Formaldehyde Water Solution Research Articles

Ruthenium catalyzed hydrogen production from formaldehyde–water solution

Efficient hydrogen production from aqueous formaldehyde with appreciably high TOF and TON achieved over an in situ generated ruthenium catalyst in water at 95 °C.

Synthesis, computational and biological activity of heteroatomic compounds based on phenylthiourea and acetophenone

The presented article is devoted to a promising direction of organic chemistry - the synthesis of new sulfur- and nitrogen-containing thiourea and acetophenone derivatives that have physiological properties. So at first time on the base of phenylthiourea, acetylacetone and 37% water solution of formaldehyde (formaline) in the presence of trifluoracetic acid has been elaborated new effective synthesic method of 1-(6-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-sulfanylidene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone. Also, according to the reaction of thiylation of acetophenone and some of its p-substituted derivatives Synthesis of 2,2’-((1-phenylethane-1,1-diyl)bis(sulfanediyl))diacetic acid were obtained by us. A direct amidation reaction of Synthesis of 2,2’-((1-phenylethane-1,1-diyl)bis(sulfanediyl))diacetic acid with primary amines was conducted. The structure of the new compounds was interpreted by NMR spectra and X-ray structure analysis. As a result of studies, it was found that the greatest biological activity that can be useful in creating drugs is compound 1-(6-Methyl-3-phenyl-2-sulfanylidene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone. This compound is characterized by antioxidant effect significant effect on the functioning of biological membranes, and in low concentrations (below 7.5 mg/l) it stabilizes the membranes with an erythrocyte. The effect of an increase in the membrane potential of mitochondria was discovered, probably associated with the ability to bind to carrier proteins. In addition, when virtually predicting the spectrum of biological activity, a number of properties are shown that have promise when creating new drugs.

Distribuição do Fitoplâncton no Entorno da Reserva Biológica Marinha do Arvoredo

O fitoplâncton constitui um dos principais componentes dos sistemas aquáticos marinhos e sua distribuição é influenciada por vários fatores ambientais, tais como, nutrientes e luz, além de temperatura, turbidez e oxigênio dissolvido. O ambiente marinho da plataforma de Santa Catarina é um sistema subtropical, oligotrófico. Massas de água de origem oceânica modificam as condições oceanográficas da região (ACAS, APP, e aporte continental por PRT e CN) Apesar da importância biológica dessa região, estudos sobre a distribuição e ecologia do fitoplâncton são escassos. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a distribuição do fitoplanctônica no entorno da Reserva Biológica Marinha do Arvoredo, ao longo de três anos consecutivos. O presente estudo é baseado no projeto MAArE. Coletas foram realizadas entre os anos de 2014 a 2016, em seis estações de amostragem e em três profundidades. Parâmetros físicos foram obtidos in situ e químicos coletados em garrafas Van Dorn para análise dos nutrientes inorgânicos em suspensão. Amostras para análise quantitativa do fitoplâncton, coletados em garrafa Van Dorn e acondicionadas em frasco de 250 mL, preservadas em solução de água do mar-formaldeído a 4%. A identificação e contagem dos organismos foi realizada em microscópio ótico invertido Olympus®, modelo CKX41, segundo o método clássico de Utermöhl. Altas densidades celulares foram associadas as altas concentrações de Silicato. Durante o verão, nas estações costeiras, a fertilização por este nutriente está sob influência continental e intrusão da ACAS nas estações mais profundas e no inverno pelo intrusão APP.

Aminomethylation of substituted pyrroles and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles with biogenic cyclic amines

Aminomethylation of 2-methyl(aryl)-, 2-aryl-3-alkylpyrroles, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole and its 1-vinyl- and 1-benzyl-substituted derivatives with a mixture of 5% water-ethanol solution of formaldehyde and cyclic amine (pyrrolidine, piperazine, and morpholine) without catalyst at room temperature leads to the formation of the corresponding 2-aminomethylpyrroles and 2-aminomethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles in up to 92% yields. In reaction of 1-vinyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole with formaldehyde water solution and piperazine in a 60% yield 1,4-bis(1-vinyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindol-2-yl)piperazine was obtained, a promising bifunctional monomer and a building block for the synthesis of new indole derivatives, in particular, of biologically active polymers. In the reaction of 2-methylpyrrole and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole with formaldehyde and morpholine along with the С2-aminomethylation the 1-hydroxymethylation of the pyrrole ring was observed.

