, are more accurately reproduce the structure of organs or neoplasms. Spheroids compared to 2D cultures demonstrate an increased survival, corresponding morphology, and a hypoxic core, which is observed in native tumors in vivo. Tumor cell spheroids also represent models of the metastatic process. Therefore, spheroids are currently widely used for testing new anticancer drugs. However, obtaining and using 3D cultures can be associated with a number of difficulties, such as the need for expensive reagents and equipment, the low rate of formation of spheroids of the required size, and the occurrence of long-term changes in cell metabolism, which depend on the methods used to create spheroids. We have found that incubation of tumor and normal cells in the presence of polymers of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA) that are nontoxic to cells can induce the formation of 3D structures. Based on this, a new method for the rapid production of 3D cultures is developed and this approach does not require the use of additional equipment, expensive reagents, and does not have a long-term effect on cell homeostasis. The spheroids obtained by this method represent models of three-dimensional structures and can be used for biological studies of intercellular interactions and detection of pharmaceutical products.

Morphology and Luminescence Regulation for CsPbBr3 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes by Controlling Growth of Low-Dimensional Phases.

At present, the high defect density and strong nonradiative recombination rate of all-inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) seriously inhibit the improvement of their quantum efficiency. In this paper, the addition of a short-chain additive, diethylammonium bromide (DEABr), aims to control the generation of a quasi-2D large n-phase to optimize the surface morphology and construct two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) heterojunction perovskite structures to enhance the EL efficiency of PeLEDs. Through Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) characterization, we confirmed that the 2D phase grains with a low potential are locally formed on the surface of the perovskite film under the action of DEABr. The existence of the 2D phase effectively improved the surface morphology and suppressed surface defects. In addition, the in situ constructed 2D/3D heterojunction perovskite structure further increases the exciton radiative recombination rate and significantly improves the electroluminescent performance. By optimizing its doping concentration, the optimal all-inorganic PeLED displays a current efficiency (CE) of 30.3 cd A-1, an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.6%, and a maximum brightness of 32,500 cd m-2. According to our results, the formation of 2D structures on the surface of the CsPbBr3 film can improve surface morphology issues and optoelectronic properties of the film.

Efficiency of accelerated electron beam sterilization of a hydrogel for 3D cultivation of mesenchymal multipotent cells

Background. Hydrogels are promising for use in tissue engineering for the restoration and regeneration of various tissues, since they are able to perform the functions of bulk scaffolds, providing the formation of 3D cell structures. Population of such scaffolds with autologous or heterogeneous mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells in vitro makes it possible to localize these cells in the area of target tissues after implantation in a patient. One of the difficult tasks is the choice of the method and mode of sterilization of the hydrogel, which does not change its properties.Aim. Study of the effectiveness of hydrogel sterilization by an accelerated electron beam in various modes, changes in the structure and biocompatibility of the scaffold, to assess the prospects for its use for medical purposes, including as a platform for mesenchymal stromal cells.Materials and methods. We used a hydrogel based on 4 % solutions of sodium alginate and sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked with calcium chloride, which was developed, obtained and provided for our research by the team of the Research and Educational Center for Biomedical Engineering of the National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”. Hydrogel samples loaded with Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae were subjected to electron beam treatment in the range of 5–100 kGy. After electron beam treatment of hydrogel, the presence of living microorganisms and its structure were evaluated by IR-Fourier spectroscopy, as well as the phenotype and formation of 3D structures by mesenchymal multipotent cells.Results. It was found that the treatment of hydrogels with an electron beam at a mode of 25 kGy ensures the death of microorganisms, but does not destroy the structure of the hydrogel and does not inhibit the ability to form capillary-like structures by mesenchymal multipotent cells.Conclusion. Treatment with an accelerated electron beam at a 25 kGy can be used to sterilize hydrogels to obtain bulk scaffolds for cell engineering implants.

Comparative genomic analysis of the human genome and six bat genomes using unsupervised machine learning: Mb-level CpG and TFBS islands

BackgroundEmerging infectious disease-causing RNA viruses, such as the SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola viruses, are thought to rely on bats as natural reservoir hosts. Since these zoonotic viruses pose a great threat to humans, it is important to characterize the bat genome from multiple perspectives. Unsupervised machine learning methods for extracting novel information from big sequence data without prior knowledge or particular models are highly desirable for obtaining unexpected insights. We previously established a batch-learning self-organizing map (BLSOM) of the oligonucleotide composition that reveals novel genome characteristics from big sequence data.ResultsIn this study, using the oligonucleotide BLSOM, we conducted a comparative genomic study of humans and six bat species. BLSOM is an explainable-type machine learning algorithm that reveals the diagnostic oligonucleotides contributing to sequence clustering (self-organization). When unsupervised machine learning reveals unexpected and/or characteristic features, these features can be studied in more detail via the much simpler and more direct standard distribution map method. Based on this combined strategy, we identified the Mb-level enrichment of CG dinucleotide (Mb-level CpG islands) around the termini of bat long-scaffold sequences. In addition, a class of CG-containing oligonucleotides were enriched in the centromeric and pericentromeric regions of human chromosomes. Oligonucleotides longer than tetranucleotides often represent binding motifs for a wide variety of proteins (e.g., transcription factor binding sequences (TFBSs)). By analyzing the penta- and hexanucleotide composition, we observed the evident enrichment of a wide range of hexanucleotide TFBSs in centromeric and pericentromeric heterochromatin regions on all human chromosomes.ConclusionFunction of transcription factors (TFs) beyond their known regulation of gene expression (e.g., TF-mediated looping interactions between two different genomic regions) has received wide attention. The Mb-level TFBS and CpG islands are thought to be involved in the large-scale nuclear organization, such as centromere and telomere clustering. TFBSs, which are enriched in centromeric and pericentromeric heterochromatin regions, are thought to play an important role in the formation of nuclear 3D structures. Our machine learning-based analysis will help us to understand the differential features of nuclear 3D structures in the human and bat genomes.

Buckling of circular rings and its applications in thin-film electronics

Buckling-guided transformations of thin-film materials into three-dimensional (3D) architectures are extensively utilized in electronic microsystems. However, the mechanically-guided assembly technique exploits a prestretched substrate, such that low-stiffness precursors would fail to realize global buckling due to the difficulty in overcoming interfacial adhesion (i.e., Van der Waals forces). Here, based on finite element analysis (FEA), a novel buckling-guided 3D assembly method by electromagnetic actuation is introduced through investigating the buckling behavior of a laminated thin circular ring. In this method, interfacial adhesion could be notably reduced by replacing soft substrates with rough platforms, thereby allowing formation of 3D structures with ultralow stiffnesses. Scaling laws for the critical current of buckling and the effect of joule heating are developed to guide controlled deformations and ensure rational designs. Numerical demonstration of a morphable, reconfigurable four-petal rose suggests the applicability and advantages of the proposed Lorentz force-guided 3D assembly method. In addition, we show that simultaneous measurement of the elastic moduli and thickness of planar materials could be possible based on the established scaling law for critical buckling current. The results presented here serve as design guidelines for applying electromagnetically-actuated buckling behavior of thin-film materials in future applications such as soft grippers and biomedicine.