Prediction of the vapor–liquid equilibrium of chemical reactive systems containing formaldehyde using the COSMO-RS method

We herein present a quantum chemical method for predicting the thermodynamic properties of a reactive formaldehyde + water system. The TURBOMOLE program was used to obtain the σ profiles of poly(oxymethylene) glycol oligomers produced via a series of chemical reactions in aqueous solution. The conductor-like screening model for real solutions (COSMO-RS) method, in combination with chemical equilibrium constants and the mass balance equation obtained using MATLAB, was successfully used to calculate the activity coefficients of all compounds in the liquid. Based on NMR data from the literature along with the obtained activity coefficients, we modified the thermodynamic chemical equilibrium constant Kn∗ for glycol formation. Finally, we estimated the vapor–liquid equilibrium and distribution of oligomers (MGn, n ≥ 1) in the formaldehyde-water solution. The COSMO-RS method was thus proven to be an efficient tool to study formaldehyde-containing aqueous solutions, and can be used as a basis for other similar reactive systems.

Lumbosacral plexus of the mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867)

The Mongolian gerbil, belonging to the Muridae family, is characterized as an economic asset in the pet market due to its easy management. Current research analyzes and describes the origin of the nerves that make up the lumbosacral plexus in the species, foregrounding comparative anatomy, especially among wild rodents. The experiment, approved by the Committee of Institutional Bioethics, involved 15 animals which had been used in other studies and were donated to the Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The animals were fixed in a water solution of formaldehyde 10%. After 72 hours, they were dissected, the abdominal cavity was opened and eviscerated, and the psoas minor, psoas major and the quadratus lumborum muscles were removed to inspect the nerves that form the lumbosacral plexus. Results were given in percentages and grouped in tables. The lumbosacral plexus of the Mongolian gerbil frequently derived from the ventral roots of the last thorax nerves, from the seven lumbar nerves and from the four sacral nerves (Type II – T 12 -S 4 ). The nerves of the gerbil´s lumbosacral plexus are the iliohypogastricus, ilioinguinalis, cutaneus femoris lateralis, genitofemoralis, femoralis, obturatorius, ischiadicus, gluteus cranialis, pudendus, gluteus caudalis and rectales caudales nerves. Information on the origin of the nerves of the gerbil´s lumbosacral plexus and their description is relevant for clinical and surgical studies, and for the application of techniques or anesthetic drugs.

Preparation of PDMS/PVDF Composite Pervaporation Membrane Modified with Hydrophobic TiO2 Nanoparticles for Separating Formaldehyde Solution

In this paper, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was blended with hydrophobic TiO2 nanoparticles and then coated on top of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membrane to form the (PDMS/TiO2)/PVDF composite membrane. The structure, morphology and physical property of the composite membrane were characterized by FTIR, SEM, contact angle measurement, and dry-wet swelling degree test. The TiO2 was uniformly distributed in the PDMS matrix, and the composite membrane showed higher affinity to formaldehyde than water. The membrane was used to separate the 1000 ppm formaldehyde water solution through a pervaporation (PV) process. The results showed that the membrane could selectively permeate formaldehyde over water and the best separation performance could be achieved at 50°C with a separation factor of 11.25, and a total flux of 187.72 g·m-2·h-1, which were better than the pristine PDMS/PVDF membrane with separation factor of 10.66 and total flux of 115.52 g·m-2·h-1. Hence, adding TiO2 not only increased the membrane flux, but also increased the separation factor of the composite membrane. This study showed that pervaporation technology had the potential for treating formaldehyde wastewater.

TREATMENT OF INFLAMATORY AND DEGENERATIVE DAMAGES OF THE SMOOTH PARODONT TISSUE WITH IMMUNE MODULATING DRUGS

The oxidative and immune status was assessed in a rat model of inflammatory and degenerative damages of the smooth parodont tissue due to administration of 2% formaldehyde water solution (0,3 ml) into the smooth parodont tissues. The lipid peroxidation indexes (malonic dialdehyde and dienic conjugates level) were в 3,6-5,8-fold higher in the blood serum and parodont tissue in 3 days after inflammation beginning. The inflammation was accompanied by inhibition of lymphokin-producing function of lymphocytes in reaction of inhibition of leucocytes migration with concanavalin A (Con A) by 39% and with phytohaemagglutinin (PGA) by 37%. The activity of oxygen-independent microbicide system of phagocytes was decreased by 13%, that was typical for subacute duration of inflammatory process. The phagocyte number was increased by 26% and the phagocytosis index by 22% with decrease of phagocytes participating in phagocytosis by 31%. The spontaneous NBT-test index was increased by 63%, and stimulating one by 35%. Trekrezan administered for 3 days decreased malonic dialdehyde level by 61%, dienic conjugates level by 68%, in 2,9-fold increased the concentration of recovered glutatione and superoxide dismutase activity by 79% Simultaneously, the elevation of lymphokin-producing function of lymphocytes in reaction of inhibition of leucocytes migration with Con A by 67% and with PGA by 73% was registered. Phagocyte activity of neutrophils was increased by 24% Phagocyte number equal to middle number of microorganisms phaged by one active neutrophil and phagocytosis index were decreased by 26% and 14% respectively. Trekrezan administered orally revealed the same but less significant action. Preliminary administration of lidocaine intragastrally for blockade of gastric afferents did not affect the trekrezan action. Therefore, trekrezan possesses both anti-inflammatory and immune stimulating action. Oral administration of trekrezan induced more weak effect than after intraperitoneal administration and did not depend on activation of gastric afferents.

Anti-inflammatory and immune stimulating effects of trekrezan in treatment of of inflammatory and degenerative damages of the smooth parodont tissue

The oxidative and immune status was assessed in a rat model of inflammatory and degenerative damages of the smooth parodont tissue due to administration of 2 % formaldehyde water solution (0.3 ml) into the smooth parodont tissues. The lipid peroxidation indexes (malonic dialdehyde and dienic conjugates level) were 3.6-5.8-fold higher in the blood serum and parodont tissue in 3 days after inflammation beginning. The inflammation was accompanied by inhibition of lymphokin-producing function of lymphocytes in reaction of inhibition of leucocytes migration with concanavalin A (Con A) by 39 % and with phytohaemagglutinin (PGA) by 37 %. The activity of oxygen-independent microbicide system of phagocytes was decreased by 13 %, that was typical for subacute duration of inflammatory process. The phagocyte number was increased by 26 % and the phagocytosis index by 22 % with decrease of phagocytes participating in phagocytosis by 31 %. The spontaneous NBT-test index was increased by 63 %, and stimulating one by 35 %. Trekrezan administered for 3 days decreased malonic dialdehyde level by 61 %, dienic conjugates level by 68 %, in 2.9-fold increased the concentration of recovered glutatione and superoxide dismutase activity by 79 %. Simultaneously, the elevation of lymphokin-producing function of lymphocytes in reaction of inhibition of leucocytes migration with Con A by 67 % and with PGA by 73 % was registered. Phagocyte activity of neutrophils was increased by 24 %. Phagocyte number equal to middle number of microorganisms phaged by one active neutrophil and phagocytosis index were decreased by 26 % and 14 % respectively. Trekrezan administered orally revealed the same but less significant action. Preliminary administration of lidocaine intragastrally for blockade of gastric afferents did not affect the trekrezan action. Therefore, trekrezan possesses both anti-inflammatory and immune stimulating action. Oral administration of trekrezan induced more weak effect than after intraperitoneal administration and did not depend on activation of gastric afferents.

Variability of the Left Atrial Appendage in Human Hearts.

Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of thrombus formation. It is commonly responsible for cerebral stroke whereas less frequently for pulmonary embolism. The aim of the study was to describe the morphology of the left atrial appendage in the human heart with respect to sex, age and weight. Macroscopic examination was carried out on 100 left appendages taken from the hearts of the patients aged 18–77, both sexes. All hearts preserved in 4% water solution of formaldehyde carried neither marks of coronary artery disease nor congenital abnormalities. Three axes of appendage orientation were performed. After the appendage had been cut off, morphological examination was performed in long and perpendicular axes. Measurements of the appendages were taken from anatomical specimens and their silicone casts. We classified the left atrial appendage into 4 morphological groups according to the number of lobes. Most left atrial appendages in female population were composed of 2 lobes. In the male group typically 2 or 3-lobed appendages were observed. The mean left atrial appendage orifice ranged from 12.0 to 16.0 mm and the most significant difference in the orifices between males and females was observed in LAA type 2 (about 3.3 mm). A smaller orifice and narrower, tubular shape of the LAA lobes could explain a higher risk of thrombus formation during nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in women. Knowledge of anatomical variability of the LAA helps diagnose some undefined echoes in the appendage during transesophageal echocardiographic examination.

Assessment of efficacy in treatment of inflammatory and degenerative damages of the parodont smooth tissue with tooth pastes according to oxidative status indexes in rats

A rat model of inflammatory and degenerative damages of the smooth parodont tissue by means of administration of 2 % formaldehyde water solution into the smooth parodont tissues was described. The oxidative status of rats including lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system indexes was assessed because of their high sensitivity to inflammation process. The lipid peroxidation indexes (malonic dialdehyde and dienic conjugates level) were 2-3-fold higher in the blood serum and parodont tissue in 7 days after inflammation beginning. The system of antioxidant defense (recovered glutatione level and activity of superoxide dismutase) was more sensitive in comparison with lipid peroxidation. The recovered glutation content in the blood serum was decreased from 2.02 ± 0.09 till 0.88 ± 0.21 µM/ml, and superoxide dismutase activity was reduced from 0.78 ± 0.10 till 0.28 ± 0.04 А/mg protein, that was these indexes were decreased in 2.5-3 times. The same regularity was observed in the smooth tissues of the parodont. The recovered glutation level was decreased in 2.1 times and superoxide dismutase activity was reduced in 7 times. Therefore, the curative and prevention action of tooth pastes and stomatologic drugs could be assessed with this model of inflammation. In particular, the tooth pastes lesmin-dent > clamin-dent > zhemchug (in order of descending activity) attenuate or abolish signs of inflammatory and degenerative damages of the smooth parodont tissue in rats assessed on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system indexes.

Treatment of inflammatory and degenerative damages of the smooth parodont tissue with tooth pastes in rats

A rat model of inflammatory and degenerative damages of the smooth parodont tissue by means of administration of 2 % formal-dehyde water solution into the smooth parodont tissues was described. The oxidative status of rats including lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system indexes was assessed because of their high sensitivity to inflammation process. The lipid peroxidation indexes (malonic dialdehyde and dienic conjugates level) were 2-3-fold higher in the blood serum and parodont tissue in 7 days after inflammation beginning. The system of antioxidant defense (recovered glutatione level and activity of superoxide dismutase) was more sensitive in comparison with lipid peroxidation. The recovered glutation content in the blood serum was decreased from 2.02 ± 0.09 till 0.88 ± 0.21 µM/ml, and superoxide dismutase activity was reduced from 0.78 ± 0.10 till 0.28 ± 0.04 А/mg protein, that was these indexes were decreased in 2.5-3 times. The same regularity was observed in the smooth tissues of the parodont. The recovered glutation level was decreased in 2.1 times and superoxide dismutase activity was reduced in 7 times. Therefore, the curative and prevention action of tooth pastes and stomatologic drugs could be assessed with this model of inflammation. In particular, the tooth pastes lesmin-dent > clamin-dent > zhemchug (in order of descending activity) attenuate or abolish signs of inflammatory and degenerative damages of the smooth parodont tissue in rats assessed on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system indexes.

Nanomolar fluorescent quantitative detection of formaldehyde with a 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative in aqueous solution and electrospun nanofibers

A 8-hydroxyquinoline-based derivative was designed and synthesized, which is shown to act as a highly sensitive fluorescent probe for formaldehyde in aqueous solution. Based on the photo induced electron transfer (PET) process, addition of formaldehyde greatly enhanced the fluorescence of the probe. Formaldehyde can be detected quantitatively in the concentration range from 900nM to 1.3×10−4M and the detection limit on fluorescence response of the probe can be as low as 900nM. The proposed method was successfully employed for preliminary application in several commercially available foods. Moreover, it has been successfully blended with a host polymer polyvinyl alcohol and the polymer containing the probe has been made in nanofiber form via electrospinning. The fluorescence of the nanofibers could also be enhanced after they were immersed into water solution of formaldehyde.

A Method for Identification of Exogenous Formaldehyde in Bombay Duck (Harpodon nehereus)

Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) is a highly perishable fish species due to its unusually high moisture content. This has contributed to the use of formalin (water solution of formaldehyde) to extend aquatic products’ shelf life, which has brought great harm to consumers’ health. What’s more, the fish itself generates minute amount of formaldehyde through metabolism making it very difficult for the inspection authorities to distinguish the source of formaldehyde detected during quality inspection. Against such background, this paper established a reliable method to identify whether the fish has been artificially adulterated with formalin, by observing changes of formaldehyde and dimethylamine content in the flesh and the viscera of Bombay duck, along with sensory analysis. The results showed that the variation trend of endogenous formaldehyde resembled that of dimethylamine in the flesh and viscera during ice and fresh storage. The endogenous formaldehyde content in the viscera was always twice higher than that in the flesh. As to the formalin immersed samples, formaldehyde detected in the viscera and the flesh were very approximate to each other, additionally, formaldehyde content is much higher than dimethylamine content in the flesh and/or viscera with a ratio larger than five. Sensory analysis also exhibited attributes like stiff flesh, gray gill, and mouth corresponding to the presence of exogenous formaldehyde.

AB0842 A Simple Method for the Microscopic Identification of Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate and Hydroxyapatite Deposits in Metabolic and Crystal Induced Diseases

BackgroundArthropathy induced by calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate [Ca2P2O7.2H2O] (CPPD) crystals (chondrocalcinosis, pseudogout, pyrophosphate arthropathy) and arthropathy induced by hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)] (HA) crystals (apatite rheumatism) are separate entities.CPPD and HA crystals may...

Standard Formaldehyde Source for Chamber Testing of Material Emissions: Model Development, Experimental Evaluation, and Impacts of Environmental Factors

Formaldehyde, which is recognized as a harmful indoor air pollutant for human health, is emitted mainly from urea-formaldehyde resin in wood products. Chamber tests are used to evaluate formaldehyde emission rates from these products. However, there is no available formaldehyde standard reference emission source to assess the performance of chamber testing systems. In this work, a LIFE (liquid-inner tube diffusion-film-emission) formaldehyde reference is described. The formaldehyde source consists of a polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) tube that holds a formaldehyde-water solution with a concentration of 16 g formaldehyde per 100 mL water, with a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film cover. Formaldehyde emission parameters for the PDMS film (diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient) were determined experimentally, thereby enabling the prediction of the formaldehyde emissions from the source for use as a reference value in a chamber. Chamber tests were conducted in a 51 L stainless steel ventilated chamber. The impacts of temperature and relative humidity on the emissions were investigated. Results show the LIFE's chamber test results match those predicted by a mass transfer model. As a result, this formaldehyde source may be used to generate a reference concentration in product emission testing chambers, thereby providing a powerful tool to evaluate the performance of the chamber testing systems.

Discovery of a New Catalyst for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: Parallel Ink-jet Printing Synthesis of Multicomponent Mesoporous Metal Oxides Library

We introduce an ink-jet printing technique for fabricating Multicomponent Mesoporous Metal Oxides (MMMOs). The properties of the precursors and organic templates, and sol–gel/mesostructure co-assembly process can be controlled to meet the demand of ink-jet printing synthesis onto different solid surfaces (such as ceramic, glass, quartz, paper, and cloth). Parallel syntheses of MMMOs libraries achieve greater stability, precision, highly dispersion, and uniformity. MMMOs libraries with varied composition, stoichiometries and self-assembled nanostructures can be prepared by ejecting precursors microdroplets via nozzles with the aid of a computer specification design file and software (>104 samples/day). This approach provide an efficient way to search through the largely unexplored universe of MMMOs with binary, ternary, and higher order for the discovery and optimization of better catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production by liquid-phase reforming of formaldehydewater solution.

A Pragmatic Approach to Formalin Safety in Anatomical Pathology: Table 1

Formaldehyde exposure is a safety concern in anatomical pathology, and it is considered a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) determined a set of regulations for formaldehyde industrial and laboratory use. There are no clinical and epidemiological data on increased morbidity or mortality from cancer among workers in the histology laboratory, where a 10% formalin or 4% formaldehyde water solution is used. Nevertheless, a certain set of monitoring and working practices is required to prevent adverse health effects. Based on the literature and personal experience, this article presents recommendations for handling adverse situations of formalin use in anatomical pathology. There is an emphasis on spills, clean up, and splashes. Regular monitoring of formaldehyde exposure, appropriate engineering controls, and the culture of professional laboratory work can help to employ formalin, the ubiquitous fixative in anatomical pathology, without harmful effects.

Efficient synthesis of 1,3-dioxanes catalyzed by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid using formalin as formaldehyde source

Prins cyclizations of styrene derivatives were smoothly conducted in a water solution of formaldehyde using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) as catalyst. While excellent yield was obtained in the Prins cyclization of styrene in the presence of TfOH, low yields or no reaction were observed when other traditional minimal acids catalysts were used.

Novel Hydrophobic Brønsted Acidic Ionic-liquids as Efficient and Reusable Catalysts for Organic Reactions in Water

Abstract Novel hydrophobic Brønsted acidic ionic liquids (HBAIL) were prepared and utilized as acid catalysts in organic reactions in water. HBAILs were demonstrated, for the first time, to be effective catalysts for Prins cyclization of styrene derivatives in water with a formaldehyde water solution. Many styrene derivatives could be successfully converted to the corresponding 1,3-dioxanes. Other dehydration reactions also proceeded well using HBAILs in water. After reactions, HBAILs could be easily recovered and reused without significant loss of activity.